学习资源服务生态环境构建的研究
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摘要
随着知识经济的发展与技术创新的驱动,特别是互联网经济的迅速发展和社会(计算)网络的迅猛形成,e-Learning出现了多方位变化,现代服务业中的教育第三方服务也逐渐凸显。同时,随着我国教育信息化的深入发展和终身化教育的逐步推进,政府、企业、教育单位和个人开发了大量教育资源,在社会计算环境下也产生了大量生成性资源,特别是越来越多的朝微型化方向发展的微型学习资源。资源的多样性产生了资源自身的异构、再生、无序等问题,资源服务平台的多样化也引发了系统异构和服务质量等问题,这些问题对资源共享都构成较大的影响。如何解决上述问题,实现学习资源的有效共享,将是本篇论文研究的核心问题。
本论文首先界定了学习资源相关概念,学习资源发展演化趋向,接着论述所存在的问题以及问题解决的思路,随后从理论基础、技术架构和技术实现等方面考虑构建学习资源服务生态环境,以解决学习资源的有效共享问题。
从理论层面分析了构建学习资源服务生态系统(LRSES)的理论基础,阐述了生态系统、开放系统、网络教学传通系统、协同学习等相关理论,界定了学习资源服务生态系统LRSES的范畴并且给出了理论模型,构建了学习资源服务生态系统论域(LRSEUoD),对LRSEUoD的角色空间∑_R、内容资源空间∑_(CR)、媒体工具空间∑_(MT)、协调空间∑_C、工作信息空间∑_W等5个子空间进行建模和形式化描述,并分析了学习资源在时空中的交互演化过程,最后定义了学习资源生态服务质量参数。
从技术架构层面上研究了LRSES的技术框架,分别从系统架构、标准规范、语义本体等三个方面,研究解决学习资源及其服务系统的异构问题,以实现学习资源及其服务系统的互操作。在系统架构方面,分析了技术系统架构发展演化和学习服务系统架构的情况,建立了学习资源服务的系统架构;在标准规范方面,研究了学习资源相关标准及互操作,拓展了数字化学习资源(内容)标准规范,以解决社会计算环境下学习资源标准化问题;在语义本体方面,分析了教育资源领域语义本体,并基于e-Learning相关标准规范,定义了学习资源生态环境轻量级本体LREO(Learning Resource Ecosystem Ontology),包括学习资源本体LRO(LearningResources Ontology)、学习者本体LNO(Learner Ontology)和普适设备本体PDO(FIPA Device Ontology)。
从技术实现层面上分析了学习资源的自治分布和共享服务中存在的多样性学习资源的共生与再生、学习资源的分布无序和共享服务等问题,提出了学习资源的生命周期管理方法;给出了学习资源生态演化、分布及其相关算法,并利用网格技术设计学习资源自治分布子系统(LRSDG);最后分析了学习资源共享服务的角色权限分配,给出了学习资源共享服务的4个步骤,阐述了学习资源共享中的协作交互与协同演化。
最后给出了LRSES的系统实现方法,包括体系结构与访问接口、学习资源生态本体(LREO)、自治管理(LRSDG)和服务共享(LRSS)等层面,阐述了学习资源服务生态系统开发的技术生态环境,给出了验证和测试学习资源服务生态系统的体系结构方法,并给出访问教育资源库和社会软件中的资源访问接口方法;利用Prot(?)g(?)开源本体工具建构了学习资源生态本体(LREO),包括建立元数据命名空间,定义LREO元素和元素间关系,呈现LREO本体视图,并给出了本体语义访问方法等;利用网格平台GT4实现学习资源自治管理环境LRSDG,包括LRSDG的系统监控管理、同步数据性能测试和用户访问情况数据分析;用开源Sakai系统建立了学习资源的服务共享环境(LRSS),实现了学习资源服务共享环境中的用户认证、权限分配以及协作交互与协同演化等功能。
本文得到了全国教育科学“十五”规划教育部重点课题“网络教育资源整合的研究”(课题编号:DCB030252)、863子项目“基于数据网格的教育资源服务系统ERSDG实现”(863项目编号:2004AA1Z2330)、上海市教育科学规划重点课题“多视角下的上海教育资源网格的构建研究”(课题编号:A0505)、全国教育科学“十一五”规划教育部重点课题“国家基础教育信息资源服务体系架构与共享机制研究”(课题编号:DCA060101)、863子课题“Linux多媒体网络教学资源环境下的协同学习工具开发”(项目编号:2005AA1Z2100)、国家科技支撑计划课题“现代服务业共性技术支撑体系与应用示范工程”“学习平台体系结构与接口测试与应用示范”子任务(子任务编号:2006BAH02A36-004-1)等国家科研项目的资助。
With the development of knowledge economy and the drive of technology innovation,especially rapid development of Internet economy and social computing network,great changes have taken place in e-Leaming and third party services on modern education gradually comes into being.At the same time,with the development of e-Educational technology and life-long education,many e-learning resources appear.Some of them are developed by government, enterprises,educational institutions and individuals,others are automaticly generated from Social Computing environment,many of which are micro-learning resources.Due to resources' multiplicity,there come the questions of heterogeneity,regeneration and disorder.Problems of system heterogeneity and QoS also exist because of a considerable diversity of resource services platforms. All these problems influence the share of learning resources.
How we can share all these learning resources well is the kernel issue of this dissertation,which involves the problems about heterogeneity,regeneration, disorder and QoS.
This dissertation defines the related concept of learning resource first,then discusses existing problems and gives solution accordingly.Based on it,a Learning Resource Service Eco-System(LRSES) model is proposed, analyzed and researched in detail from three facets:theoretical basis,technical architecture and technical implementation.At last,the author validates the effectiveness of the model.
The dissertation analyzes the theoretical basis of LRSES and proposes the theoretical model of LRSES.The author constructs a Learning Resource Service Eco-System Universe of Discourse(LRSEUoD),and analyzes its five subspaces (that is,Role SpaceΣ_R,Content Resource SpaceΣ_(CR),Media Tools SpaceΣ_(MT), Coordinating SpaceΣ_C,Work Information Space Ew) with formal modeling. The progress of learning resources' interactive evolution is also analyzed.At last, a QoS model is proposed.
The dissertation puts forward a technical frame of LRSES and resolves the key issue from system architecture,standards and semantic ontology aspects,in order to resolve the problems of learning resources' and systems' heterogeneity and to realize their interoperability.In the field of system architecture,the author analyzes the evolution of system architecture and the situation of learning service system architecture,and establishs the architecture of Learning Resources Service Eco-System.In the field of standards,the author researches standards and interoperability of learning resources,expands specifications of new applications so as to resolve standard problems in Social Computing environment. In the field of semantic ontology,the authors analyzes semantic ontology of education domain,and defines lightweight LREO(Learning Resources Ecology Ontology) based on e-Learning standards and specifications,such as LRO (Learning Resources Ontology),LNO(Learner Ontology) and PDO(FIPA Device Ontology).
The dissertation expounds distributed autonomy and shared service of learning resource from technical implementation level so as to resolve the problems of learning resources,such as learning resources' symbiotic and regeneration,distribution disorder and shared service.Management methods of learning resource's life cycle are proposed,and also algorithms about ecological evolution and distribution of learning resources.A LRSDG(Learning Resources Service Data Grid) system is designed using grid technology.At last,permissions of authorities of Roles,four steps of interactive collaboration and co-evolution are analyzed in learning resources shared service.
Approaches of LRSES system implementation are proposed at the end of this dissertation,which includes architecture,access interfaces,LREO and LRSS (Learning Resources Share Service).The author discusses technological ecological environment,test methods,access methods of learning resources database.The author constructs LREO by Prot(?)g(?),by establishing metadata namespace,defining relations among LREO elements,showing ontology view of LREO and giving access methods.The author constructs LRSDG with the help of Grid platform GT4,which implements system's monitoring and management,data synchronization testing and data analyses of user access.The author also constructs LRSS using Sakai,which provides user authentication,distribution of competencies,interactive collaboration and co-evolution in the ecosystem.
The dissertation is lengthy research achievements of the following projects:
“Research of Network Education Resource Integration”(DCB030252), supported by Ministry of Education,
“Architecture and Sharing Mechanism of National Basic Education's Information Resource Service Research”(DCA060101),supported by Ministry of Education,
“Realization of ERSDG based on Data Grid”(2004AA1Z2330),863 subproject, supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology,
“Development of Collaborative Learning Tools under Linux Multimedia Network Learning Resource Circumstances”(2005AA1Z2100),863 subproject, supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology,
“Multi-perspective of Realization of Shanghai learning resources Grid”supported by Education Bureau of Shanghai(A0505),
“Learning Platform Architecture and Interface Testing and Application Demonstration of Application Model Project and General Technical Support for the Modern Service Industry”(2006BAH02A36-004-1),supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology.
本论文首先界定了学习资源相关概念,学习资源发展演化趋向,接着论述所存在的问题以及问题解决的思路,随后从理论基础、技术架构和技术实现等方面考虑构建学习资源服务生态环境,以解决学习资源的有效共享问题。
从理论层面分析了构建学习资源服务生态系统(LRSES)的理论基础,阐述了生态系统、开放系统、网络教学传通系统、协同学习等相关理论,界定了学习资源服务生态系统LRSES的范畴并且给出了理论模型,构建了学习资源服务生态系统论域(LRSEUoD),对LRSEUoD的角色空间∑_R、内容资源空间∑_(CR)、媒体工具空间∑_(MT)、协调空间∑_C、工作信息空间∑_W等5个子空间进行建模和形式化描述,并分析了学习资源在时空中的交互演化过程,最后定义了学习资源生态服务质量参数。
从技术架构层面上研究了LRSES的技术框架,分别从系统架构、标准规范、语义本体等三个方面,研究解决学习资源及其服务系统的异构问题,以实现学习资源及其服务系统的互操作。在系统架构方面,分析了技术系统架构发展演化和学习服务系统架构的情况,建立了学习资源服务的系统架构;在标准规范方面,研究了学习资源相关标准及互操作,拓展了数字化学习资源(内容)标准规范,以解决社会计算环境下学习资源标准化问题;在语义本体方面,分析了教育资源领域语义本体,并基于e-Learning相关标准规范,定义了学习资源生态环境轻量级本体LREO(Learning Resource Ecosystem Ontology),包括学习资源本体LRO(LearningResources Ontology)、学习者本体LNO(Learner Ontology)和普适设备本体PDO(FIPA Device Ontology)。
从技术实现层面上分析了学习资源的自治分布和共享服务中存在的多样性学习资源的共生与再生、学习资源的分布无序和共享服务等问题,提出了学习资源的生命周期管理方法;给出了学习资源生态演化、分布及其相关算法,并利用网格技术设计学习资源自治分布子系统(LRSDG);最后分析了学习资源共享服务的角色权限分配,给出了学习资源共享服务的4个步骤,阐述了学习资源共享中的协作交互与协同演化。
最后给出了LRSES的系统实现方法,包括体系结构与访问接口、学习资源生态本体(LREO)、自治管理(LRSDG)和服务共享(LRSS)等层面,阐述了学习资源服务生态系统开发的技术生态环境,给出了验证和测试学习资源服务生态系统的体系结构方法,并给出访问教育资源库和社会软件中的资源访问接口方法;利用Prot(?)g(?)开源本体工具建构了学习资源生态本体(LREO),包括建立元数据命名空间,定义LREO元素和元素间关系,呈现LREO本体视图,并给出了本体语义访问方法等;利用网格平台GT4实现学习资源自治管理环境LRSDG,包括LRSDG的系统监控管理、同步数据性能测试和用户访问情况数据分析;用开源Sakai系统建立了学习资源的服务共享环境(LRSS),实现了学习资源服务共享环境中的用户认证、权限分配以及协作交互与协同演化等功能。
本文得到了全国教育科学“十五”规划教育部重点课题“网络教育资源整合的研究”(课题编号:DCB030252)、863子项目“基于数据网格的教育资源服务系统ERSDG实现”(863项目编号:2004AA1Z2330)、上海市教育科学规划重点课题“多视角下的上海教育资源网格的构建研究”(课题编号:A0505)、全国教育科学“十一五”规划教育部重点课题“国家基础教育信息资源服务体系架构与共享机制研究”(课题编号:DCA060101)、863子课题“Linux多媒体网络教学资源环境下的协同学习工具开发”(项目编号:2005AA1Z2100)、国家科技支撑计划课题“现代服务业共性技术支撑体系与应用示范工程”“学习平台体系结构与接口测试与应用示范”子任务(子任务编号:2006BAH02A36-004-1)等国家科研项目的资助。
With the development of knowledge economy and the drive of technology innovation,especially rapid development of Internet economy and social computing network,great changes have taken place in e-Leaming and third party services on modern education gradually comes into being.At the same time,with the development of e-Educational technology and life-long education,many e-learning resources appear.Some of them are developed by government, enterprises,educational institutions and individuals,others are automaticly generated from Social Computing environment,many of which are micro-learning resources.Due to resources' multiplicity,there come the questions of heterogeneity,regeneration and disorder.Problems of system heterogeneity and QoS also exist because of a considerable diversity of resource services platforms. All these problems influence the share of learning resources.
How we can share all these learning resources well is the kernel issue of this dissertation,which involves the problems about heterogeneity,regeneration, disorder and QoS.
This dissertation defines the related concept of learning resource first,then discusses existing problems and gives solution accordingly.Based on it,a Learning Resource Service Eco-System(LRSES) model is proposed, analyzed and researched in detail from three facets:theoretical basis,technical architecture and technical implementation.At last,the author validates the effectiveness of the model.
The dissertation analyzes the theoretical basis of LRSES and proposes the theoretical model of LRSES.The author constructs a Learning Resource Service Eco-System Universe of Discourse(LRSEUoD),and analyzes its five subspaces (that is,Role SpaceΣ_R,Content Resource SpaceΣ_(CR),Media Tools SpaceΣ_(MT), Coordinating SpaceΣ_C,Work Information Space Ew) with formal modeling. The progress of learning resources' interactive evolution is also analyzed.At last, a QoS model is proposed.
The dissertation puts forward a technical frame of LRSES and resolves the key issue from system architecture,standards and semantic ontology aspects,in order to resolve the problems of learning resources' and systems' heterogeneity and to realize their interoperability.In the field of system architecture,the author analyzes the evolution of system architecture and the situation of learning service system architecture,and establishs the architecture of Learning Resources Service Eco-System.In the field of standards,the author researches standards and interoperability of learning resources,expands specifications of new applications so as to resolve standard problems in Social Computing environment. In the field of semantic ontology,the authors analyzes semantic ontology of education domain,and defines lightweight LREO(Learning Resources Ecology Ontology) based on e-Learning standards and specifications,such as LRO (Learning Resources Ontology),LNO(Learner Ontology) and PDO(FIPA Device Ontology).
The dissertation expounds distributed autonomy and shared service of learning resource from technical implementation level so as to resolve the problems of learning resources,such as learning resources' symbiotic and regeneration,distribution disorder and shared service.Management methods of learning resource's life cycle are proposed,and also algorithms about ecological evolution and distribution of learning resources.A LRSDG(Learning Resources Service Data Grid) system is designed using grid technology.At last,permissions of authorities of Roles,four steps of interactive collaboration and co-evolution are analyzed in learning resources shared service.
Approaches of LRSES system implementation are proposed at the end of this dissertation,which includes architecture,access interfaces,LREO and LRSS (Learning Resources Share Service).The author discusses technological ecological environment,test methods,access methods of learning resources database.The author constructs LREO by Prot(?)g(?),by establishing metadata namespace,defining relations among LREO elements,showing ontology view of LREO and giving access methods.The author constructs LRSDG with the help of Grid platform GT4,which implements system's monitoring and management,data synchronization testing and data analyses of user access.The author also constructs LRSS using Sakai,which provides user authentication,distribution of competencies,interactive collaboration and co-evolution in the ecosystem.
The dissertation is lengthy research achievements of the following projects:
“Research of Network Education Resource Integration”(DCB030252), supported by Ministry of Education,
“Architecture and Sharing Mechanism of National Basic Education's Information Resource Service Research”(DCA060101),supported by Ministry of Education,
“Realization of ERSDG based on Data Grid”(2004AA1Z2330),863 subproject, supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology,
“Development of Collaborative Learning Tools under Linux Multimedia Network Learning Resource Circumstances”(2005AA1Z2100),863 subproject, supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology,
“Multi-perspective of Realization of Shanghai learning resources Grid”supported by Education Bureau of Shanghai(A0505),
“Learning Platform Architecture and Interface Testing and Application Demonstration of Application Model Project and General Technical Support for the Modern Service Industry”(2006BAH02A36-004-1),supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology.
引文
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[3]DAML相关网址:http://www.daml.org/.
[4]RDF相关网址:http://www.w3.org/RDF/.
[5].SHOE的相关网址:http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/.
[6]YouTube:http://www.youtube.com/.
[7]校内网:http://www.xiaonei.cn/.
[8]OCML的相关网址:http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/ocml/.
[9]The Learning Federation:http://www.thelearningfederation.org/.
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[11]英国(全国学习网络):http://www.ngfl.gov.uk/.
[12]加拿大学校网工程(SchoolNet):http://www.schoolnet.ca/.
[13]澳大利亚:http://www.edna.edu.au/edna/pagel.html.
[14]欧盟学校网:http://www.eun.org/portal/index.htm.
[15]Edutella:http://edutella.jxta.org/.
[16]中国(全国课程网站):http://www.nc.uk.net/.
[17]ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC36:http://jtc1sc36.org/.Or http://www.iso.org/.
[18]IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers):http://standards.ieee.org/.
[19]IMS(Instructional Management Systems):http://www.imsproject.org/.
[20]ADL(Advanced Distributed Learning):http://www.adlnet.org/.
[21]ARIADNE:http://ariadne.unil.ch/.
[22]AICC(Aviations Industry CBT Committee):http://www.aicc.org/.
[23]中国网络教育技术标准化委员会(CELTSC):http://www.celtsc.edu.cn/.
[24]The Digital Ecosystems Research:http://www.digitalecosystems.org/.
[25]JXTA(The Juxtapose project):http://www.jxta.org/.
[26]Semantic Web initiative:http://www.SemanticWeb.org/.
[27]China Semantic Grid Research:http://www.semgrid.net/
[28]WSDL(Web Services Description Language):http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl.
[29]Globus Alliance:http://www.globus.org/.
[30]中国万维网联盟(W3CHINA):http://www.w3china.org/.
[31]中国网格:http://www.chinagrid.net/.
[32]中国云计算:http://www.chinacloud.cn/.
[33]Blackboard:http://www.blackboard.com/.
[34]Sakai:http://sakaiproject.org/portal.
[35]MOODLE:http://moodle.org/.
[36]OKI(Open Knowledge Initiative):http://web.mit.edu/oki.
[37]MySpace:http://www.myspace.com/.
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[1]W3C的网站:http://www.w3.org/.
[2]OIL相关网址:http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/.
[3]DAML相关网址:http://www.daml.org/.
[4]RDF相关网址:http://www.w3.org/RDF/.
[5].SHOE的相关网址:http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/.
[6]YouTube:http://www.youtube.com/.
[7]校内网:http://www.xiaonei.cn/.
[8]OCML的相关网址:http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/ocml/.
[9]The Learning Federation:http://www.thelearningfederation.org/.
[10]美国的基教资源网是GEM;http://www.thegateway.org/.
[11]英国(全国学习网络):http://www.ngfl.gov.uk/.
[12]加拿大学校网工程(SchoolNet):http://www.schoolnet.ca/.
[13]澳大利亚:http://www.edna.edu.au/edna/pagel.html.
[14]欧盟学校网:http://www.eun.org/portal/index.htm.
[15]Edutella:http://edutella.jxta.org/.
[16]中国(全国课程网站):http://www.nc.uk.net/.
[17]ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC36:http://jtc1sc36.org/.Or http://www.iso.org/.
[18]IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers):http://standards.ieee.org/.
[19]IMS(Instructional Management Systems):http://www.imsproject.org/.
[20]ADL(Advanced Distributed Learning):http://www.adlnet.org/.
[21]ARIADNE:http://ariadne.unil.ch/.
[22]AICC(Aviations Industry CBT Committee):http://www.aicc.org/.
[23]中国网络教育技术标准化委员会(CELTSC):http://www.celtsc.edu.cn/.
[24]The Digital Ecosystems Research:http://www.digitalecosystems.org/.
[25]JXTA(The Juxtapose project):http://www.jxta.org/.
[26]Semantic Web initiative:http://www.SemanticWeb.org/.
[27]China Semantic Grid Research:http://www.semgrid.net/
[28]WSDL(Web Services Description Language):http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl.
[29]Globus Alliance:http://www.globus.org/.
[30]中国万维网联盟(W3CHINA):http://www.w3china.org/.
[31]中国网格:http://www.chinagrid.net/.
[32]中国云计算:http://www.chinacloud.cn/.
[33]Blackboard:http://www.blackboard.com/.
[34]Sakai:http://sakaiproject.org/portal.
[35]MOODLE:http://moodle.org/.
[36]OKI(Open Knowledge Initiative):http://web.mit.edu/oki.
[37]MySpace:http://www.myspace.com/.
[38]Facebook:http://www.facebook.cn/.
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