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塔里木盆地三大控油古隆起形成演化与油气成藏关系研究
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摘要
本论文以多学科的理论为指导,在充分利用前人研究成果、钻测井资料、地震资料及测试分析化验资料的基础上,综合运用构造几何学、平衡剖面演化、剥蚀量恢复和古构造复原等方法,以沙雅、卡塔克、巴楚三大控油古隆起构造演化对比研究目标,系统对比不同类型古隆起活动强度、构造特征、成藏条件及其成藏模式的异同点,着重阐述古隆起演化对油气成藏的控制作用,深化古隆起成藏规律,取得了以下主要结论与认识:
     (1)依据塔里木盆地的区域地质背景以及成盆动力学过程,分析盆地的平面分区、纵向分层的宏观特征,并依据构造层叠置关系的变化,将塔里木盆地的地质结构总结归纳为3种常见叠置关系和7种叠置方式。
     (2)按照动力学演化特征将塔里木古隆起划分为四大类古隆起,具体解析沙雅残余古隆起、卡塔克稳定古隆起和巴楚活动古隆起的构造特征,重点对比构造格局、不整合面空间展布、主干断层发育演化以及局部构造平面分带、纵向叠加特征,总结古隆起区构造差异的时间、空间分布规律,并探讨不同类型古隆起成因机制。同时系统解释塔里木盆地早期张性断裂体系,识别并划定库满拗拉槽边界断裂,并动态剖析塔中Ⅰ号早期正断裂对中央隆起带演化的约束作用,尤其是从构造背景方面对后期碳酸盐岩储层发育和成岩演化给出了合理解释,探讨早期拉张背景对台缘建隆、礁滩相等碳酸盐岩有利储集相带成藏演化的控制作用。
     (3)在系统研究前特提斯稳定克拉通与被动大陆边缘、前特提斯关闭前陆盆地-克拉通边缘坳陷、古特提斯开合旋回、新特提斯开合旋回、复合前陆盆地五个盆地原型发育阶段构造事件及构造变形特征的基础上,明确主要构造变革期,识别主要构造不整合界面的空间组合样式,以趋势厚度法和标志层~厚度法为基础,结合平衡剖面理论,提出不同构造时期的剥蚀量分解技术和不同类型古隆起古构造恢复技术,精确复原O2+3、S、T、K等多层段在主要变革期剥蚀特征,探讨不同构造期T74、T70不整合面的古构造演变格局。进而系统对比沙雅残余古隆起、卡塔克稳定古隆起和巴楚活动古隆起的构造特征和演变过程,确定不同类型古隆起形成-改造-定型期次,细化不同时期古隆起构造格局,动态演绎不同时期古隆起分布特征,在总结古隆起构造背景、演化历史及古今构造差异的时空迁移性的基础上,探讨不同时期古隆起形成机制,深化塔里木古隆起多旋回构造演化的动态过程,建立古隆起构造演化模式。
     (4)系统对比沙雅、卡塔克和巴楚三大控油古隆起形成演化与油气成藏多期次、多层次、多模式的关系,尤其是关键成藏期古隆起的形态与定型期古隆起的地质结构的差异对油气聚集与分布的控制作用,提升并细化塔里木古隆起控藏系统:①隆坳格局制约烃源岩展布及热演化;②古隆起展布控制储层发育及改造;③古隆起形成发展控制圈闭类型;④古隆起变迁控制输导路径和运移指向;⑤古隆起变革期控制成藏期次。在此基础上,针对塔里木盆地不同构造旋回原型盆地的叠合,将不同类型的成藏模式概括为6种基本类型,提出塔里木古隆起“烃源控区、储层控层、隆起控带、断裂与不整合控位”的成藏规律,并以轮南-塔河巨型油气富集区为例,总结古隆起成藏最佳配置模式。
By taking multi-discipline as the guideline, using methods of structural geometry、balanced section evolution、denudation reversion and taking the predecessor progress、l og-seismic material and chemical analyses as the foundation, the paper took the three paleo-high’s(Shaya、Katake、Bachu) evolution as the main thread. Then the paper analyzed the paleohighs’tectonic intensity、evolution difference、petroleum-geologic condition and hydrocarbon accumulation pattern, probe into the relation between paleohighs’evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation.
     First, according the basin’s area geologic background and basin’s kinetics, the dissertation analyzed basin’s distributing character in horizontal and vertical. Then summed up three ordinary overriding relation and seven types of overriding.
     Second, according to the kinetics of evolution character, the paper further divided the paleo-high of Tarim into four types, then parsed tectonic character of Shaya relic paleo-high、Katake stable paleohigh and Bachu active paleohigh. By comparing tectonic framework、distribution of unconformity、main fault evolution、local formation horizontal and vertical distribution character, the paper summed up the palohighs’tectonic variation in time and distribution rule. Meanwhile, the paper also interpreted the early extensional faulting system and pointed the location of Kuman aulacogen’s border fault precisely. Still, the paper also probed the base down fault’s influence on later sedimentary evolution.
     By researching the five main basin prototype stages(paleo-thetis cratogene andpassive continental margin、foreland basin-thetis、p aleo-thetis opening cycle、new thetis opening cycle、multi-foreland basin)during the tectonic movement and knowing those tectonic characters, the paper defined the main period of tectonic variation and identified the main unconformities’composing pattern. With the theory of balanced section、tendency thickness and marker bed~thickness, the paper proposed the theories of decomposing denudation and paleo-tectonic recovering technology, then reconstructed the denudating character of O2 + 3、S、T、K in different periods. Finally, the paper probed the paleo-tectonic evolution of T70、T 74 unconformities’framework during each tectonic period. Combining with all works above, the paper compared the tectonic character and their evolution of three main paleohigh and defined epochs of their developing-reforming-stereotyping. By probing the paleohigh’s developing mechanism and melting the dynamic procedure of paleohighs in Tarim basin, the paper constructed the paleohighs’tectonic evolution model.
     At last, the paper compared the relations between three paleohighs’tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation which is multiphase、layered and plurimodism. Especially ,the paper discussed the paleohighs’shape during critical period and their influence on hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution. Then defined the hydrocarbon accumulation of paleohighs:①The paleohigh’s frame work controlled the source rock’s development and evolution of heat;②The paleohighs’distribution controlled the reservoir rock development and reformation;③T he paleohighs’development controlled the conduction system and migration direction;④T he paleohighs’development controlled the trap’s type;⑤The paleohighs’reforming controlled the hydrocarbon accumulation periods. At the foundation of all above, the paper first concluded that the paleohighs’“resource rock controlling area、r eservoir rock controlling stratigraphic position、uplift controlled available belt、fracture and unconformity controlled accumulation location”. Aiming at the overlapping of different prototype basin, the paper regarded the hydrocarbon accumulation model as six basic types. By taking Lunnan-Tahe huge oil-gas concentration area as example, the dissertation figured out the best arrangement pattern.
引文
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