燃煤锅炉卫燃带耐火材料结渣机理与结渣程度的模糊评判
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摘要
我国燃煤锅炉的用煤通常灰分高、热值和挥发分低。为提高煤的着火、稳燃和燃烬能力,燃煤锅炉广泛采用了卫燃带技术,但却出现了严重的结渣问题。卫燃带的结渣会改变炉内燃烧空气动力工况及炉膛出口烟温,进而改变锅内汽水换热工况。这会影响锅炉稳定运行,甚至酿成锅炉安全事故。为减轻和避免卫燃带结渣,就必须在充分研究煤灰在卫燃带耐火材料上的沉积结渣机理的基础上,对煤灰在卫燃带耐火材料上的结渣程度进行合理评判。这对于合理选用和设计锅炉卫燃带耐火材料、调整和改善煤燃烧,确保燃煤锅炉安全有效地运行具有重要的现实意义。
本文依托国家自科基金项目——熔融煤灰在耐火材料上的沉积机理与行为[50576005],首先通过高温muffle炉中熔融煤灰对卫燃带耐火材料板上的静态侵蚀实验,从微观上分析了熔融煤灰在耐火板结渣侵蚀时的化学反应机理、渣/板成分在耐火板表面上的扩散偏析机理;其次考虑到煤粉火炬燃烧行程各处燃烧状况的影响,通过煤粉火炬中耐火板上煤灰沉积结渣的模拟实验,研究分析了不同燃烧行程处耐火板上灰渣沉积扩散机理;最后结合我国应用普遍的四角切圆燃烧锅炉的卫燃带结渣严重的现状,于石门电厂进行了历时8个月的卫燃带耐火材料煤灰结渣试验,更加系统全面地研究了煤灰在耐火材料上的结渣机理。
侵蚀实验研究结果表明:渣/板成分的选择性扩散偏析有利于粘结界面处灰渣的成核结晶,有利于降低煤灰对耐火板的粘结作用。氧化性气氛条件下,煤灰中碱性成分在高铝质耐火板中更容易扩散侵蚀,在1350℃～1500℃的炉内温度范围内,煤灰的碱酸比由0.053增加到0.174时,煤灰对高铝质耐火材料的侵蚀速度增加了0.09μm/(℃.h)。
煤粉火炬各处灰渣沉积扩散和微观物相转化的研究表明:碱性成分有利于氧化铝质耐火板上的灰渣成核结晶,对SiC质耐火板上的熔融灰渣的成核结晶作用不明显,但沉积效应明显。Al_2O_3对碳化硅质卫燃带上熔融煤灰冷却过程的成核结晶起到显著促进作用。
电厂锅炉内SiC质卫燃带沉积结渣渣样的微观分析研究表明:SiC质耐火板没有明显的侵蚀层,而且沉积在其表面的灰渣主要成分为各种碱性氧化物所转化的复杂结晶物;并且渣/板粘结界面存在扩散偏析现象。这也验证了结渣机理分析的合理性。
实验结果也表明:粘结界面处灰渣的结晶度对渣/板之间的粘结程度密切相关。渣/板粘结处渣样的结晶度越大,渣板之间的粘结程度越小。一般而言,渣板粘结处灰渣结晶度小于30%时将发生严重结渣,而当大于70%后结渣较为轻微。氧化铝质耐火材料制作的卫燃带更适合应用于燃用灰分中碱性金属氧化物含量较高煤种的锅炉,而SiC质耐火材料卫燃带则适合应用于燃煤锅炉燃烧温度较低,还原性气氛较强的初始燃烧段。
本文最后从煤灰在耐火板上的结渣粘结机理出发,结合渣/板粘结处灰渣的结晶度指标对熔融煤灰在耐火板上的结渣程度进行模糊聚类评判,全面地反映了熔融煤灰在耐火板材料上的结渣程度,并能够对这一结渣过程给予准确的数值描述,避免了结渣程度评判的片面性。
The ash content of coal for our country coal-fired boilers commonly is high and low with heat value and volatility. In order to improve the ignition , stable combustion and burning-out ability of inferior coal, the coal-fired boiler has widely adopt fire-resistant liner, while, the slagging problem of molten coal ash on the fire-resistant liner appears, which can change the combustion aerodynamic status in the furnace and the flue gas temperature at hearth export, then change heat transfer of vapour and water of boilers. It affects stable operation of boiler, leads to the sfe accident of boiler even. Be to lighten and avoid slagging on the fire-resistant liner, it is necessary to fully study molten ash deposition and slagging mechanism with refractory material and follow to make reasonably judgment for slagging extent. There has an important practical significance to rationally choice and design refractory material of liner, adjust and improve coal combustion and ensure safely and effective operation of coal-fired boilers.
This dissertation relies on the project of molten coal ash sediment mechanism and action on refractory material supported by the national natural science foundation, firstly through static erosion experiments of molten coal ash on the refractory material board in high temperature muffle analyzed the molten coal ash chemical reaction mechanism on the surface of refractory board, the diffusion and segregation mechanism of element compositions of coal ash and refractory board during eroding and slagging by microscopic methods. Secondly considering the influence of combustion status to slag during coal-pulverized torch burning, coal-pulverized torch simulation experiments in nozzles horizontal furnace were carried out, analyzed diffusion mechanism of sediment coal ash on refractory boards in different places of coal-pulverized torch. Lastly according to the serious slagging situation on fire-resistant liner in the furnace of tangential pulverized coal-fired boiler which have been widely applied in our country, the slagging test in Shimen power plant was carried out for eight months, it is more systematical and comprehensive to study the molten caol ash slagging mechanism on the refractory materials.
The results of study about static erosion experiments indicate that selective segregation of element compositions is in favor of nucleation and crystallization for coal ash situated in the interface of coal ash and refractory board, and weakening the conglutination between coal ash and refractory board. Under oxidative atmosphere basic components of coal ash diffuses and erodes more easily in high aluminium fire-resistant board, the erosion velocity has increased by 0.09μm/(℃.h) within the temperature range of 1350℃-1500℃in the furnace with the ratio of basic components to acid components in coal ash increasing to 0.174 from 0.053.
The results of study about ash slag sediment, components diffusion and micro-phases transformation in coal-pulverized torch show that basic components are propitious to nucleation and crystallization for alumina refractory board but SiC, and easily aggrade on the surface of SiC refractory board. Alumina in coal is propitious to nucleation and crystallization for SiC refractory material.
The results of microcosmic analysis for sediment slag samples on the fire-resistant liner of boiler in power plant show that there is not obvious erosion to SiC refractory board and the main phases of sedimentary slag layer are all kinds of complex crystal transformed by basic components, and exists selective segregation of element compositions on the interface of ash slag and SiC refractory board. This meeting validates the rationality of the analysis about the slagging mechanism too.
The results of experiment study show too that the conglutination extent between molten coal ash and refractory board has consanguineous relation to the crystallinity of ash slag on the interface of ash slag and refractory board. The conglutination extent will weaken if the crystallinity increases. Generally when the crystallinity is less than 30% , the serious slagging will occur, after more than 70% and slagging slightly. Alumina fire-resistant liner adapts to the boiler combusting the coal with more basic components content of it's ash, and SiC fire-resistant liner adapts to the initial burning section with low combustion temperature and strong reducing atmosphere of the coal-fired boiler.
At last, based on the molten coal ash slagging mechanism on refractory board, combining the crystallinity of coal ash slag on the interface of ash slag and refractory board, the slagging content on the fire-resistant material can be judged by fuzzy mathematics. It can comprehensively reflect the molten coal ash slagging content on the fire-resistant, and can give an accurate mathematic describe, avoid the illegibility of judge of slagging extent.
本文依托国家自科基金项目——熔融煤灰在耐火材料上的沉积机理与行为[50576005],首先通过高温muffle炉中熔融煤灰对卫燃带耐火材料板上的静态侵蚀实验,从微观上分析了熔融煤灰在耐火板结渣侵蚀时的化学反应机理、渣/板成分在耐火板表面上的扩散偏析机理;其次考虑到煤粉火炬燃烧行程各处燃烧状况的影响,通过煤粉火炬中耐火板上煤灰沉积结渣的模拟实验,研究分析了不同燃烧行程处耐火板上灰渣沉积扩散机理;最后结合我国应用普遍的四角切圆燃烧锅炉的卫燃带结渣严重的现状,于石门电厂进行了历时8个月的卫燃带耐火材料煤灰结渣试验,更加系统全面地研究了煤灰在耐火材料上的结渣机理。
侵蚀实验研究结果表明:渣/板成分的选择性扩散偏析有利于粘结界面处灰渣的成核结晶,有利于降低煤灰对耐火板的粘结作用。氧化性气氛条件下,煤灰中碱性成分在高铝质耐火板中更容易扩散侵蚀,在1350℃～1500℃的炉内温度范围内,煤灰的碱酸比由0.053增加到0.174时,煤灰对高铝质耐火材料的侵蚀速度增加了0.09μm/(℃.h)。
煤粉火炬各处灰渣沉积扩散和微观物相转化的研究表明:碱性成分有利于氧化铝质耐火板上的灰渣成核结晶,对SiC质耐火板上的熔融灰渣的成核结晶作用不明显,但沉积效应明显。Al_2O_3对碳化硅质卫燃带上熔融煤灰冷却过程的成核结晶起到显著促进作用。
电厂锅炉内SiC质卫燃带沉积结渣渣样的微观分析研究表明:SiC质耐火板没有明显的侵蚀层,而且沉积在其表面的灰渣主要成分为各种碱性氧化物所转化的复杂结晶物;并且渣/板粘结界面存在扩散偏析现象。这也验证了结渣机理分析的合理性。
实验结果也表明:粘结界面处灰渣的结晶度对渣/板之间的粘结程度密切相关。渣/板粘结处渣样的结晶度越大,渣板之间的粘结程度越小。一般而言,渣板粘结处灰渣结晶度小于30%时将发生严重结渣,而当大于70%后结渣较为轻微。氧化铝质耐火材料制作的卫燃带更适合应用于燃用灰分中碱性金属氧化物含量较高煤种的锅炉,而SiC质耐火材料卫燃带则适合应用于燃煤锅炉燃烧温度较低,还原性气氛较强的初始燃烧段。
本文最后从煤灰在耐火板上的结渣粘结机理出发,结合渣/板粘结处灰渣的结晶度指标对熔融煤灰在耐火板上的结渣程度进行模糊聚类评判,全面地反映了熔融煤灰在耐火板材料上的结渣程度,并能够对这一结渣过程给予准确的数值描述,避免了结渣程度评判的片面性。
The ash content of coal for our country coal-fired boilers commonly is high and low with heat value and volatility. In order to improve the ignition , stable combustion and burning-out ability of inferior coal, the coal-fired boiler has widely adopt fire-resistant liner, while, the slagging problem of molten coal ash on the fire-resistant liner appears, which can change the combustion aerodynamic status in the furnace and the flue gas temperature at hearth export, then change heat transfer of vapour and water of boilers. It affects stable operation of boiler, leads to the sfe accident of boiler even. Be to lighten and avoid slagging on the fire-resistant liner, it is necessary to fully study molten ash deposition and slagging mechanism with refractory material and follow to make reasonably judgment for slagging extent. There has an important practical significance to rationally choice and design refractory material of liner, adjust and improve coal combustion and ensure safely and effective operation of coal-fired boilers.
This dissertation relies on the project of molten coal ash sediment mechanism and action on refractory material supported by the national natural science foundation, firstly through static erosion experiments of molten coal ash on the refractory material board in high temperature muffle analyzed the molten coal ash chemical reaction mechanism on the surface of refractory board, the diffusion and segregation mechanism of element compositions of coal ash and refractory board during eroding and slagging by microscopic methods. Secondly considering the influence of combustion status to slag during coal-pulverized torch burning, coal-pulverized torch simulation experiments in nozzles horizontal furnace were carried out, analyzed diffusion mechanism of sediment coal ash on refractory boards in different places of coal-pulverized torch. Lastly according to the serious slagging situation on fire-resistant liner in the furnace of tangential pulverized coal-fired boiler which have been widely applied in our country, the slagging test in Shimen power plant was carried out for eight months, it is more systematical and comprehensive to study the molten caol ash slagging mechanism on the refractory materials.
The results of study about static erosion experiments indicate that selective segregation of element compositions is in favor of nucleation and crystallization for coal ash situated in the interface of coal ash and refractory board, and weakening the conglutination between coal ash and refractory board. Under oxidative atmosphere basic components of coal ash diffuses and erodes more easily in high aluminium fire-resistant board, the erosion velocity has increased by 0.09μm/(℃.h) within the temperature range of 1350℃-1500℃in the furnace with the ratio of basic components to acid components in coal ash increasing to 0.174 from 0.053.
The results of study about ash slag sediment, components diffusion and micro-phases transformation in coal-pulverized torch show that basic components are propitious to nucleation and crystallization for alumina refractory board but SiC, and easily aggrade on the surface of SiC refractory board. Alumina in coal is propitious to nucleation and crystallization for SiC refractory material.
The results of microcosmic analysis for sediment slag samples on the fire-resistant liner of boiler in power plant show that there is not obvious erosion to SiC refractory board and the main phases of sedimentary slag layer are all kinds of complex crystal transformed by basic components, and exists selective segregation of element compositions on the interface of ash slag and SiC refractory board. This meeting validates the rationality of the analysis about the slagging mechanism too.
The results of experiment study show too that the conglutination extent between molten coal ash and refractory board has consanguineous relation to the crystallinity of ash slag on the interface of ash slag and refractory board. The conglutination extent will weaken if the crystallinity increases. Generally when the crystallinity is less than 30% , the serious slagging will occur, after more than 70% and slagging slightly. Alumina fire-resistant liner adapts to the boiler combusting the coal with more basic components content of it's ash, and SiC fire-resistant liner adapts to the initial burning section with low combustion temperature and strong reducing atmosphere of the coal-fired boiler.
At last, based on the molten coal ash slagging mechanism on refractory board, combining the crystallinity of coal ash slag on the interface of ash slag and refractory board, the slagging content on the fire-resistant material can be judged by fuzzy mathematics. It can comprehensively reflect the molten coal ash slagging content on the fire-resistant, and can give an accurate mathematic describe, avoid the illegibility of judge of slagging extent.
引文
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