易逝品逆向物流的库存控制及车辆路径问题的优化研究
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摘要
过去的20年里,供应链管理不仅仅受到商界的重视,同样也受到学者的关注。传统的供应链管理所关注的是材料从供应商向终端客户的流动及转化的过程。相比而言,从终端客户向供应商的产品逆向流动过程所得到的关注则相对较少。
而随着环境的恶化,资源的匮乏,政府相关法规的颁布,以及逆向物流本身的经济性等诸多原因的存在,使得逆向物流的实践活动越来越多,其研究重要性也日益增加。到目前为止,逆向物流的定量研究主要可分为库存控制、部件和原材料的再利用下的生产计划、网络规划、存在产品回收的车辆路径问题等四大主题。
尽管学术界对逆向物流背景下的定量研究已经相当多,成果也很丰富,但现有研究主要集中于对存在退货情况下的单一产品系统的研究,且忽视产品具有易逝性这一重要特征。而国内外许多著名学者的研究(Manna & Chaudhuri,2006;Chern et al,2008)均指出产品易逝性特征的普遍存在。因此,将产品易逝性这一特征引入到逆向物流的研究框架中显得十分有必要。基于以上考虑,本文针对易逝品逆向物流的运作管理问题展开相应的研究。
1.本文所研究的易逝品为易过时产品(Obsolescence product)和报童产品。
由于易变质产品的逆向物流价值相对较低,因此,本研究所讨论对象——易逝品仅针对Goyal & Giri(2001)所讨论的易过时的(Obsolescence)产品和报童产品,而不包含易变质产品。
2.本文仅针对易逝品逆向物流的两个阶段所涉及到的决策问题,即产品收集阶段的运输问题(即车辆路径问题)和再处理阶段的库存控制问题展开相应的研究。
本文在对相关理论和文献研究成果进行评述的基础上,重点关注易逝品逆向物流的库存控制问题、以及同时送取货的车辆路径问题的研究,完成了下列研究工作,并取得相应的成果:
1.本文采用仿真方法,对存在退货的易逝品库存控制模型进行系统研究。研究结果表明产品易逝性会对存在退货的产品库存控制系统的运行产生影响。
利用离散事件系统仿真技术、建模与仿真相结合的方法,根据未满足需求(所谓的未满足需求是指客户需求中无法通过当期产品库存获得满足的部分)处理方式的不同,分别构建了存在产品退货的由订至点库存控制策略控制的存在紧急订货方案的易逝品库存控制的连续检查模型、缺货立即损失掉的易逝品库存控制的连续检查模型、需求可延期满足的易逝品库存控制的连续检查模型。并利用内德—米德的单纯形法来加速寻求特定参数背景下的系统最佳订至点水平。
通过大量的仿真曲线和数据的比较研究,研究了不同参数变化的情况下,系统每周期可服务产品库存水平及系统运行总收入的变化方式。并将存在退货的易逝品库存控制模型与存在退货的不考虑产品易逝品的库存控制模型进行对比,证明产品易逝性会对系统最佳订至点水平的确定及系统运行产生影响。
仿真结果表明:若产品退货波动较大,即使是在需求均值高于退货均值的情况下,产品过期量有所增大。存在退货的易逝品库存控制系统的总收入要高于不考虑产品易逝性因素的存在退货的产品库存控制系统的总收入。而存在退货的易逝品库存控制系统的最优订至点值要低于不考虑产品易逝性因素的存在退货的产品库存控制系统的最优订至点值。
2.考虑二次订货,扩展退货可重复销售的报童产品模型,构建销售商利润函数,并通过对利润函数的分析得出最佳订货量。利用数值试验的方式,证明二次订货的有效性。
在存在退货产品可重复销售的报童产品(一类特殊易逝品)的最优订货量研究中,引入紧急订货方案,从销售商角度,构建存在二次订货(正常订货和紧急订货)情况下的退货产品可重复销售的报童问题的系统利润函数。同时,构建仅存在一次订货机会(正常订货)的退货产品可重复销售的报童问题的系统利润函数。通过对两利润函数的分析,给出两模型的最优解。
通过数值实验的方式,将两个模型的利润值进行了对比。数值实验结果证明了考虑二次订货模式的有效性,即存在二次订货的系统利润要高于仅存在一次订货机会的系统利润,且二次订货系统的订货总量也要少于仅存在一次订货机会的订货量。
3.基于高科技易逝品所表现出的产品单向替代特征,以及产品替代现象的普遍存在,本文对存在产品退货和产品替代的两产品联合库存控制模型进行建模。利用Markov理论,分析系统性质,得到系统随机最优控制算法。
首先对两产品的需求和退货均为常量的两产品库存系统进行了分析,得到了两产品的最优订至点以及产品之间替代具有经济有效性的参数关系。并以此参数关系为基础,利用马尔可夫链决策理论对产品需求量固定,退货服从随机离散分布的存在产品替代的两产品联合库存控制系统进行分析,得到随机最优控制算法。
4.本文对同时送货和取货的车辆路径问题(VRPSPD)的算法进行扩展。同时将时间窗口约束引入到基本VRPSPD模型当中,设计算法对扩展模型进行求解。数值试验验证了求解算法的有效性。
本研究对VRPSPD问题所设计的启发式算法中,其获得初始解的方法利用基本旅程分割算法的思想,但对该算法进行了修正。利用客户净配送量的排序、及最少车辆数(最少车辆数由客户配送需求总量和客户回收需求总量两者之间的最大值和车辆最大装载能力两者所确定),来确定旅程分割方法所需要的基本路径,从而替代原旅程分割方法需要对相应的旅行商问题的求解来获得基本路径。对所获得的多条基本路径进行旅程分割直到获得一可行解。在解的优化过程中,将响应性禁忌搜索算法和可变领域搜索算法思想相结合。通过大规模的计算实验,与已有研究(Nicola & Giovanni,2007)的对比,证明了本算法的有效性。
数值实验的结果表明,当车辆最大装载能力较小时,本算法可以找到的最优解的车辆数和车辆行驶总距离都是要少于Nicola & Giovanni(2007)的算法所得到的最优解的车辆数和车辆行驶总距离;当车辆装载能力较大时,本算法可以找到的最优解的车辆数要少于Nicola & Giovanni(2007)算法所得到的最优解的车辆数,而本算法可以得到的最优解的车辆行驶总距离,要大于Nicola & Giovanni(2007)算法所得到的最优解的车辆行驶总距离。
易逝品的产品生命周期较短,因而对物流运作的时效性要求会非常高。同时,每个客户所要求退回的易逝品所处生命周期阶段并不相同(产品过期风险不同),导致企业对其所要求退回的易逝品快速回收以进行有效再利用的迫切程度有所不同。此外,客户通常根据自身实际情况,为了节省人力资源和节约库存成本,或提高对自身生产经营过程的可控性,会要求企业在规定的时间内对其开始进行服务。基于以上考虑,用时间窗口约束来反映这一迫切程度、时效性要求和客户自身对服务时间的要求,将这一时间窗口约束(要求企业在指定时间内向客户提供服务,即配送新产品,回收客户所退回的产品)加入到基本VRPSPD模型当中。并针对车辆是否存在停留时间的不同,建立不同的扩展模型。将无时间窗口约束的VRPSPD问题的求解算法进行修正,用于存在时间窗口约束的VRPSPD问题的求解。
本文的相关研究及其结论,进一步丰富且推动了逆向物流领域的相关研究,具有重要的理论意义。
Supply chain management(SCM) has received tremendous attention from the business world and form academic researchers in the past 20 years.But,most of the SCM researches concentrate on the forward movement and transformation of the materials from the suppliers to the end consumer.However,the reverse flow of products from customers to upstream businesses has not received so much interest.
The importance of studying reverse logistics has increased in recent years for many reasons,such as the deteriorating environment and the lack of the natural resources,more and more the relative laws that force our company be responsible for the whole life time cycle of their products,customer expectations that urge companies to reduce the environmental burden of their product,and the economical feasibility due to material and added value recovery.Reverse logistics has become a key competence in modern supply chains.Issues arising encompass distribution,inventory and product management aspects.
The previous researches about reverse logistics can be classified into four categories:(1) inventory management in the system with return flows;(2) network configuration in the system with return flows;(3) production planning with reuse of parts and materials;(4) vehicle routing problem with delivery and pickups
Although there are many quantitative models for reverse logistics,most of these studies focus on the single product system without considering product perishability. Manna & Chaudhuri(2006) and Chern et al(2008) pointed that perishablility of goods in stock is a very realistic feature.Therefore,it is necessary to incorporate product perishability into system hypothesizes.Hence,this dissertation focuses on the operational management issues about perishable product's reverse logistics.
1.The scope of perishable product in this dissertation includes the obsolescent product and newsboy product.
Due to the relative low value of deteriorating product' reverse logistics,the scope of perishable product in this dissertation just includes the obsolescent product and the newsboy product,excludes the deteriorating product,
2.Based on the literature review,the topic of this dissertation is divided into two sub-topics involved into two activities in the whole reverse logistics process:the distribution problem involved in the used product collection activity and the inventory control problem involved in the reprocessing activity.
Based on the review of relevant theories and literatures,this dissertation emphasizes on the perishable product inventory system with product return,the newsboy problem with resalable return and emergency order,the two products' inventory control system with product return and product substitution,the vehicle routing problem with simultaneously delivery and pickup,the vehicle routing problem with simultaneously delivery and pickup with the soft time windows,the vehicle routing problem with simultaneously delivery and pickup and hard time windows.
The following contents are fulfilled:
1.In this paper,using Discrete Event Simulation algorithm,inventory control model of the perishable product with product return is analyzed.The simulation results show the impact of product perishability on performance of the inventory system with product returns.
According to the different manners how to deal with this unsatisfied demand, when the inventory on hand is not sufficient to meet all the customer's demand,three different inventory control model,that is,the inventory control model with product return with the assumption that the unsatisfied demand that can not be satisfied by its on-hand inventory,emergency order is placed to meet these unsatisfied,so shortage is not permitted;the inventory control model with product return and the assumption that the unsatisfied demand is lost and will not be satisfied in the future;the inventory control model with product return and the assumption that the unsatisfied demand will be backordered are presented for continuous review model under the "order up to" inventory control strategy.The algorithm proposed by Nelder and Mead is used to find the optimal value of the order-up-to parameters.
According to many simulation curves and data,how the system serviceable inventory per time and the total system income change when some parameters are changed are analyzed.Finally,the perishable product system with product return system is compared with the traditional product system with product return and without considering product perishability.The results show the effect of product perishability on the optimal value of order-up-to parameter and system performance.
The simulation results show that:if the uncertainty degree of product return is high,the quantity of outdated product in the perishable product inventory control system with reusable return is higher.With reusable product return,the total income of the perishale product inventory control system is higher than that of the traditional product system without considering product perishability.At the same time,the optimal 'order up to' parameter value of the perishable product inventory control system is lower than that of traditional inventory control system without considering product perishability
2.In this paper,the newsboy problem with resalable returns is extended by incorporating the emergency order option.The total expected profit function is formulated and analyzed,and the optimal order quantity is derived.The results of computational experiment show that an emergency order can lead to a substantial increase in profit.
The newsboy problem with resalable returns and emergency order is analyzed in this dissertation.From the view of the retailers,the profit function for the system with return and emergency order is formulated and analyzed.Meanwhile,the profit function for the system with returns and only once order opportunity is formulated and analyzed.According to the analysis of the two profit function,we give the formula to obtain the optimal order quantity.The comparison results shows that the expected profit of the newsboy system with resalable returns and emergency order is higher than the expected profit of the newsboy system with resalable returns and only once order opportunity,and its total order quantity of two order quantities is lower than the order quantity of the system with only once order opportunity.
3.Based on the perishable high-tecch product one-way substitituion phenomenon and the reality that product substitution is a universal phenomenon,inventory optimization model of the two product system with product substitution and product rerun is developed in this dissertation.By the Markov Decision Process theory,the model is solved and gives stochastic optimal control strategy and algorithm.
In this paper,the two product inventory models with constant demand,constant return or return with known discrete distribution are presented.Optimal control policy and control algorithm is derived by analyzing the quality of the system.
4.In this paper,a new hybrid meta heuristics is provided for the vehicle routing problem with simultaneously delivery and pickups.The basic vehicle routing problem with simultaneously delivery and pickups is modified by including time windows constraints.The original meta-heuristics for the VRPSPD previously is revised to solve the extended VRPSPD models.The numerical experiments results show the validity of the meta heuristic presented in this dissertation.
The new heuristic for the VRPSPD is a revised tour-partitioning algorithm. Using the order based on the net delivery demand and the minimum least vehicle number that is determined by the maximum value between the total customers' demand quantities and the total customers' pickup quantities and the vehicle maximum capacity,many basic tours are constructed as the initial input of the tour partitioning algorithm,instead of solving the corresponding travelling salesman problem to construct the basic tour.In the optimization procedure,the heuristic combines reactive tabu search with variable neighborhood.By the computational comparison with Nicola & Giovanni(2007) 's results,our heuristic is proved to be efficient to solve the VRPSPD problem.
The results of numerical experiments show that:when the vehicle load capacity constraint is lower,the results found by our proposed algorithm are better than Nicola & Giovanni's(2007) results,from the view of either the total travel distance or the minmum vehicle number of the optimal solution.When the vehicle load capacity constraint is higher,the total travel distance of the optimal solution found by our proposed algorithm is longer than that of the Nicola & Giovanni(2007) proposed algorithm.But,the minmum vehicle number of the optimal solution found by our proposed algorithm is smaller than that of the Nicola & Giovanni(2007) proposed algorithm.
At the same time,the time windows constraints that reflect the different instancy degree of businesses colletion activity due to the different life phases of the perishable products returned by different customer and the customer demand are incorporated into the basic VRPSPD problem.Some revisions of the new hybrid heuristic are done to be adaptive to solve the VRPSPD with soft time windows and the VRPSPD with hard time windows.
而随着环境的恶化,资源的匮乏,政府相关法规的颁布,以及逆向物流本身的经济性等诸多原因的存在,使得逆向物流的实践活动越来越多,其研究重要性也日益增加。到目前为止,逆向物流的定量研究主要可分为库存控制、部件和原材料的再利用下的生产计划、网络规划、存在产品回收的车辆路径问题等四大主题。
尽管学术界对逆向物流背景下的定量研究已经相当多,成果也很丰富,但现有研究主要集中于对存在退货情况下的单一产品系统的研究,且忽视产品具有易逝性这一重要特征。而国内外许多著名学者的研究(Manna & Chaudhuri,2006;Chern et al,2008)均指出产品易逝性特征的普遍存在。因此,将产品易逝性这一特征引入到逆向物流的研究框架中显得十分有必要。基于以上考虑,本文针对易逝品逆向物流的运作管理问题展开相应的研究。
1.本文所研究的易逝品为易过时产品(Obsolescence product)和报童产品。
由于易变质产品的逆向物流价值相对较低,因此,本研究所讨论对象——易逝品仅针对Goyal & Giri(2001)所讨论的易过时的(Obsolescence)产品和报童产品,而不包含易变质产品。
2.本文仅针对易逝品逆向物流的两个阶段所涉及到的决策问题,即产品收集阶段的运输问题(即车辆路径问题)和再处理阶段的库存控制问题展开相应的研究。
本文在对相关理论和文献研究成果进行评述的基础上,重点关注易逝品逆向物流的库存控制问题、以及同时送取货的车辆路径问题的研究,完成了下列研究工作,并取得相应的成果:
1.本文采用仿真方法,对存在退货的易逝品库存控制模型进行系统研究。研究结果表明产品易逝性会对存在退货的产品库存控制系统的运行产生影响。
利用离散事件系统仿真技术、建模与仿真相结合的方法,根据未满足需求(所谓的未满足需求是指客户需求中无法通过当期产品库存获得满足的部分)处理方式的不同,分别构建了存在产品退货的由订至点库存控制策略控制的存在紧急订货方案的易逝品库存控制的连续检查模型、缺货立即损失掉的易逝品库存控制的连续检查模型、需求可延期满足的易逝品库存控制的连续检查模型。并利用内德—米德的单纯形法来加速寻求特定参数背景下的系统最佳订至点水平。
通过大量的仿真曲线和数据的比较研究,研究了不同参数变化的情况下,系统每周期可服务产品库存水平及系统运行总收入的变化方式。并将存在退货的易逝品库存控制模型与存在退货的不考虑产品易逝品的库存控制模型进行对比,证明产品易逝性会对系统最佳订至点水平的确定及系统运行产生影响。
仿真结果表明:若产品退货波动较大,即使是在需求均值高于退货均值的情况下,产品过期量有所增大。存在退货的易逝品库存控制系统的总收入要高于不考虑产品易逝性因素的存在退货的产品库存控制系统的总收入。而存在退货的易逝品库存控制系统的最优订至点值要低于不考虑产品易逝性因素的存在退货的产品库存控制系统的最优订至点值。
2.考虑二次订货,扩展退货可重复销售的报童产品模型,构建销售商利润函数,并通过对利润函数的分析得出最佳订货量。利用数值试验的方式,证明二次订货的有效性。
在存在退货产品可重复销售的报童产品(一类特殊易逝品)的最优订货量研究中,引入紧急订货方案,从销售商角度,构建存在二次订货(正常订货和紧急订货)情况下的退货产品可重复销售的报童问题的系统利润函数。同时,构建仅存在一次订货机会(正常订货)的退货产品可重复销售的报童问题的系统利润函数。通过对两利润函数的分析,给出两模型的最优解。
通过数值实验的方式,将两个模型的利润值进行了对比。数值实验结果证明了考虑二次订货模式的有效性,即存在二次订货的系统利润要高于仅存在一次订货机会的系统利润,且二次订货系统的订货总量也要少于仅存在一次订货机会的订货量。
3.基于高科技易逝品所表现出的产品单向替代特征,以及产品替代现象的普遍存在,本文对存在产品退货和产品替代的两产品联合库存控制模型进行建模。利用Markov理论,分析系统性质,得到系统随机最优控制算法。
首先对两产品的需求和退货均为常量的两产品库存系统进行了分析,得到了两产品的最优订至点以及产品之间替代具有经济有效性的参数关系。并以此参数关系为基础,利用马尔可夫链决策理论对产品需求量固定,退货服从随机离散分布的存在产品替代的两产品联合库存控制系统进行分析,得到随机最优控制算法。
4.本文对同时送货和取货的车辆路径问题(VRPSPD)的算法进行扩展。同时将时间窗口约束引入到基本VRPSPD模型当中,设计算法对扩展模型进行求解。数值试验验证了求解算法的有效性。
本研究对VRPSPD问题所设计的启发式算法中,其获得初始解的方法利用基本旅程分割算法的思想,但对该算法进行了修正。利用客户净配送量的排序、及最少车辆数(最少车辆数由客户配送需求总量和客户回收需求总量两者之间的最大值和车辆最大装载能力两者所确定),来确定旅程分割方法所需要的基本路径,从而替代原旅程分割方法需要对相应的旅行商问题的求解来获得基本路径。对所获得的多条基本路径进行旅程分割直到获得一可行解。在解的优化过程中,将响应性禁忌搜索算法和可变领域搜索算法思想相结合。通过大规模的计算实验,与已有研究(Nicola & Giovanni,2007)的对比,证明了本算法的有效性。
数值实验的结果表明,当车辆最大装载能力较小时,本算法可以找到的最优解的车辆数和车辆行驶总距离都是要少于Nicola & Giovanni(2007)的算法所得到的最优解的车辆数和车辆行驶总距离;当车辆装载能力较大时,本算法可以找到的最优解的车辆数要少于Nicola & Giovanni(2007)算法所得到的最优解的车辆数,而本算法可以得到的最优解的车辆行驶总距离,要大于Nicola & Giovanni(2007)算法所得到的最优解的车辆行驶总距离。
易逝品的产品生命周期较短,因而对物流运作的时效性要求会非常高。同时,每个客户所要求退回的易逝品所处生命周期阶段并不相同(产品过期风险不同),导致企业对其所要求退回的易逝品快速回收以进行有效再利用的迫切程度有所不同。此外,客户通常根据自身实际情况,为了节省人力资源和节约库存成本,或提高对自身生产经营过程的可控性,会要求企业在规定的时间内对其开始进行服务。基于以上考虑,用时间窗口约束来反映这一迫切程度、时效性要求和客户自身对服务时间的要求,将这一时间窗口约束(要求企业在指定时间内向客户提供服务,即配送新产品,回收客户所退回的产品)加入到基本VRPSPD模型当中。并针对车辆是否存在停留时间的不同,建立不同的扩展模型。将无时间窗口约束的VRPSPD问题的求解算法进行修正,用于存在时间窗口约束的VRPSPD问题的求解。
本文的相关研究及其结论,进一步丰富且推动了逆向物流领域的相关研究,具有重要的理论意义。
Supply chain management(SCM) has received tremendous attention from the business world and form academic researchers in the past 20 years.But,most of the SCM researches concentrate on the forward movement and transformation of the materials from the suppliers to the end consumer.However,the reverse flow of products from customers to upstream businesses has not received so much interest.
The importance of studying reverse logistics has increased in recent years for many reasons,such as the deteriorating environment and the lack of the natural resources,more and more the relative laws that force our company be responsible for the whole life time cycle of their products,customer expectations that urge companies to reduce the environmental burden of their product,and the economical feasibility due to material and added value recovery.Reverse logistics has become a key competence in modern supply chains.Issues arising encompass distribution,inventory and product management aspects.
The previous researches about reverse logistics can be classified into four categories:(1) inventory management in the system with return flows;(2) network configuration in the system with return flows;(3) production planning with reuse of parts and materials;(4) vehicle routing problem with delivery and pickups
Although there are many quantitative models for reverse logistics,most of these studies focus on the single product system without considering product perishability. Manna & Chaudhuri(2006) and Chern et al(2008) pointed that perishablility of goods in stock is a very realistic feature.Therefore,it is necessary to incorporate product perishability into system hypothesizes.Hence,this dissertation focuses on the operational management issues about perishable product's reverse logistics.
1.The scope of perishable product in this dissertation includes the obsolescent product and newsboy product.
Due to the relative low value of deteriorating product' reverse logistics,the scope of perishable product in this dissertation just includes the obsolescent product and the newsboy product,excludes the deteriorating product,
2.Based on the literature review,the topic of this dissertation is divided into two sub-topics involved into two activities in the whole reverse logistics process:the distribution problem involved in the used product collection activity and the inventory control problem involved in the reprocessing activity.
Based on the review of relevant theories and literatures,this dissertation emphasizes on the perishable product inventory system with product return,the newsboy problem with resalable return and emergency order,the two products' inventory control system with product return and product substitution,the vehicle routing problem with simultaneously delivery and pickup,the vehicle routing problem with simultaneously delivery and pickup with the soft time windows,the vehicle routing problem with simultaneously delivery and pickup and hard time windows.
The following contents are fulfilled:
1.In this paper,using Discrete Event Simulation algorithm,inventory control model of the perishable product with product return is analyzed.The simulation results show the impact of product perishability on performance of the inventory system with product returns.
According to the different manners how to deal with this unsatisfied demand, when the inventory on hand is not sufficient to meet all the customer's demand,three different inventory control model,that is,the inventory control model with product return with the assumption that the unsatisfied demand that can not be satisfied by its on-hand inventory,emergency order is placed to meet these unsatisfied,so shortage is not permitted;the inventory control model with product return and the assumption that the unsatisfied demand is lost and will not be satisfied in the future;the inventory control model with product return and the assumption that the unsatisfied demand will be backordered are presented for continuous review model under the "order up to" inventory control strategy.The algorithm proposed by Nelder and Mead is used to find the optimal value of the order-up-to parameters.
According to many simulation curves and data,how the system serviceable inventory per time and the total system income change when some parameters are changed are analyzed.Finally,the perishable product system with product return system is compared with the traditional product system with product return and without considering product perishability.The results show the effect of product perishability on the optimal value of order-up-to parameter and system performance.
The simulation results show that:if the uncertainty degree of product return is high,the quantity of outdated product in the perishable product inventory control system with reusable return is higher.With reusable product return,the total income of the perishale product inventory control system is higher than that of the traditional product system without considering product perishability.At the same time,the optimal 'order up to' parameter value of the perishable product inventory control system is lower than that of traditional inventory control system without considering product perishability
2.In this paper,the newsboy problem with resalable returns is extended by incorporating the emergency order option.The total expected profit function is formulated and analyzed,and the optimal order quantity is derived.The results of computational experiment show that an emergency order can lead to a substantial increase in profit.
The newsboy problem with resalable returns and emergency order is analyzed in this dissertation.From the view of the retailers,the profit function for the system with return and emergency order is formulated and analyzed.Meanwhile,the profit function for the system with returns and only once order opportunity is formulated and analyzed.According to the analysis of the two profit function,we give the formula to obtain the optimal order quantity.The comparison results shows that the expected profit of the newsboy system with resalable returns and emergency order is higher than the expected profit of the newsboy system with resalable returns and only once order opportunity,and its total order quantity of two order quantities is lower than the order quantity of the system with only once order opportunity.
3.Based on the perishable high-tecch product one-way substitituion phenomenon and the reality that product substitution is a universal phenomenon,inventory optimization model of the two product system with product substitution and product rerun is developed in this dissertation.By the Markov Decision Process theory,the model is solved and gives stochastic optimal control strategy and algorithm.
In this paper,the two product inventory models with constant demand,constant return or return with known discrete distribution are presented.Optimal control policy and control algorithm is derived by analyzing the quality of the system.
4.In this paper,a new hybrid meta heuristics is provided for the vehicle routing problem with simultaneously delivery and pickups.The basic vehicle routing problem with simultaneously delivery and pickups is modified by including time windows constraints.The original meta-heuristics for the VRPSPD previously is revised to solve the extended VRPSPD models.The numerical experiments results show the validity of the meta heuristic presented in this dissertation.
The new heuristic for the VRPSPD is a revised tour-partitioning algorithm. Using the order based on the net delivery demand and the minimum least vehicle number that is determined by the maximum value between the total customers' demand quantities and the total customers' pickup quantities and the vehicle maximum capacity,many basic tours are constructed as the initial input of the tour partitioning algorithm,instead of solving the corresponding travelling salesman problem to construct the basic tour.In the optimization procedure,the heuristic combines reactive tabu search with variable neighborhood.By the computational comparison with Nicola & Giovanni(2007) 's results,our heuristic is proved to be efficient to solve the VRPSPD problem.
The results of numerical experiments show that:when the vehicle load capacity constraint is lower,the results found by our proposed algorithm are better than Nicola & Giovanni's(2007) results,from the view of either the total travel distance or the minmum vehicle number of the optimal solution.When the vehicle load capacity constraint is higher,the total travel distance of the optimal solution found by our proposed algorithm is longer than that of the Nicola & Giovanni(2007) proposed algorithm.But,the minmum vehicle number of the optimal solution found by our proposed algorithm is smaller than that of the Nicola & Giovanni(2007) proposed algorithm.
At the same time,the time windows constraints that reflect the different instancy degree of businesses colletion activity due to the different life phases of the perishable products returned by different customer and the customer demand are incorporated into the basic VRPSPD problem.Some revisions of the new hybrid heuristic are done to be adaptive to solve the VRPSPD with soft time windows and the VRPSPD with hard time windows.
引文
1 来源:http://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2008-05-15/1803662216.shtml
2 来源:http://tech.qq.com/a/20080716/000362.htm
1 资料来源于:http://hi.baidu.com/feifei0730/blog/item/d8d40ae9cfa0113fb90e2d02.html
2 资料来源于:http://it.sohu.com/20081124/n260804035.shtml
1 资料来源于:http://hi.baidu.com/feifei0730/blog/item/d8d40ae9cfa0113fb90e2d02.html
2 资料来源于:http://it.sohu.com/20081124/n260804035.shtml
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2 资料来源于:http://it.sohu.com/20081124/n260804035.shtml
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