有袋栽培体系下苹果果实品质发育及其相关因子研究
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摘要
苹果生产中,果实套袋栽培可以促进果实着色、提高果面光洁度、降低农药残留率,提高果实的商品价值,因此已成为生产优质、无公害苹果和促进苹果出口的重要措施之一;但套袋同时也带来了果实内在品质下降、部分病虫害加重的负面影响。由于有袋栽培是现在和未来很长一段时间内生产无公害高档果品的重要技术措施,因此进一步研究有袋栽培体系下果实生长发育的生理特点和栽培技术,并以此提出适宜、量化的技术措施去指导生产,对促进我国苹果生产健康、持续发展具有极其重要意义。本研究以我国苹果主栽品种红富士等为试材,研究了有袋栽培微域环境下微生物种群结构变化、果皮发育进程、果实糖代谢及果实内在品质对不同栽培措施(包括育果袋种类、套摘袋时间、外源植物生长调节剂、外源糖、叶面喷肥、修剪、促色措施等)的响应。主要研究结果如下:
1.在苹果套袋微域环境下,不同育果袋、果实不同部位、不同时期、不同气象条件下的真菌主要是链格孢霉(Alternaria),且在套袋后的整个生长季均可分离到;青霉(Penicillium)为第二大真菌,在7月份后均可分离到,在非皮孔部位的出现要早于内果袋和皮孔部位;8月份后在内袋红色涂蜡的育果袋上分离出了木霉(Trichoderma),其先出现在非皮孔处和内果袋,然后出现在皮孔处;曲霉(Aspergillus)和镰刀菌(Fusarium)仅在内袋红色涂蜡的“小林”袋的非皮孔部位和皮孔部位于摘袋后分离出;在内袋为黑色且未涂蜡的育果袋和未套袋果上仅仅分离出链格孢霉和青霉,且青霉分离出的时期要比套袋果晚45d。高温天气下,套袋和未套袋处理果实表面真菌种群结构并无差异;阴雨条件下,套袋果实表面鉴定出的真菌要多于未套袋处理。有袋栽培下可分离的主要放线菌是烬灰类群(Cinereus),另外还分离出白色类群(Albosporus)、绿色类群(Viridis)和黄色类群(Flavus)等。
2.不同种类育果纸袋内果实果皮角质层、表皮细胞大小及排列的变化趋势基本一致;果实发育中后期,套“小林”袋角质层出现较浅“V”型凹陷,套“前卫”袋出现较深“V”型凹陷,未套袋果实出现极少数“V”型凹陷;果实发育中后期,套袋果实果皮机械组织为1～2层,低于未套袋的2～3层。
3.套袋降低了果实的蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量,提高了山梨醇含量。套袋降低了果实山梨醇脱氢酶、中性转化酶和酸性转化酶活性,提高了山梨醇氧化酶、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性。蔗糖含量和山梨醇含量均与果糖、葡萄糖含量呈极显著正相关,套袋后蔗糖含量与葡萄糖相关性略有升高,与果糖相关性降低;套袋后山梨醇含量与葡萄糖相关性降低,与果糖相关性升高。
4.不同种类育果袋对果实各项指标的影响规律基本一致,综合各项指标,符合《苹果育果纸袋》规定值果袋的应用效果(着色指数、光洁度指数、病果率、果袋破损率等)明显优于规定值以下的果袋。
5.套袋越早,光洁度指数、可溶性固形物越高;套袋晚,果实硬度增加且苦痘病发生程度减轻;早套袋和晚套袋都不利于果实着色:不同套袋时间对单果重影响不大。除袋越早,着色指数和可溶性固形物越高;除袋越晚,果实光洁度越高,果肉硬度、单果重、苦痘病发生情况与除袋时间关系不明显;综合考虑果品质量的主要指标,认为红富士苹果落花后40d左右套袋、采果前14d左右除袋较为适宜。
6.GA_3处理以除袋后果面喷施100mg·L~(-1)、果柄涂抹100mg·L~(-1)和果台副梢喷施60mg·L~(-1)对套袋果实的增糖效果较好;除袋后果面喷施100mg·L~(-1)IAA、果柄涂抹20mg·L~(-1)的IAA,种子喙变褐时期果台副梢喷施100mg·L~(-1)的IAA对提高果实糖含量效果较为显著;套袋前果面喷施20mg·L~(-1)的6-BA、种子喙变褐时期果台副梢喷施100mg·L~(-1)的6-BA最有利于提高套袋果实的含糖量。
7.苹果果面喷施外源糖可在一定程度上提高果实内在品质,山梨醇喷施浓度以2%为佳,果糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖喷施浓度以5%为佳。
8.拉枝、扭梢和摘心处理均有效提高果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、Vc含量和糖酸比,均降低了淀粉和有机酸含量;二次摘心处理对提高果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、Vc含量、糖酸比和降低淀粉和有机酸含量效果较一次摘心处理明显。
9.叶面喷施0.4%～0.5%的KH_2PO_4、0.4%的Ca(NO_3)_2和800倍微量元素综合肥对提高果实内在品质的效果显著。
10.不同促色措施对红富士果实着色起到了不同程度的促进效果,“摘叶+转果+铺反光膜”处理明显优于“摘叶+转果”、“铺反光膜”、“摘叶”、“转果”,各处理均降低了果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量。
In apple production,as one of the important measures for producing high quality and pollution-freeapple and promoting export,fruit bagging cultivation can improve fruit coloring, increase pericarp finish,reduce residual rate of pesticide,and enhance commodity value. However,it has some negative influences such as decreasing internal quality and aggravating some diseases and insect pests after bagging.During a long time of present and future, bagging cultivation is an important measure for the production of high quality and pollution-free fruit.Therefore,it is important to do further research on the physiological characteristics and cultivation techniques of fruit development under the system of bagging cultivation,and with which the proper and quantitative measures were proposed to guide fruit production,for keeping a healthy and sustainable development in the production of domestic apple industry.Under the microenvironments of bagging cultivation,the change of microorganism population structure,development process of pericarp and glucose metabolism of fruit as well as the response of fruit internal quality to different cultivation measures, including bag types,dates of bagging and removing,exogenous plant growth regulators and glucose,leaf spraying fertilizer,pruning methods and coloring-promoted measures were studied by using Red 'Fuji' apple as material.The results were in followings:
1.Under the microenvironments of fruit bagging,Alternaria had always been the major fungi in different bags,sites of fruit and weather conditions during the whole growing season. As the secondary major fungi,Penicillium had always been after July and emerged later in inner bag and cortical pore than other sites.In the bag with which the inner bag was red and waxing,Trichoderma was isolated first in pericarp without cortical pore and inner bag as well as later in cortical pore after August.In 'Kobayashi' bag which inner bag was red and waxing, Aspergillus and Fusarium were isolated in pericarp without cortical pore and cortical pore after bag removed.Alternaria and Penicillium were isolated in unbagging fruit and 'Qianwei' bag which inner bag was red and unwaxing and the date Penicillium was isolated in CK was 45d later than bagging treatment.Under high temperature weather condition,there were no differences in the fungi population structure on fruit surface among all treatments.And the fungi population structure on fruit surface in bagging apple was more than that of unbagging ones under overcast and rainy condition.The major actinomycetes under bagging cultivation were Cinereus and Albosporus,Viridis as well as Flavus were also isolated after bagging.
2.It had basically identical tendency for cuticle film,size and array of epidermal cell of fruit pericarp with different types of bag.During the prophase and anaphase of fruit growth, light,deep and very few V-type concaves generated in 'Kobayashi' bag,'Qianwei' bag and unbagging fruit,respectively.At the same time,1～2 layers mechanical tissue of bagging fruit was thinner than unbagging fruit with 2～3 layers.
3.For bagging treatments,the content of sucrose,fructose and glucose in fruits were decreased,while the sorbitol content was increased.The activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH),neutral invertase(NI) and acid invertase(AI) were lower than that of control,while the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS),sucrose synthase(SS) and sorbitol oxidase (SOX) were higher than that of control.There were positive correlation between sucrose content,sorbitol content and fructose content,glucose content.Relativity of sucrose content and glucose content was increased,while that of sucrose content and fructose content was decreased after bagging.Relativity of sorbitol content and glucose content was decreased, while that of sorbitol content and fructose content was increased after bagging.
4.The influence of different kinds of bags on fruit indexes assumed a basically identical tendency.Application effect of the bags accorded with the standard of 'apple fruit bags' regulations were superior to those inconsistent with the standard,as a whole.
5.The earlier bagging,the higher finish index and the soluble solidscontents.Fruit hardness was increased and the incidence of bitter pit disease was reduced by later bagging. Fruit coloring was inhibited by both earlier and later boagging,and there was no significantly effect on fruit weight by bagging time.The earlier debagging,the higher coloring index and the soluble solids contents as well as the later debagging,the high fruit finish.There was no obvious relation in fruit hardness,weight and the incidence of bitter pit with different debagging time.Comprehensive survey on the main indexes of fruit quality,it is suitable to bagging 40d after blooming,to debagging 14d before harvest for Red 'Fuji' apple.
6.For the treatment with GA_3,100 mg·L~(-1) of which for fruit surface and fruit stalk and 60 mg·L~(-1) for bourse shoot after debagging were beneficial to increase the sugar contents. Fruit surface treated by 100 mg·L~(-1) IAA and fruit stalk treated by 20 mg·L~(-1) IAA after debagging,bourse shoot treated by 100mg·L~(-1) IAA when the beak of seed becoming brown had a remarkable effects on improving the sugar contents.Fruit surface treated by 20 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA before bagging and bourse shoot treated by 100 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA when the beak of seed becoming brown were beneficial to improve the sugar contents.
7.Exogenous spraying sugar could improve the internal quality of fruits.For sorbitol,the concentration of 2%was better,while the concentration of 5%sucrose,fructose and glucose was better.
8.Branch bending,shoot wresting and pinching could increase the contents of soluble solids,soluble sugars,the ratio of sugar and acids,while decrease the content of starch and organic acid.The effect of pinching twice treatments was better than that of one time.
9.0.4%～0.5%of KH_2PO_4,0.4%of Ca(NO_3)_2 and trace fertilizer of 800 times for foliage spraying affected fruits internal quality significantly.
10.For Red 'Fuji' apple,different color promotion measures promoted fruit coloring, decreased the flesh firmness and soluble solids content also in varying degrees.The treatment of 'leaf picking+fruit rotating+reflecting film paving' was obviously better than that of 'leaf picking+fruit rotating','reflecting film paving','leaf picking' and ' fruit rotating'.
1.在苹果套袋微域环境下,不同育果袋、果实不同部位、不同时期、不同气象条件下的真菌主要是链格孢霉(Alternaria),且在套袋后的整个生长季均可分离到;青霉(Penicillium)为第二大真菌,在7月份后均可分离到,在非皮孔部位的出现要早于内果袋和皮孔部位;8月份后在内袋红色涂蜡的育果袋上分离出了木霉(Trichoderma),其先出现在非皮孔处和内果袋,然后出现在皮孔处;曲霉(Aspergillus)和镰刀菌(Fusarium)仅在内袋红色涂蜡的“小林”袋的非皮孔部位和皮孔部位于摘袋后分离出;在内袋为黑色且未涂蜡的育果袋和未套袋果上仅仅分离出链格孢霉和青霉,且青霉分离出的时期要比套袋果晚45d。高温天气下,套袋和未套袋处理果实表面真菌种群结构并无差异;阴雨条件下,套袋果实表面鉴定出的真菌要多于未套袋处理。有袋栽培下可分离的主要放线菌是烬灰类群(Cinereus),另外还分离出白色类群(Albosporus)、绿色类群(Viridis)和黄色类群(Flavus)等。
2.不同种类育果纸袋内果实果皮角质层、表皮细胞大小及排列的变化趋势基本一致;果实发育中后期,套“小林”袋角质层出现较浅“V”型凹陷,套“前卫”袋出现较深“V”型凹陷,未套袋果实出现极少数“V”型凹陷;果实发育中后期,套袋果实果皮机械组织为1～2层,低于未套袋的2～3层。
3.套袋降低了果实的蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量,提高了山梨醇含量。套袋降低了果实山梨醇脱氢酶、中性转化酶和酸性转化酶活性,提高了山梨醇氧化酶、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性。蔗糖含量和山梨醇含量均与果糖、葡萄糖含量呈极显著正相关,套袋后蔗糖含量与葡萄糖相关性略有升高,与果糖相关性降低;套袋后山梨醇含量与葡萄糖相关性降低,与果糖相关性升高。
4.不同种类育果袋对果实各项指标的影响规律基本一致,综合各项指标,符合《苹果育果纸袋》规定值果袋的应用效果(着色指数、光洁度指数、病果率、果袋破损率等)明显优于规定值以下的果袋。
5.套袋越早,光洁度指数、可溶性固形物越高;套袋晚,果实硬度增加且苦痘病发生程度减轻;早套袋和晚套袋都不利于果实着色:不同套袋时间对单果重影响不大。除袋越早,着色指数和可溶性固形物越高;除袋越晚,果实光洁度越高,果肉硬度、单果重、苦痘病发生情况与除袋时间关系不明显;综合考虑果品质量的主要指标,认为红富士苹果落花后40d左右套袋、采果前14d左右除袋较为适宜。
6.GA_3处理以除袋后果面喷施100mg·L~(-1)、果柄涂抹100mg·L~(-1)和果台副梢喷施60mg·L~(-1)对套袋果实的增糖效果较好;除袋后果面喷施100mg·L~(-1)IAA、果柄涂抹20mg·L~(-1)的IAA,种子喙变褐时期果台副梢喷施100mg·L~(-1)的IAA对提高果实糖含量效果较为显著;套袋前果面喷施20mg·L~(-1)的6-BA、种子喙变褐时期果台副梢喷施100mg·L~(-1)的6-BA最有利于提高套袋果实的含糖量。
7.苹果果面喷施外源糖可在一定程度上提高果实内在品质,山梨醇喷施浓度以2%为佳,果糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖喷施浓度以5%为佳。
8.拉枝、扭梢和摘心处理均有效提高果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、Vc含量和糖酸比,均降低了淀粉和有机酸含量;二次摘心处理对提高果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、Vc含量、糖酸比和降低淀粉和有机酸含量效果较一次摘心处理明显。
9.叶面喷施0.4%～0.5%的KH_2PO_4、0.4%的Ca(NO_3)_2和800倍微量元素综合肥对提高果实内在品质的效果显著。
10.不同促色措施对红富士果实着色起到了不同程度的促进效果,“摘叶+转果+铺反光膜”处理明显优于“摘叶+转果”、“铺反光膜”、“摘叶”、“转果”,各处理均降低了果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量。
In apple production,as one of the important measures for producing high quality and pollution-freeapple and promoting export,fruit bagging cultivation can improve fruit coloring, increase pericarp finish,reduce residual rate of pesticide,and enhance commodity value. However,it has some negative influences such as decreasing internal quality and aggravating some diseases and insect pests after bagging.During a long time of present and future, bagging cultivation is an important measure for the production of high quality and pollution-free fruit.Therefore,it is important to do further research on the physiological characteristics and cultivation techniques of fruit development under the system of bagging cultivation,and with which the proper and quantitative measures were proposed to guide fruit production,for keeping a healthy and sustainable development in the production of domestic apple industry.Under the microenvironments of bagging cultivation,the change of microorganism population structure,development process of pericarp and glucose metabolism of fruit as well as the response of fruit internal quality to different cultivation measures, including bag types,dates of bagging and removing,exogenous plant growth regulators and glucose,leaf spraying fertilizer,pruning methods and coloring-promoted measures were studied by using Red 'Fuji' apple as material.The results were in followings:
1.Under the microenvironments of fruit bagging,Alternaria had always been the major fungi in different bags,sites of fruit and weather conditions during the whole growing season. As the secondary major fungi,Penicillium had always been after July and emerged later in inner bag and cortical pore than other sites.In the bag with which the inner bag was red and waxing,Trichoderma was isolated first in pericarp without cortical pore and inner bag as well as later in cortical pore after August.In 'Kobayashi' bag which inner bag was red and waxing, Aspergillus and Fusarium were isolated in pericarp without cortical pore and cortical pore after bag removed.Alternaria and Penicillium were isolated in unbagging fruit and 'Qianwei' bag which inner bag was red and unwaxing and the date Penicillium was isolated in CK was 45d later than bagging treatment.Under high temperature weather condition,there were no differences in the fungi population structure on fruit surface among all treatments.And the fungi population structure on fruit surface in bagging apple was more than that of unbagging ones under overcast and rainy condition.The major actinomycetes under bagging cultivation were Cinereus and Albosporus,Viridis as well as Flavus were also isolated after bagging.
2.It had basically identical tendency for cuticle film,size and array of epidermal cell of fruit pericarp with different types of bag.During the prophase and anaphase of fruit growth, light,deep and very few V-type concaves generated in 'Kobayashi' bag,'Qianwei' bag and unbagging fruit,respectively.At the same time,1～2 layers mechanical tissue of bagging fruit was thinner than unbagging fruit with 2～3 layers.
3.For bagging treatments,the content of sucrose,fructose and glucose in fruits were decreased,while the sorbitol content was increased.The activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH),neutral invertase(NI) and acid invertase(AI) were lower than that of control,while the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS),sucrose synthase(SS) and sorbitol oxidase (SOX) were higher than that of control.There were positive correlation between sucrose content,sorbitol content and fructose content,glucose content.Relativity of sucrose content and glucose content was increased,while that of sucrose content and fructose content was decreased after bagging.Relativity of sorbitol content and glucose content was decreased, while that of sorbitol content and fructose content was increased after bagging.
4.The influence of different kinds of bags on fruit indexes assumed a basically identical tendency.Application effect of the bags accorded with the standard of 'apple fruit bags' regulations were superior to those inconsistent with the standard,as a whole.
5.The earlier bagging,the higher finish index and the soluble solidscontents.Fruit hardness was increased and the incidence of bitter pit disease was reduced by later bagging. Fruit coloring was inhibited by both earlier and later boagging,and there was no significantly effect on fruit weight by bagging time.The earlier debagging,the higher coloring index and the soluble solids contents as well as the later debagging,the high fruit finish.There was no obvious relation in fruit hardness,weight and the incidence of bitter pit with different debagging time.Comprehensive survey on the main indexes of fruit quality,it is suitable to bagging 40d after blooming,to debagging 14d before harvest for Red 'Fuji' apple.
6.For the treatment with GA_3,100 mg·L~(-1) of which for fruit surface and fruit stalk and 60 mg·L~(-1) for bourse shoot after debagging were beneficial to increase the sugar contents. Fruit surface treated by 100 mg·L~(-1) IAA and fruit stalk treated by 20 mg·L~(-1) IAA after debagging,bourse shoot treated by 100mg·L~(-1) IAA when the beak of seed becoming brown had a remarkable effects on improving the sugar contents.Fruit surface treated by 20 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA before bagging and bourse shoot treated by 100 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA when the beak of seed becoming brown were beneficial to improve the sugar contents.
7.Exogenous spraying sugar could improve the internal quality of fruits.For sorbitol,the concentration of 2%was better,while the concentration of 5%sucrose,fructose and glucose was better.
8.Branch bending,shoot wresting and pinching could increase the contents of soluble solids,soluble sugars,the ratio of sugar and acids,while decrease the content of starch and organic acid.The effect of pinching twice treatments was better than that of one time.
9.0.4%～0.5%of KH_2PO_4,0.4%of Ca(NO_3)_2 and trace fertilizer of 800 times for foliage spraying affected fruits internal quality significantly.
10.For Red 'Fuji' apple,different color promotion measures promoted fruit coloring, decreased the flesh firmness and soluble solids content also in varying degrees.The treatment of 'leaf picking+fruit rotating+reflecting film paving' was obviously better than that of 'leaf picking+fruit rotating','reflecting film paving','leaf picking' and ' fruit rotating'.
引文
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