软土地基桩基础桥台工作机理与设计方法研究
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摘要
桥台是连接路基与桥梁的重要过渡结构物,作为桥梁和路基的边界,桥台及其基础受力复杂,影响因素很多。软土地区的桥台,通常采用桩基础,除了要承受上部荷载和台背土压力以外,还要承担台后路基填土使软弱土层下沉产生的负摩擦力和软土侧移产生的附加水平力。而目前,路堤-桥台-桩基与地基共同作用机理还缺少研究,双线铁路路基在桥台地基处产生的附加应力、桥台桩基负摩擦力、软土侧移产生的附加水平力现行规范中没有具体的计算方法。
本文以两个铁道部项目为依托,针对深厚软土地区既有铁路和高速公路桥台广泛存在的病害以及目前桩基桥台设计和施工方面存在的问题,运用现场测试、理论分析、数值模拟对路堤.桥台.桩基与地基共同作用机理进行研究,并提出了既可以考虑负摩擦力,又能分析桩基承受附加水平力的设计方法。主要研究工作与成果如下:
(1)通过大量现场测试成果,获得了台后地表沉降、地基侧向位移和地基孔隙水压力的变化规律;分析了台后路基填土过程中桥台桩基负摩擦力、桩身弯矩的变化规律;取得了在台后路基填土过程中桥台沉降规律;得到了台背土压力以及随时间变化的规律。
(2)基于大型有限元程序,建立了桩基桥台三维有限元模型。分析了台后路基填土过程中桥台沉降、桩身弯矩、桩顶水平位移和桩身最大弯矩与填土荷载之间的关系、路基与其下的地基之间剪应力的分布规律、承台底面与地基之间的剪应力分布规律、台背土压力以及桩间土拱和台后路基土拱效应,并与实测结果进行对比分析。
(3)通过对桩.土间竖向相对位移产生的原因进行分析,桩为主动体时,桩-土间的摩阻力和土为主动体时桩-土间的摩擦力是不同的。将现实中可能存在的情况概括为6种不同的模式,分别对其进行了探讨。
(4)对桩顶水平承载的主动桩和软土水平侧移下的被动桩桩-土作用机理进行对比分析,主要探讨了桩侧水平压力和桩周土体水平抗力的分布和大小。结果表明,被动桩主动侧水平压力要大于主动桩中土体的水平抗力,而主动桩的水平抗力、被动桩主动侧水平压力及被动桩侧压力差随荷载的增大沿桩直径呈近似三角形、近似梯形和马鞍型三种不同型式。
(5)根据Boussinesq解和叠加原理,推导了路基荷载作用下桥台区域地基竖向附加应力的计算公式。在塑性变形理论的基础上,考虑了桩侧表面的粗糙程度,推导了土体水平移动下桩侧附加水平力公式,并与实测结果进行了对比分析,验证了公式的正确性。
(6)提出了既可以考虑负摩擦力,又可以分析软土地基对桩产生附加水平力的桥台桩基设计方法,编制了计算程序,运用该设计方法进行了桥台桩基设计。
(7)对国家重点工程京沪高速铁路昆山试验段两座桥台和新建温福铁路对务山特大桥温州台、鳌江特大桥福州台、飞云江特大桥福州台三座桥台进行现场测试研究,重点分析了对务山特大桥温州台的监测结果,提出了在钻孔灌注桩侧埋入土压力盒的“人工牵引顶入法”,成功地测试了桩侧附加水平土压力。结果表明,桩侧附加水平土压力随深度呈抛物线分布。在台后路基填筑完毕时,整个软土层在桩身上产生了负摩擦力,桩身发生了挠曲,桥台水平前移了22mm,桥台前排斜钢管桩不仅承担了上部结构传递下来的自重荷载,还承受了台后路基水平推力,其轴力比钻孔灌注桩还要大。
Abutment is an important transition structure connecting embankment and bridge. As the border of embankment and bridge, abutment and its foundation are loaded from the embankment and the upper structure and are influenced by many factors. Pile foundations are usually used as the abutment bases in soft clay. Apart from the loads from the upper structure and the earth pressure on the retaining wall, pile foundations supporting abutments in soft clay are loaded laterally and vertically from the soft soil movement induced by embankment filling. At present, the behaviors of full-height piled abutment constructed on soft clay are lack of research. The existing technical codes are lack of methods to calculate the additional stress in the bridge abutment subsoil induced by two-rail embankment and also lack of the negative friction and the lateral thrust on the pile foundation from the soft soil movement induced by the embankment filling.
Aiming at the widespread diseases existed in piled abutment zone of both rail and highway constructed on the deep soft clay and the lack of design methods and construction deficiencies in existing codes, this paper, based on two projects, uses field tests, theoretical analysis and finite element method to study behaviors of full-height piled abutment constructed on soft clay and propose a new design method which can consider the negative friction and lateral thrust on the pile foundations. The main research works are as follows:
(1) Through analysis of field tests' results, the characteristics of the settlements of embankment, the lateral deflections and the pore pressure of the soft clay is interpreted, the negative friction on the pile foundation and the bending moments in the pile foundation are analyzed, the settlement of abutment and the earth pressure on the retaining wall during embankment filling are obtained.
(2) A three dimensional finite element model of full-height piled abutment constructed on soft clay is set up to explore the settlements of abutment, the bending moments of pile foundations, the relationship between the deflections of pile tops (the maximum bending moments in piles) and the embankment load, the shear stress in the interface of the ground, the earth pressure on the retaining wall and the soil arching effects, which are compared well with the field tests.
(3) The relative displacements between piles and soils are produced under different circumstances. The piles as active bodies produce shaft resistance between the piles and soils, while the soil mass as active bodies produce skin friction between the piles and soils. The shaft resistance and the skin friction are different. Six modes are summerized and analyzed according to the pile foundation practice.
(4) The characteristics of the active pile and the passive pile are analyzed. The horizontal thrusts on the passive pile shafts are compared with the horizontal resistance on the active pile shafts emphatically. The results indicate that the horizontal thrusts acting on the passive pile shafts are larger than the horizontal resistance acting on the active pile shafts. The horizontal resistance, the lateral thrusts and the net pressure on the passive pile shafts show approximate triangle, approximate trapezoid and saddle distribution along the pile diameter with the load increase.
(5) Based on Boussinesq's solution and the superposition principle, the formulas of the additional vertical stress in the bridge abutment subsoil are deduced. According to the plastic deformation theory, a formula to calculate the lateral thrust on the piles is deduced and proved correct by the tests.
(6) A design method of pile foundations supporting abutments is proposed which can consider the negative friction and the lateral thrust from the soft soil movement induced by embankment filling. The computing program is written and is used to design the pile foundations.
(7) Two field tests for piled abutments in Beijing-Shanghai high speed railway and three field tests for piled abutments(Wenzhou abutment in Duiwu mountain bridge, Fuzhou abutment in Ao river bridge and Fuzhou abutment in Feiyun river bridge) in Wenzhou-Fuzhou high speed railway are carried out and the results of Wenzhou piled abutment in Duiwu mountain are analyzed emphatically. A device has been invented to fix the earth pressure sensor on the surface of the bored pile shaft and successfully measure the lateral thrusts from the soft soil movement induced by embankment filling. The results indicate that the lateral thrusts are parabola distribution with depth. After the completion of embankment construction, a large down-dragload and lateral deflection occurred in piles installed in soft and loose soils. The abutment moved forward about 22mm. The battered piles in pile foundations bear large vertical load and horizontal load. The axial forces of the battered piles are larger than those of the vertical piles in pile foundation.
本文以两个铁道部项目为依托,针对深厚软土地区既有铁路和高速公路桥台广泛存在的病害以及目前桩基桥台设计和施工方面存在的问题,运用现场测试、理论分析、数值模拟对路堤.桥台.桩基与地基共同作用机理进行研究,并提出了既可以考虑负摩擦力,又能分析桩基承受附加水平力的设计方法。主要研究工作与成果如下:
(1)通过大量现场测试成果,获得了台后地表沉降、地基侧向位移和地基孔隙水压力的变化规律;分析了台后路基填土过程中桥台桩基负摩擦力、桩身弯矩的变化规律;取得了在台后路基填土过程中桥台沉降规律;得到了台背土压力以及随时间变化的规律。
(2)基于大型有限元程序,建立了桩基桥台三维有限元模型。分析了台后路基填土过程中桥台沉降、桩身弯矩、桩顶水平位移和桩身最大弯矩与填土荷载之间的关系、路基与其下的地基之间剪应力的分布规律、承台底面与地基之间的剪应力分布规律、台背土压力以及桩间土拱和台后路基土拱效应,并与实测结果进行对比分析。
(3)通过对桩.土间竖向相对位移产生的原因进行分析,桩为主动体时,桩-土间的摩阻力和土为主动体时桩-土间的摩擦力是不同的。将现实中可能存在的情况概括为6种不同的模式,分别对其进行了探讨。
(4)对桩顶水平承载的主动桩和软土水平侧移下的被动桩桩-土作用机理进行对比分析,主要探讨了桩侧水平压力和桩周土体水平抗力的分布和大小。结果表明,被动桩主动侧水平压力要大于主动桩中土体的水平抗力,而主动桩的水平抗力、被动桩主动侧水平压力及被动桩侧压力差随荷载的增大沿桩直径呈近似三角形、近似梯形和马鞍型三种不同型式。
(5)根据Boussinesq解和叠加原理,推导了路基荷载作用下桥台区域地基竖向附加应力的计算公式。在塑性变形理论的基础上,考虑了桩侧表面的粗糙程度,推导了土体水平移动下桩侧附加水平力公式,并与实测结果进行了对比分析,验证了公式的正确性。
(6)提出了既可以考虑负摩擦力,又可以分析软土地基对桩产生附加水平力的桥台桩基设计方法,编制了计算程序,运用该设计方法进行了桥台桩基设计。
(7)对国家重点工程京沪高速铁路昆山试验段两座桥台和新建温福铁路对务山特大桥温州台、鳌江特大桥福州台、飞云江特大桥福州台三座桥台进行现场测试研究,重点分析了对务山特大桥温州台的监测结果,提出了在钻孔灌注桩侧埋入土压力盒的“人工牵引顶入法”,成功地测试了桩侧附加水平土压力。结果表明,桩侧附加水平土压力随深度呈抛物线分布。在台后路基填筑完毕时,整个软土层在桩身上产生了负摩擦力,桩身发生了挠曲,桥台水平前移了22mm,桥台前排斜钢管桩不仅承担了上部结构传递下来的自重荷载,还承受了台后路基水平推力,其轴力比钻孔灌注桩还要大。
Abutment is an important transition structure connecting embankment and bridge. As the border of embankment and bridge, abutment and its foundation are loaded from the embankment and the upper structure and are influenced by many factors. Pile foundations are usually used as the abutment bases in soft clay. Apart from the loads from the upper structure and the earth pressure on the retaining wall, pile foundations supporting abutments in soft clay are loaded laterally and vertically from the soft soil movement induced by embankment filling. At present, the behaviors of full-height piled abutment constructed on soft clay are lack of research. The existing technical codes are lack of methods to calculate the additional stress in the bridge abutment subsoil induced by two-rail embankment and also lack of the negative friction and the lateral thrust on the pile foundation from the soft soil movement induced by the embankment filling.
Aiming at the widespread diseases existed in piled abutment zone of both rail and highway constructed on the deep soft clay and the lack of design methods and construction deficiencies in existing codes, this paper, based on two projects, uses field tests, theoretical analysis and finite element method to study behaviors of full-height piled abutment constructed on soft clay and propose a new design method which can consider the negative friction and lateral thrust on the pile foundations. The main research works are as follows:
(1) Through analysis of field tests' results, the characteristics of the settlements of embankment, the lateral deflections and the pore pressure of the soft clay is interpreted, the negative friction on the pile foundation and the bending moments in the pile foundation are analyzed, the settlement of abutment and the earth pressure on the retaining wall during embankment filling are obtained.
(2) A three dimensional finite element model of full-height piled abutment constructed on soft clay is set up to explore the settlements of abutment, the bending moments of pile foundations, the relationship between the deflections of pile tops (the maximum bending moments in piles) and the embankment load, the shear stress in the interface of the ground, the earth pressure on the retaining wall and the soil arching effects, which are compared well with the field tests.
(3) The relative displacements between piles and soils are produced under different circumstances. The piles as active bodies produce shaft resistance between the piles and soils, while the soil mass as active bodies produce skin friction between the piles and soils. The shaft resistance and the skin friction are different. Six modes are summerized and analyzed according to the pile foundation practice.
(4) The characteristics of the active pile and the passive pile are analyzed. The horizontal thrusts on the passive pile shafts are compared with the horizontal resistance on the active pile shafts emphatically. The results indicate that the horizontal thrusts acting on the passive pile shafts are larger than the horizontal resistance acting on the active pile shafts. The horizontal resistance, the lateral thrusts and the net pressure on the passive pile shafts show approximate triangle, approximate trapezoid and saddle distribution along the pile diameter with the load increase.
(5) Based on Boussinesq's solution and the superposition principle, the formulas of the additional vertical stress in the bridge abutment subsoil are deduced. According to the plastic deformation theory, a formula to calculate the lateral thrust on the piles is deduced and proved correct by the tests.
(6) A design method of pile foundations supporting abutments is proposed which can consider the negative friction and the lateral thrust from the soft soil movement induced by embankment filling. The computing program is written and is used to design the pile foundations.
(7) Two field tests for piled abutments in Beijing-Shanghai high speed railway and three field tests for piled abutments(Wenzhou abutment in Duiwu mountain bridge, Fuzhou abutment in Ao river bridge and Fuzhou abutment in Feiyun river bridge) in Wenzhou-Fuzhou high speed railway are carried out and the results of Wenzhou piled abutment in Duiwu mountain are analyzed emphatically. A device has been invented to fix the earth pressure sensor on the surface of the bored pile shaft and successfully measure the lateral thrusts from the soft soil movement induced by embankment filling. The results indicate that the lateral thrusts are parabola distribution with depth. After the completion of embankment construction, a large down-dragload and lateral deflection occurred in piles installed in soft and loose soils. The abutment moved forward about 22mm. The battered piles in pile foundations bear large vertical load and horizontal load. The axial forces of the battered piles are larger than those of the vertical piles in pile foundation.
引文
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