异氟烷/七氟烷预处理及后处理对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用
|
摘要
目的：目前肺缺血再灌注损伤仍然是困扰心胸外科手术的难题，有关其防治措施的研究尚未获得理想进展。麻醉药物的应用是围手术期的重要环节，已有研究发现卤族类吸入性麻醉剂预处理对肺缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用，但仍有争议，有关其后处理作用的研究较少，所以深入研究常用卤族类吸入性麻醉剂对肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响具有重要的临床意义。本研究采用大鼠原位肺缺血再灌注损伤模型，探讨异氟烷、七氟烷预处理及后处理的肺保护作用，以期为临床合理选择麻醉药物提供理论依据，为麻醉药物脏器保护作用的深入研究开辟思路。
方法：SPF级SD大鼠180只，随机分为6组(n=30)。①假手术组(C组)：开胸游离左肺门后，未予阻断；②缺血再灌注组(I／R组)：阻断左肺门45min，而后松开血管夹形成缺血再灌注；③异氟烷预处理组(ISO-Pre组)：持续吸入1MAC(1．4％)异氟烷30min后，阻断左肺门45min，然后松开血管夹形成再灌注；④异氟烷后处理组(IS0-Pos组)：阻断左肺门45min，在恢复灌注同时，以麻醉机吸入1MAC异氟烷30min；⑤七氟烷预处理组(SEV-Pre组)：阻断前吸入1MAC(2．1％)七氟烷30min；⑥七氟烷后处理组(SEV-Pos组)：在恢复灌注同时，以麻醉机吸入1MAC七氟烷30 min。各组均于再灌注0min、30min、60min、120min、240min共5个时点分别处死动物6只，留取动脉血、肺组织和肺泡灌洗液标本，测定动脉血氧分压，肺泡灌洗液中炎性细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比和蛋白含量，肺组织髓过氧化酶、细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6的浓度和细胞凋亡指数，肺泡灌洗液中细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和表面黏附分子CD11b、CD31、CD54和CD62L的表达变化；并行光镜、电镜观察肺组织病理形态学改变。
结果：I／R组、ISO-Pre组、ISO-Pos组、SEV-Pre组和SEV-Pos组均随着再灌注时间的延长表现出明显的肺损伤变化，动脉血氧分压下降，肺组织MPO，TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6，细胞凋亡指数，以及肺泡灌洗液中炎性细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比和蛋白含量均明显增高，INF-α、IL-1、IL-6和表面黏附分子CD11b、CD31、CD54和CD62L的表达增加。与C组、I／R组相比，异氟烷组和七氟烷组各项观察指标在不同时间点均存在统计学差异。异氟烷组和七氟烷组相比无显著差异。病理切片显示，I／R组肺泡和肺间质内白细胞聚集成团，肺泡结构破坏，间隔增宽，肺泡腔严重出血水肿，肺损伤较异氟烷组和七氟烷组更加严重。透射电镜也显示I／R组Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞板层小体空泡化，线粒体结构破坏，其改变与异氟烷组和七氟烷组存在差异。
结论：卤族类常用吸入性麻醉剂—异氟烷、七氟烷预处理和后处理均能减轻大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤，具有明确的肺保护作用。其对再灌注后肺组织损伤的保护作用可能是通过抑制炎症反应，减少中性粒细胞的浸润、粘附与迁移，降低肺组织细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6的表达与释放，下调肺缺血再灌注损伤所致黏附分子CD11b、CD31、CD54、CD62L等的表达，进而减少PMN在肺内炎症部位的聚集，降低肺组织的通透性，减少肺组织细胞-特别是肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞的凋亡而实现的。不同的卤族类吸入性麻醉剂—异氟烷与七氟烷，不同的处理时机—即预处理与后处理，其所产生的对肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用大致相似，推测可能是通过相似甚或相同的作用机制发挥肺保护作用。
Objective:With the developed cardiopulmonary surgical techniques,lung ischemiareperfusion injury (LIRI)still is a hard work.While clinical preventing researcheshaven't got ideal progressions now.Administrating anesthetics during surgery is animportant element,some researches have found that the chlorine group inhalationanesthetics preconditioning have protective effects for LIRI.But there are somedifferent opinions,and the anesthetics postconditioning research is rare in theliterature.So it is important to performing more researches on the effects of inhalationanesthetics to LIRI.By setting the rat model of LIRI and administrating sevofluraneor isoflurane before and after ischemia,we try to compare the protective effects ofthem,and further reveal the possible mechanisms of these methods,so as to providetheoretical evidences for the corrective selection of anesthetics in clinical anesthesiaand surgery,and develop a new routine for organ protection.
Method:180 healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=6).①Shamgroup (C group):the left pulmonary hilum was dissociated after thoracotomy withoutocclusion and mechanically ventilated to the end;②Ischemia Reperfusion group (I/Rgroup):the left pulmonary hilum was occluded for 45min and reperfused;③Isoflurane-Preconditioning group (ISO-Pre group):administing 1MAC isoflurane(1.4%)30min before occlusion,others similar to I/R group;④Isoflurane-Postconditioning group (ISO-Pos group):administing 1MAC isoflurane30min accompanied by reperfusion;⑤Sevoflurane-Preconditioning group (SEV-Pregroup):administing 1MAC sevoflurane (2.1%)30min before the occlusion;⑥Sevoflurane-Postconditioning group (SEV-Pos group):administing 1MACsevoflurane 30min accompanied by reperfusion.At the end of experiment,each groupsacrifice 6 rats at reperfused 0min、30min、60min、120min、240min respectively,thenget arterial blood,lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)samples.Theparameters include artery blood oxygen pressure,amount of protein,white bloodcell differential counts,expression of tumor necrosis factors a (TNF-α),interleukin(IL-1),and IL-6 in BALF,the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO)and theexpression of TNF-α,IL-1,and IL-6 in lung tissures,the expression of adhesion molecules CD11b,CD31,CD54,CD62L were detected.Apoptotic index wasmeasured by TUNEL assay.Using light microscope and electron microscopeinvestigate pathological changes of lung.
Results:With the increasing of reperfusion stage,all test groups show apparent lunginjury changes,arterial blood oxygen pressure decreasing,the expression of MPO,TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6,and amount of protein,white blood cell differential countincreasing apparently.the expression of TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6,and adhesion moleculesCD1 lb,CD31,CD54,CD62L in BALF increasing also.Comparing with I/R groupand C group,there are apparent statistic variances in ISO and SEV groups.In I/Rgroup,significant membrane damages of typeⅡalveolar epithelial cell,vacuolization of amellar body,and disorganization of mitochondrion were revealedby electron microscope examination.While pathological changes were slight in ISOand SEV groups.There are integrated cell membrane and no vacuolization of lamellarbody.However,there are no differences between preconditioning andpostconditioning groups.
Conclusion:As commonly used inhalation anesthetics,isoflurane and sevofluranepreconditioning or postconditioning all show protective effects for the LIRI in rats.The possible protective mechanisms include inhibiting inflammatory reaction,decreasing PMN infiltration and adhesion,down-regulating expression ofinflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6,and adhesion molecules CD11b,CD31,CD54,CD62L in BALF,so as to alleviating systemic and local inflammatory reaction,decreasing PMN aggregation and permeability of lung.There are similar protectiveeffects between ISO and SEV groups.So we interfere that they may share the samemechanisms to develop the protective effects.
方法：SPF级SD大鼠180只，随机分为6组(n=30)。①假手术组(C组)：开胸游离左肺门后，未予阻断；②缺血再灌注组(I／R组)：阻断左肺门45min，而后松开血管夹形成缺血再灌注；③异氟烷预处理组(ISO-Pre组)：持续吸入1MAC(1．4％)异氟烷30min后，阻断左肺门45min，然后松开血管夹形成再灌注；④异氟烷后处理组(IS0-Pos组)：阻断左肺门45min，在恢复灌注同时，以麻醉机吸入1MAC异氟烷30min；⑤七氟烷预处理组(SEV-Pre组)：阻断前吸入1MAC(2．1％)七氟烷30min；⑥七氟烷后处理组(SEV-Pos组)：在恢复灌注同时，以麻醉机吸入1MAC七氟烷30 min。各组均于再灌注0min、30min、60min、120min、240min共5个时点分别处死动物6只，留取动脉血、肺组织和肺泡灌洗液标本，测定动脉血氧分压，肺泡灌洗液中炎性细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比和蛋白含量，肺组织髓过氧化酶、细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6的浓度和细胞凋亡指数，肺泡灌洗液中细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和表面黏附分子CD11b、CD31、CD54和CD62L的表达变化；并行光镜、电镜观察肺组织病理形态学改变。
结果：I／R组、ISO-Pre组、ISO-Pos组、SEV-Pre组和SEV-Pos组均随着再灌注时间的延长表现出明显的肺损伤变化，动脉血氧分压下降，肺组织MPO，TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6，细胞凋亡指数，以及肺泡灌洗液中炎性细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比和蛋白含量均明显增高，INF-α、IL-1、IL-6和表面黏附分子CD11b、CD31、CD54和CD62L的表达增加。与C组、I／R组相比，异氟烷组和七氟烷组各项观察指标在不同时间点均存在统计学差异。异氟烷组和七氟烷组相比无显著差异。病理切片显示，I／R组肺泡和肺间质内白细胞聚集成团，肺泡结构破坏，间隔增宽，肺泡腔严重出血水肿，肺损伤较异氟烷组和七氟烷组更加严重。透射电镜也显示I／R组Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞板层小体空泡化，线粒体结构破坏，其改变与异氟烷组和七氟烷组存在差异。
结论：卤族类常用吸入性麻醉剂—异氟烷、七氟烷预处理和后处理均能减轻大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤，具有明确的肺保护作用。其对再灌注后肺组织损伤的保护作用可能是通过抑制炎症反应，减少中性粒细胞的浸润、粘附与迁移，降低肺组织细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6的表达与释放，下调肺缺血再灌注损伤所致黏附分子CD11b、CD31、CD54、CD62L等的表达，进而减少PMN在肺内炎症部位的聚集，降低肺组织的通透性，减少肺组织细胞-特别是肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞的凋亡而实现的。不同的卤族类吸入性麻醉剂—异氟烷与七氟烷，不同的处理时机—即预处理与后处理，其所产生的对肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用大致相似，推测可能是通过相似甚或相同的作用机制发挥肺保护作用。
Objective:With the developed cardiopulmonary surgical techniques,lung ischemiareperfusion injury (LIRI)still is a hard work.While clinical preventing researcheshaven't got ideal progressions now.Administrating anesthetics during surgery is animportant element,some researches have found that the chlorine group inhalationanesthetics preconditioning have protective effects for LIRI.But there are somedifferent opinions,and the anesthetics postconditioning research is rare in theliterature.So it is important to performing more researches on the effects of inhalationanesthetics to LIRI.By setting the rat model of LIRI and administrating sevofluraneor isoflurane before and after ischemia,we try to compare the protective effects ofthem,and further reveal the possible mechanisms of these methods,so as to providetheoretical evidences for the corrective selection of anesthetics in clinical anesthesiaand surgery,and develop a new routine for organ protection.
Method:180 healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=6).①Shamgroup (C group):the left pulmonary hilum was dissociated after thoracotomy withoutocclusion and mechanically ventilated to the end;②Ischemia Reperfusion group (I/Rgroup):the left pulmonary hilum was occluded for 45min and reperfused;③Isoflurane-Preconditioning group (ISO-Pre group):administing 1MAC isoflurane(1.4%)30min before occlusion,others similar to I/R group;④Isoflurane-Postconditioning group (ISO-Pos group):administing 1MAC isoflurane30min accompanied by reperfusion;⑤Sevoflurane-Preconditioning group (SEV-Pregroup):administing 1MAC sevoflurane (2.1%)30min before the occlusion;⑥Sevoflurane-Postconditioning group (SEV-Pos group):administing 1MACsevoflurane 30min accompanied by reperfusion.At the end of experiment,each groupsacrifice 6 rats at reperfused 0min、30min、60min、120min、240min respectively,thenget arterial blood,lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)samples.Theparameters include artery blood oxygen pressure,amount of protein,white bloodcell differential counts,expression of tumor necrosis factors a (TNF-α),interleukin(IL-1),and IL-6 in BALF,the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO)and theexpression of TNF-α,IL-1,and IL-6 in lung tissures,the expression of adhesion molecules CD11b,CD31,CD54,CD62L were detected.Apoptotic index wasmeasured by TUNEL assay.Using light microscope and electron microscopeinvestigate pathological changes of lung.
Results:With the increasing of reperfusion stage,all test groups show apparent lunginjury changes,arterial blood oxygen pressure decreasing,the expression of MPO,TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6,and amount of protein,white blood cell differential countincreasing apparently.the expression of TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6,and adhesion moleculesCD1 lb,CD31,CD54,CD62L in BALF increasing also.Comparing with I/R groupand C group,there are apparent statistic variances in ISO and SEV groups.In I/Rgroup,significant membrane damages of typeⅡalveolar epithelial cell,vacuolization of amellar body,and disorganization of mitochondrion were revealedby electron microscope examination.While pathological changes were slight in ISOand SEV groups.There are integrated cell membrane and no vacuolization of lamellarbody.However,there are no differences between preconditioning andpostconditioning groups.
Conclusion:As commonly used inhalation anesthetics,isoflurane and sevofluranepreconditioning or postconditioning all show protective effects for the LIRI in rats.The possible protective mechanisms include inhibiting inflammatory reaction,decreasing PMN infiltration and adhesion,down-regulating expression ofinflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6,and adhesion molecules CD11b,CD31,CD54,CD62L in BALF,so as to alleviating systemic and local inflammatory reaction,decreasing PMN aggregation and permeability of lung.There are similar protectiveeffects between ISO and SEV groups.So we interfere that they may share the samemechanisms to develop the protective effects.
引文
1．胡宁利，段世明．挥发性麻醉剂预处理对器官缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的研究[J]．医学综述，2005，11(1)：78-80．
2.Annecke T,Kubitz JC,Kahr S,et al.Effects of sevoflurane and propofol on ischaemia-reperfusion injury after thoracic-aortic occlusion in pigs[J].Br J Anaesth,2007,98(5):581-590.
3．徐咏梅，李文志，薄玉龙，等．异丙酚对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的作用[J]．中华麻醉学杂志，2005，25(3)：219-220．
4.Seibert AF,Hayner J,Taylor A,et al.Ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated rat lung.Role of flow and endogenous leukocytes[J].Am Rev Resp Dis, 1993;147(2):270-275.
5.Eppinger MJ,Jones ML,Deeb GM,et al.Pattern of injury and the role of pneutrophils in reperfusion injury of rat lung[J].J Surg Res,1995,58(6):713-718.
6.Payne RS,Akca O,Roewer N ,et al .Sevoflurane-induced preconditioning protects against cerebral ischemic neuronal damage in rats[J].Brain Res ,2005,1034:147-152.
7.Koksal GM,Sayilgan C,Aydin S,et al.The effects of sevoflurane and desflurane on lipid peroxidation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy[J].Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2004,21 (3):217-220.
8.Toller WG,Gross ER,Kersten JR,et al.Sarcolemmal and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels:mechanism of desflurane-induced cardioprotection[J].Anesthesiology,2000;92(6):1731-1739.
9.Hardy JD,Webb WR,Dalton ML,et al.Lung homotransplantations in man[J].JAMA,1963,186:1065-1074.
10.Khimenko PL,Bagby G J,Fuseler J,et al.Tumor necrosis factor-a in ischemia andreperfusion injury in rat lungs[J].J Appl Physiol,1998;85(6):2005-2011.
11．王晓杨．肺缺血再灌注损伤中细胞因子的作用[J]．《医学理论与实践》，2005，18(3)：251-253．
12．谢东浦，徐志飞．肺缺血再灌注损伤与细胞凋亡[J]．国外医学外科学分册，2002,29(1)：37-39．
13.Struber M,Hohlfeld JM,Kofidis T,et al.Surfactant function in lung transplantation after 24 hours of isehemia:advantage of retrograde flush perfusion for Preservation[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2002,123(1):98-103.
14.de Perrot M,Imai Y,Volgyesi GA,et al.Effect ofventilator-nduced lung injury on the development of reperfusion injury in a rat lung transplant model[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2002,124(6):1137-1144.
15.Harkin DW,Barros AA,Mecallion K,et al.CI/Rculating neutrophil priming and systemic inflammation in limb ischaemia-reperfusion injury[J].Int Angiol, 2001,20(1):78-89
16.Zhang Tao,Zhang Feng,Zhou Yong-an,et al.Effect of ischemic preconditioning on cytokines during lung ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Chin J Surg,2003,41(7): 68-70.
17．高峰，Yan WL，Geng YJ，et al．“缺氧后处理”对大鼠缺氧—复氧心室肌细胞的保护作用[J]．心功能杂志，1999，11(4)：241-242．
18.Zhao ZQ,Corvera JS,Halkos ME,et al.Ihhibition of myocardial injury by ischemia postconditioning during reperfusion:comparrision with ischemic preconditioning[J].Am J Physiol Heart CI/Re Physiol,2003,285(2):579-588.
19.Kin H,Zhao ZQ,Vinten JJ,et al.Postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury by inhibiting events in the early minutes of reperfusion[J].Cardiovasc Res,2004,62(1):74-85.
20.Yang X,Downey JM,Cohen MV.Multiple,brief coronary occlusion during early reperfusion protect rabbit hearts by activation of ERK and production of nitric oxide[J].Circulation,2003,108(suppl IV):158-166.
21.Iliodromitis EK,Georgiadis M,Cohen MV,et al.Protection from postconditioning depends on the number of short ischemic insults in anesthetized pigs[J].Basic Res Cardiol,2006,101 (6):502-507.
22．高鹏，熊利泽，聂煌，等．缺血后处理对兔脊髓缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用[J]．临床麻醉学杂志，2006,224)：285-287．
23.Kloner RA,Dow J,Bhandari A.Postconditioning markedly attenuates ventricular arrhythmias after ischemia-reperfusion [J].J Cardlovasc Pharmacol Ther,2006, 11(1):55-63.
24．罗万俊，陈胜喜，胡佳心，等．缺血预处理对肺再灌注损伤脂过氧化的影响[J]．中国病理生理杂志，1999，15(9)：841-843．
25．蒋海河，陈胜喜，罗万俊，等．缺血预处理对大肺移植供肺的保护作用[J].中国器官移植杂志，1998，19(3)：154-156．
26.Galagudza M,Kurapeevb D,Minasian S,et al.Ischemic postconditioning:brief ischemia during reperfusion converts persistent ventricular fibrillation into regular rhythm[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2004,25:1006-1010.
27.Baxter GF,Yellon DM.Current trends and controversies in ischemia reperfusion research.Meeting report of the Hatter Institute 3rd International Workshop on Cardioprotection.Basic Res Cardiol,2003,98:133-136.
28.Darling C,Maynard M,Przyklenk K.Post-conditioning via stuttering reperfusion limits myocardial infarct size in rabbit heart[J].Acad Emerg Med, 2004,11:536-542.
29.Zhao ZQ,Vinten-Johansen J.Postconditioning:Reduction ofreperfusion-induced injury[J].Cardiovascular Research,2006,70:200-211.
30.Sun K,Liu ZS,Sun Q.Role ofmitochondria in cell apoptosis during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and Protective effect of ischemic postconditioning[J].World J Gastroenterol,2004,10(13):1934-1938.
31.Tsang A,Hauseuloy D J,Moeanu MM, et al.Postconditioning:a form of “modified repefusion” Protects the myocardium by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt Pathway.CI/Rc Res,2004,95(3):230-232.
32.Darling CE, Jiang R,Maynard M,et al.Postconditioning via stuttering reperfusion limits myocardial infarcts size in rabbit hearts:role of ERK1/2 [J].Am J Physio Heart CI/Rc Physiol,2005,289(4):1618-1626.
33.Vinten JJ,Zhao ZQ,Zatta AJ.Postconditioning- a new link in nature's armor against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Basic Res Cardiol, 2005,100(4):295-310.
34.Detlef O,Saskia D,Christian F,et al.The Influence of Mitochondrial K_(ATP)-Channels in the Cardioprotection of Preconditioning and Postconditioning by Sevoflurane in the Rat In Vivo[J].Anesth Analg,2005,101:1252-1260.
35.Eppinger M J,Ward PA,Jones ML,et al.Disparate effects of nitric oxide on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Ann Thorac Surg,1995,60:1169-1175.
36．姜冠潮，张国良，刘军，等．缺血预处理对缺血再灌注损伤的影响．中华实验外科杂志，1999，16：354-355．
37．李建华，司志萍，卢佳怡，等．缺血预处理对大鼠肺缺血／再灌注损伤的保护作用[J]．中国应用生理学杂志，2003，19(2)：137-140．
38．白育庭，阂清，黄翠萍，等．缺血后处理对缺血再灌注大鼠肺组织超微结构的影响[J]．中华实验外科杂志，2008，25(3)：403-405．
39．胡明品，陈玲阳，李兴旺，等．七氟烷对兔肺缺血再灌注损伤超微结构改变的影响[J]．中国临床药理学与治疗学，2007，12(3)：313-316．
40.Oto T,Calderone A,Pepe S,et al.High-flow endobronchial cooled humidified aI/R protects non-heart-beating donor rat lungs against warm isehemia[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2006,132(2):413-419.
41．杨鸿生，叶卫华，任琼辉，等．热缺血期间持续通气对无心跳兔肺的保护作用[J]．中华器官移植杂志，2004，25(5)：279-282．
42.Zhou You-qing,Chen Liang,Gu Yu-dong.Study of expression of slit mRNA in rats of different age after sciatic nerve injury[J].Natl Med J China,2004(13): 58-61.
43.Su M,Chi EY,Bishop M J,et al.Lung mast cells increase in number and degradulate during pulmonary artery occlusion/reperfusion in dogs[J].Am Rev RespI/R Dis,1993,147:448-454.
44.Farivar AS,Krishnadasan B,Naidu B,et al.Endogenous interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 regulate experimental lung ischemia reperlusion injury[J].Annuals of Thoracic Surgery,2003,76(1):253-259.
45.Mizobuchi T,Sekine Y,Yasufuku K,et al.Comparision of surgical procedures for vascular and aI/Rway anastomose that utilize a modified non- suture external cuff technique for experimental lung transplantation in rats[J].Heart Lung Transplant,2004,23(7):889-896.
46.Takeyoshi I,Otani Y,Yoshinari D,et al.Benefical effects of novel nitric oxide donor(FK409) on pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats[J].J Heart Lung Transpl,2000:19(2):185-192
47.Eppinger M J,Michael Deeb,Steven F,et al.Mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat lung[J].Ameri J Pathol,1997,150(5):1773-1784.
48．廖东山，廖祟先，李增棋．大白鼠无心跳供体肺移植模型的建立[J]．中华实验外科杂志，2004，21(6)：747-749．
49.ChangLai SP,Hung WT,Liao KK.Detecting alveolar epithelial injury following volatile anesthetics by 99mTc DTPA radioaerosol inhalation lung scan[J].RespI/Ration,1999,66:506-510.
50．陈艳平，曹德权，常业恬．异氟烷对家兔肺缺血-再灌注损伤的影响[J]．中华麻醉学杂志，2001，21(8)：483-486．
51.David I.Neal W,Ian G,et al.Anesthetic Preconditioning Combined with Postconditioning Offers No Additional Benefit Over Preconditioning or Postconditioning Alone[J].International Anesthesia Research Society, 2007,105(2):316-324.
52.Kevin LG,Novalija E,Riess ML,et al.Sevoflurane exposure generates superoxide but leads to decreased superoxide during ischemia and reperfusion in isolated hearts[J].Anesth Analg,2003,96(4):949-955.
53．王海莲，周守静．七氟烷预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J]．临床麻醉学杂志，2007，23(1)：51-52．
54.Takala RS,Soukka HR,KI/Rvela OA,etal.Alveolar integrity and ultrastructure in Pigs remain undamaged after exoposure to sevoflurane[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2002,46(9):1137-1143.
55.Ng CS,Wan S,Arifi AA,et al.Inflammatory response to pulmonary ischemia reperfusion injury[J].Surg Today,2006,36(3):205-214.
56.Mobert J,Zahler S,Becker BF,et al.Inhibition ofneutrophil activation by volatile anesthetics decreases adhesion to cultured human endothelial cells[J].Anesthesiology.1999,90(5):1372-1381.
57.Suter D,Spahn DR,Blumenthal S,et al.The immunomodulatory effect of sevoflurane in endotoxin-injured alveolar epithelial cells[J].Anesth Analg, 2007,104(3) :638-645.
58.Tutor JD,Mason CM,Dobard E,et al.Loss of compartmentalization of alveolar tumor necrosis factor after lung injury[J].Am J RespI/R Crit Care Med, 1994,149(5):1107-1011.
59.Liu R,Ishibe Y,Ueda M,et al.Isoflurane-sevoflurane administration before ischemia attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury in isolated rat lungs[J].Anesthesiology,2000,92:833-840.
60.Nielsen VG,BaI/Rd MS,McAdams ML,et al.Desflurane increases pulmonary alveolar-capillary membrane permeability after aortic occlusion-reperfusion in rabbits[J].Anesthesiology,1998,88:1524-1534.
61.Zheng SY,Fu XB,Xu JG,et al.Inhiibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase may decrease intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and improve intestinal epithelial barrier function after ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Gastroenterol, 2005,11(5):656-660.
62．张赛，陈如坤，林敏，等．大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤中肺泡细胞凋亡的动态观察[J]．中华医学杂志，2004，84(19)：1597-1960．
63.Fischer S,Cassivi SD,Xaier AM,et al.Cell death in human lung transplantation: apoptosis in human lungs during ischemia and after transplantation[J].Ann Surg, 2000,231(3):424-431.
64.Engelhard K,Werner C,Eberspacher E,et al.Sevoflurane and propofol influence the expression of apoptosis regulating proteins after cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion in rats[J].Eur J Anaest hesiol,2004,21:530-537.
65.Eherspache E,Werner C,Engellard K,et al.The effect of hypothermia on the expression of apoptosis regulation protein Bax after incomplete cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats[J].J Neurosurg Anesthesiol,2003,15(3):200-205.
66.Maulik N,Engelman RM,Rousou JA,et al.Ischemia preconditioning reduces apoptosis by upregulating anti-deth gene bcl-2.CI/Rculation,1999,100:369-375.
67．徐文晖，夏穗生．缺血预处理对胆管上皮细胞凋亡及bcl-2／Fas蛋白表达的影响[J]．胆胰外科杂志，2006，15(3)：154-155．
68.Stammberger U,Gaspert A,Hillinger S,et al.Apoptosis induced by ischemia and reperfusion in experimental lung transplantation[J].Ann Thorac Surg, 2000:69(5):1532-1536.
69.Adamson,Ian Y,Linda Y.Alveolar type Ⅱ cells growth on a pulmonary endothelial extracelluar matrix.Am J Physiol,1996:270(6):L1017-L1022.
70.Chamoun F,Burne M,O'Donnell M,et al.Pathophysiologic role of selectins and the I/R ligands in ischemia reperfusion inj ury.Front Biosci,2000,5(1):E103-E109.
71.Norman KE,Katopodis AG,Thoma G,et al.P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 supports rolling on E- and P-selectin in vivo[J].Blood,2000,96(10):3585-3591.
72.Demertzis S,Langer F,Graeter T,et al.Amelioration of lung reperfusion injury by L-and E-selectin blockade[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,1999,16(2):174-180.
73.Panes J,Perry M,Granger DN.Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion:avenues for therapeutic intervention[J].Br J Pharmacol,1999,126(3):537-550.
74.Bowes MP,Zivin JA,Rothlein R.Monoclonal antibody to the ICAM-1 adhesion site reduces neurological damage in a rabbit cerebral embolism stroke model[J].Exp Neurol,1993,119(2):215-219.
75.Peralta C,Pemandez L,Panes T,et al.Preconditioning protects against ischemia reperfusion through blockade of tumor necrosis factor induced P-selection up regulation in the rat[J].Hepatology,2001,33:100-106.
76.Michie HR,Manogue KR,Spriggs DR,et al.IL-1β induced by TNF-α in macro-phages in vivo[J].N engl J Med,1998,318:1481-1486.
77.Krishnadasan B,Naidu BV,Byrne K,et al.The role of proinflammatory cytokines in lung ischemia reperfusion injury [J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003,125 (2):261-272.
78.Kapadia S,Lee J,Torre-Amione G,et al.Tumor necrosis factor alpha gene and protein experission in adult feline myocardium after endotoxin administration[J].J Clin Invest,1995,96(2):1042-1052.
79．钱桂生．急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征研究现状与展望[J]．解放军医学杂志，2003，28(2)：97．
80.Bhatia M,Moochhala S.Role of inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of acute respI/Ratory distress syndrome[J].J Pathol,2004,202(2):145-152.
81.Ferro TJ,Gertberg N,Selden L,etal.Endothelial barrier dysfounction and p42 oxidation induced TNF-a are mediated nitric oxide[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,1997,272:L979-L988.
82.Abolhoda A,Brooks M,Choudhry Y,etal.Characterization of local inflammatory response in an isolated lung Perfusion model[J].Ann Surg Oncol,1998,5:87-92.
83.Yu Y,Qi DN,Wei H,et al.The experimental study of intratracheal administration of anti-tumor necrosis factor-a antibody attenuating lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass[J].chin j thorac cardiovasc surg,2007,10(23):5-15.
84.Wiegmann K,Kronke M.Function of the p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor “death domain” mediated by phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C[J].J Exp Med,1996,185:725-733.
85.Stasek JE,Patterson CE,Garcia JN.Protein kinase C phosphorylates caldesmon77 and vimentin and enhances albumin permeability across cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers[J].J Cell Physiol,1992,153:62-75.
86.Cox JA,Jeng AY,Sharkey NA,et al.Activation of the human neutrophil nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH-oxidase by protein kinase C[J].J Clin Invest,1985,76:1932-1938.
87.Fasano A,Fiorentini C,Donelli G,et al.Zonula occudens toxin modulates tjght junctions through PKC-dependent actin reorganization in vitro.J Clin Invest, 1995,96:710-730.
88.Dejana E,Spagnuolo R,Bazzoni G.Interendothelial junctions and theI/R role in the control of angiogenesis,vascular permeability and leukocyte transmigration[J].Thromb haemost,2001,86:308-315.
89.Khimerko PL,Baghy G,Fuseler J.Tumor necrosis factor-alpha after Pulmonary artery occlusion and reperfusion[J].Am Res RespI/R Dis,1993,147:143-152.
90.Eppinger MJ,Deeb GM,Bolling SF,etal.Mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat lung[J].Am J Pathol,1997,150:1773-1784.
91.Oberholzer A,oberholzer C,Moldawer L.Cytokine signaling-regulation of the immune response in normal and critically ill states.Crit Care Med, 2000,28(Suppl) :N3-N12.
92.Ertel W.Interleukin-10 attenuates the release of proinfamation cytokines but depressions splenocyte functions in murine endotoxemia[J].Arch Surg, 1996,131:51-56.
93．司良毅，彭念寅，陈运贞．心肌缺血再灌注损伤与白细胞介素-1表达水平的相关性研究[J]．中国临床康复，2004，8(18)：3666-3668．
94.Souza DG,GuabI/Raba R,Pinho V,et al.IL-l-driven endogenous IL-10 production protects against the systemic and local acute inflammatory response following intestinal reperfusion injury[J].J Immunol,2003,170(9):4759-4766.
95．张艳芳，张俊河，杨廷桐，等．白细胞介素1及白细胞介素8在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的动态演变及药物干预效果[J]．中国组织工程研究与临床康复，2007，11(45)P：9083-9086．
96.Demols A,Deviere J.New frontiers in the pharmacological prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis:The cytokines[J].JOP,2003:4(1):49～57.
97．夏时海，赵晓晏，郭萍．急性胰腺炎促炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子的动态变化及其作用[J]．临床消化病杂志，2001，13(2)：51～53．
98．石增立，雷宁玉，刘凤，等．山莨菪碱预处置对大鼠ARDS血清及肺组织中细胞因子的影响[J]．中国微循环，2003；7(5)：289-291．
99.Damas P,Ledoux D,Nys M,et al.Cytokine serum level during severe sepsis in human IL-6 as a marker of severity[J].Ann Surg,1992,80(215):356-362.
100.Frossard JL,Robert J,Soravia C.Early prediction in acute pancreatitis:the role of enzymatic measurement in the peritoneal fluid [J].J Pancreas,2000,1(2):36～45.
101.Adamik B,Zimecki M,Wlaszczyk A,et al.High tumor necrosis factor alpha serum levels in septic and trauma patients are not responsible for increased mortality:a prognostic value of serum interleukin 6 [J].J Arch Immmunol, 1997,45 (2):169-175.
102.Finlay BB,McFadden G..Anti-immunology:evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and vI/Ral pathogens[J].Cell,2006,124(4):767-782.
103.Kotain N,Takahashi S,Sessler DI,et al.Volatile anesthetics augment expression of proinflammatory cytokines in rat alveolar macrophages during mechanical ventilation[J].Anesthesiology,1999,91:187-197.
104.Mitsuhata H,Shimizu R,Yokoyama MM.Suppressive effects of volatile anesthetics on cytokine release in human peripheral blood mononuelear cells[J].Int J immunpharmacol,1995,17:529-534.
105.Azab SR,Rosseel PM,De Lange JJ,et al.Effect of sevoflurane on the exvivo secretion of TNF-alpha during and after coronary bypass surgery[J].Eur J Anaesthesiol,2003,20(5):380-384.
106.Kotain N,Hashimoto H,Seeeler DI,et al.Expression of genes for Proinflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages during propofol and isoflurane anesthesia[J]. Anesth Analg, 1999,89:1250-1256.
107. Chamoun F, Burne M, O'Donnell M, et al. Pathophysiologic role of selectins and theI/R ligands in ischemia reperfusion injury.Front Biosci, 2000,5(1):E103-109.
108. Nishimaki H, Fukuda S, Ishimoto M, et al. Isoflurane ameliorates the osthypoxic deoxygenation of the rat brain—the role of cell adhesion molecules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes[J]. Resuscitation, 2002,54(2):207-214.
109. Morisaki H, Suematsu M, Wakabayashi Y, et al. Leukocyte-endothelium interaction in the rat mesenteric microcI/Rculation during halothane or sevofiurane anesthesia[J]. Anesthesiology, 1997;,87:591-598.
110. Witko-Sarsat V, Rieu P, Descamps-Latscha B, et al. Neutrophils: molecules,functions and pathophysiological aspects[J]. Lab Invest, 2 000,80(5):617-653.
111. Lu YT, Chen PG, Liu SF. Time course of lung ischemia-reperfusion-induced ICAM-1 expression and its role in ischemia-reperfusion lung injury[J]. J Appl Physiol, 2002,93(2):620-628.
112. Bauriedel G, Kandolf R, Welsch U , et al. Mechanism of restenosis after angioplasty[J]. Z Kardiol, 1994,83(4):31- 41.
113. Evans PC, Taylor ER, Kilshaw PJ. Signaling through CD31 protects endothelial cells from apoptosis[J]. Transplantation, 2001,71:457-460.
114. Serebruany VL, Gurbel PA.Effect of thrombolytic therapy on platelet expression and plasma concentration of PECAM-1 ( CD31 ) in patients with acute myocardial infarction[J].A rterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999,19:153-158.
115. Koksoy C, Kuzu MA, Kuzu I. Role of tumour necrosis factor in lung injury caused by intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion[J]. Br J Surg, 2001,88(3):464-468.
116. SibilleY, Reynolds HY. MacroPhages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury[J]. Am Rev Res Dis,1990,141:471-501.
117. WymanTH, BjomsenAJ, ElziDJ, et al. A two-insult in vitro model of PMN-mediated pulmonary endothelial damage: requirements for adherence and chemokine release.Am J Physiol Cell physiol,2002,283(6):C1592-1603.
118. de Rossi LW, Horn NA, Buhre W, et al. The effect of isoflurane on neutrophil selectin and beta(2)-integrin activation in vitro[J]. Anesth Analg,2002,95(3):583-587.
1 Li jin song, nie jun, chen gang, et al. Cluster analysis of gene expression profile of pulmonary tissues in different phases of lung ischemia a reperfusion injury in rats.Chin J Exp Surg,2008,2(25): 200-202.
2 Liu chuiliang, zhao weixian, huang wenqi. Advance in research of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Int j anesth resus, 2007,2(28):6-11.
3 Zhao Hai-yan. Advance in prevention and treatment of aprotinin for ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Anesth Resus,2007,3(28):No.3.
4 Xu L, Ren B, Li M, Jiang F,et al. Ulinastatin suppresses systemic inflammatory response following lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Transplant Proc.2008,40(5):1310-1311.
5 Xu yixiao, wang wantie. Endogenous gas signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide and lung ischemical reperfusion injury. medical recapitulate, 2007,9(13):113-118.
6 Minqing Zhao,Lucas G. Alveolar macrophage activation is a key initiation signal for acute lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2006,2(9): 1018-1026.
7 Liu H, Liu L, Visner GA. Nonvl/Ral gene delivery with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase targeting pulmonary endothelium protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Transplant. 2007,7(10):2291-3000.
8 Nowak K, Weih S, Post S,et al. Bradykinin in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat lung. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007,58 Suppl 5(Pt 2):513-522.
9 Yu Y,Qi DN, Wei H, et al. The experimental study of intratracheal administration of anti-tumor necrosis factor-a antibody attenuating lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass, chin j thorac cardiovasc surg, 2007,10(23): no.5.
10 Yang YJ, Chen SH, Ge XR. Role of interleukin-18 in the development of acute pulmonary injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion and its possible mechanism. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,2007, 22:253-260.
11 Hodyc D, Hnilickova O, Hampl V. Pre-arrest administration of the cell-permeable free radical scavenger tempol reduces warm ischemic damage of lung function in non-heart-beating donors. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008,27(8):890-897.
12 Baltalarli A,Ozcan V,BI/R F,Aybek H,et al.Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and iloprost attenuate the lung injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion of the lower extremities of rats.Ann Vasc Surg.2006,20(1):49-55.
13 Geudens N,Wuyts WA,Rega FR,et al.N-acetyl cysteine attenuates the inflammatory response in warm ischemic pig lungs.J Surg Res.2008,46(2):177-83.
14 梁贵友，牛义民刘达兴等．内源性—氧化氮抗兔肺缺血再灌注损伤作用及其机制探讨．四川大学学报，2005，36，246-248．
15 Waldow T,Witt W,Ulmer A,et al.Preconditioning by inhaled nitric oxide prevents hyperoxic and ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat lungs.Pulm Pharmacol Ther.2008,21(2):418-429..
16 PerrinG,RohA,Michelet P,et a 1.Inhaled nitric oxidedoes not prevent pulmonary edema afterlung transplantation measured by lung water content,a randomized clinical study.chest .2006,129;1024-1030.
17 KI/Rkby KA,Adin CA.products of heme oxygenase and theI/R potential therapeutic applications.Am j physiol renal physiol,2006,290:563-571.
18 Li JS ,Chen G,Nie J,et al .Effect of ischemic preconditioning on the gene expression profile of pulmonary tissues in rats lung ischemia -reperfusion injury.Chin J Organ Tlant,2008,29:3171-3175.
19 HI/Rsch J,Niemann CU,Hansen KC,et al.Alterations in the proteome of pulmonary alveolar type Ⅱ cells in the rat after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion.Crit Care Med.2008,36(6):1846-1854.
20 Kermeen FD,McNeil KD,Fraser JF,et al.Resolution of severe ischemia-reperfusion injury post-lung transplantation after administration of endobronchial surfactant.J Heart Lung Transplant.2007,26(8):850-856.
2.Annecke T,Kubitz JC,Kahr S,et al.Effects of sevoflurane and propofol on ischaemia-reperfusion injury after thoracic-aortic occlusion in pigs[J].Br J Anaesth,2007,98(5):581-590.
3．徐咏梅，李文志，薄玉龙，等．异丙酚对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的作用[J]．中华麻醉学杂志，2005，25(3)：219-220．
4.Seibert AF,Hayner J,Taylor A,et al.Ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated rat lung.Role of flow and endogenous leukocytes[J].Am Rev Resp Dis, 1993;147(2):270-275.
5.Eppinger MJ,Jones ML,Deeb GM,et al.Pattern of injury and the role of pneutrophils in reperfusion injury of rat lung[J].J Surg Res,1995,58(6):713-718.
6.Payne RS,Akca O,Roewer N ,et al .Sevoflurane-induced preconditioning protects against cerebral ischemic neuronal damage in rats[J].Brain Res ,2005,1034:147-152.
7.Koksal GM,Sayilgan C,Aydin S,et al.The effects of sevoflurane and desflurane on lipid peroxidation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy[J].Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2004,21 (3):217-220.
8.Toller WG,Gross ER,Kersten JR,et al.Sarcolemmal and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels:mechanism of desflurane-induced cardioprotection[J].Anesthesiology,2000;92(6):1731-1739.
9.Hardy JD,Webb WR,Dalton ML,et al.Lung homotransplantations in man[J].JAMA,1963,186:1065-1074.
10.Khimenko PL,Bagby G J,Fuseler J,et al.Tumor necrosis factor-a in ischemia andreperfusion injury in rat lungs[J].J Appl Physiol,1998;85(6):2005-2011.
11．王晓杨．肺缺血再灌注损伤中细胞因子的作用[J]．《医学理论与实践》，2005，18(3)：251-253．
12．谢东浦，徐志飞．肺缺血再灌注损伤与细胞凋亡[J]．国外医学外科学分册，2002,29(1)：37-39．
13.Struber M,Hohlfeld JM,Kofidis T,et al.Surfactant function in lung transplantation after 24 hours of isehemia:advantage of retrograde flush perfusion for Preservation[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2002,123(1):98-103.
14.de Perrot M,Imai Y,Volgyesi GA,et al.Effect ofventilator-nduced lung injury on the development of reperfusion injury in a rat lung transplant model[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2002,124(6):1137-1144.
15.Harkin DW,Barros AA,Mecallion K,et al.CI/Rculating neutrophil priming and systemic inflammation in limb ischaemia-reperfusion injury[J].Int Angiol, 2001,20(1):78-89
16.Zhang Tao,Zhang Feng,Zhou Yong-an,et al.Effect of ischemic preconditioning on cytokines during lung ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Chin J Surg,2003,41(7): 68-70.
17．高峰，Yan WL，Geng YJ，et al．“缺氧后处理”对大鼠缺氧—复氧心室肌细胞的保护作用[J]．心功能杂志，1999，11(4)：241-242．
18.Zhao ZQ,Corvera JS,Halkos ME,et al.Ihhibition of myocardial injury by ischemia postconditioning during reperfusion:comparrision with ischemic preconditioning[J].Am J Physiol Heart CI/Re Physiol,2003,285(2):579-588.
19.Kin H,Zhao ZQ,Vinten JJ,et al.Postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury by inhibiting events in the early minutes of reperfusion[J].Cardiovasc Res,2004,62(1):74-85.
20.Yang X,Downey JM,Cohen MV.Multiple,brief coronary occlusion during early reperfusion protect rabbit hearts by activation of ERK and production of nitric oxide[J].Circulation,2003,108(suppl IV):158-166.
21.Iliodromitis EK,Georgiadis M,Cohen MV,et al.Protection from postconditioning depends on the number of short ischemic insults in anesthetized pigs[J].Basic Res Cardiol,2006,101 (6):502-507.
22．高鹏，熊利泽，聂煌，等．缺血后处理对兔脊髓缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用[J]．临床麻醉学杂志，2006,224)：285-287．
23.Kloner RA,Dow J,Bhandari A.Postconditioning markedly attenuates ventricular arrhythmias after ischemia-reperfusion [J].J Cardlovasc Pharmacol Ther,2006, 11(1):55-63.
24．罗万俊，陈胜喜，胡佳心，等．缺血预处理对肺再灌注损伤脂过氧化的影响[J]．中国病理生理杂志，1999，15(9)：841-843．
25．蒋海河，陈胜喜，罗万俊，等．缺血预处理对大肺移植供肺的保护作用[J].中国器官移植杂志，1998，19(3)：154-156．
26.Galagudza M,Kurapeevb D,Minasian S,et al.Ischemic postconditioning:brief ischemia during reperfusion converts persistent ventricular fibrillation into regular rhythm[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2004,25:1006-1010.
27.Baxter GF,Yellon DM.Current trends and controversies in ischemia reperfusion research.Meeting report of the Hatter Institute 3rd International Workshop on Cardioprotection.Basic Res Cardiol,2003,98:133-136.
28.Darling C,Maynard M,Przyklenk K.Post-conditioning via stuttering reperfusion limits myocardial infarct size in rabbit heart[J].Acad Emerg Med, 2004,11:536-542.
29.Zhao ZQ,Vinten-Johansen J.Postconditioning:Reduction ofreperfusion-induced injury[J].Cardiovascular Research,2006,70:200-211.
30.Sun K,Liu ZS,Sun Q.Role ofmitochondria in cell apoptosis during hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and Protective effect of ischemic postconditioning[J].World J Gastroenterol,2004,10(13):1934-1938.
31.Tsang A,Hauseuloy D J,Moeanu MM, et al.Postconditioning:a form of “modified repefusion” Protects the myocardium by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt Pathway.CI/Rc Res,2004,95(3):230-232.
32.Darling CE, Jiang R,Maynard M,et al.Postconditioning via stuttering reperfusion limits myocardial infarcts size in rabbit hearts:role of ERK1/2 [J].Am J Physio Heart CI/Rc Physiol,2005,289(4):1618-1626.
33.Vinten JJ,Zhao ZQ,Zatta AJ.Postconditioning- a new link in nature's armor against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Basic Res Cardiol, 2005,100(4):295-310.
34.Detlef O,Saskia D,Christian F,et al.The Influence of Mitochondrial K_(ATP)-Channels in the Cardioprotection of Preconditioning and Postconditioning by Sevoflurane in the Rat In Vivo[J].Anesth Analg,2005,101:1252-1260.
35.Eppinger M J,Ward PA,Jones ML,et al.Disparate effects of nitric oxide on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Ann Thorac Surg,1995,60:1169-1175.
36．姜冠潮，张国良，刘军，等．缺血预处理对缺血再灌注损伤的影响．中华实验外科杂志，1999，16：354-355．
37．李建华，司志萍，卢佳怡，等．缺血预处理对大鼠肺缺血／再灌注损伤的保护作用[J]．中国应用生理学杂志，2003，19(2)：137-140．
38．白育庭，阂清，黄翠萍，等．缺血后处理对缺血再灌注大鼠肺组织超微结构的影响[J]．中华实验外科杂志，2008，25(3)：403-405．
39．胡明品，陈玲阳，李兴旺，等．七氟烷对兔肺缺血再灌注损伤超微结构改变的影响[J]．中国临床药理学与治疗学，2007，12(3)：313-316．
40.Oto T,Calderone A,Pepe S,et al.High-flow endobronchial cooled humidified aI/R protects non-heart-beating donor rat lungs against warm isehemia[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2006,132(2):413-419.
41．杨鸿生，叶卫华，任琼辉，等．热缺血期间持续通气对无心跳兔肺的保护作用[J]．中华器官移植杂志，2004，25(5)：279-282．
42.Zhou You-qing,Chen Liang,Gu Yu-dong.Study of expression of slit mRNA in rats of different age after sciatic nerve injury[J].Natl Med J China,2004(13): 58-61.
43.Su M,Chi EY,Bishop M J,et al.Lung mast cells increase in number and degradulate during pulmonary artery occlusion/reperfusion in dogs[J].Am Rev RespI/R Dis,1993,147:448-454.
44.Farivar AS,Krishnadasan B,Naidu B,et al.Endogenous interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 regulate experimental lung ischemia reperlusion injury[J].Annuals of Thoracic Surgery,2003,76(1):253-259.
45.Mizobuchi T,Sekine Y,Yasufuku K,et al.Comparision of surgical procedures for vascular and aI/Rway anastomose that utilize a modified non- suture external cuff technique for experimental lung transplantation in rats[J].Heart Lung Transplant,2004,23(7):889-896.
46.Takeyoshi I,Otani Y,Yoshinari D,et al.Benefical effects of novel nitric oxide donor(FK409) on pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats[J].J Heart Lung Transpl,2000:19(2):185-192
47.Eppinger M J,Michael Deeb,Steven F,et al.Mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat lung[J].Ameri J Pathol,1997,150(5):1773-1784.
48．廖东山，廖祟先，李增棋．大白鼠无心跳供体肺移植模型的建立[J]．中华实验外科杂志，2004，21(6)：747-749．
49.ChangLai SP,Hung WT,Liao KK.Detecting alveolar epithelial injury following volatile anesthetics by 99mTc DTPA radioaerosol inhalation lung scan[J].RespI/Ration,1999,66:506-510.
50．陈艳平，曹德权，常业恬．异氟烷对家兔肺缺血-再灌注损伤的影响[J]．中华麻醉学杂志，2001，21(8)：483-486．
51.David I.Neal W,Ian G,et al.Anesthetic Preconditioning Combined with Postconditioning Offers No Additional Benefit Over Preconditioning or Postconditioning Alone[J].International Anesthesia Research Society, 2007,105(2):316-324.
52.Kevin LG,Novalija E,Riess ML,et al.Sevoflurane exposure generates superoxide but leads to decreased superoxide during ischemia and reperfusion in isolated hearts[J].Anesth Analg,2003,96(4):949-955.
53．王海莲，周守静．七氟烷预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用[J]．临床麻醉学杂志，2007，23(1)：51-52．
54.Takala RS,Soukka HR,KI/Rvela OA,etal.Alveolar integrity and ultrastructure in Pigs remain undamaged after exoposure to sevoflurane[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2002,46(9):1137-1143.
55.Ng CS,Wan S,Arifi AA,et al.Inflammatory response to pulmonary ischemia reperfusion injury[J].Surg Today,2006,36(3):205-214.
56.Mobert J,Zahler S,Becker BF,et al.Inhibition ofneutrophil activation by volatile anesthetics decreases adhesion to cultured human endothelial cells[J].Anesthesiology.1999,90(5):1372-1381.
57.Suter D,Spahn DR,Blumenthal S,et al.The immunomodulatory effect of sevoflurane in endotoxin-injured alveolar epithelial cells[J].Anesth Analg, 2007,104(3) :638-645.
58.Tutor JD,Mason CM,Dobard E,et al.Loss of compartmentalization of alveolar tumor necrosis factor after lung injury[J].Am J RespI/R Crit Care Med, 1994,149(5):1107-1011.
59.Liu R,Ishibe Y,Ueda M,et al.Isoflurane-sevoflurane administration before ischemia attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury in isolated rat lungs[J].Anesthesiology,2000,92:833-840.
60.Nielsen VG,BaI/Rd MS,McAdams ML,et al.Desflurane increases pulmonary alveolar-capillary membrane permeability after aortic occlusion-reperfusion in rabbits[J].Anesthesiology,1998,88:1524-1534.
61.Zheng SY,Fu XB,Xu JG,et al.Inhiibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase may decrease intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and improve intestinal epithelial barrier function after ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Gastroenterol, 2005,11(5):656-660.
62．张赛，陈如坤，林敏，等．大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤中肺泡细胞凋亡的动态观察[J]．中华医学杂志，2004，84(19)：1597-1960．
63.Fischer S,Cassivi SD,Xaier AM,et al.Cell death in human lung transplantation: apoptosis in human lungs during ischemia and after transplantation[J].Ann Surg, 2000,231(3):424-431.
64.Engelhard K,Werner C,Eberspacher E,et al.Sevoflurane and propofol influence the expression of apoptosis regulating proteins after cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion in rats[J].Eur J Anaest hesiol,2004,21:530-537.
65.Eherspache E,Werner C,Engellard K,et al.The effect of hypothermia on the expression of apoptosis regulation protein Bax after incomplete cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats[J].J Neurosurg Anesthesiol,2003,15(3):200-205.
66.Maulik N,Engelman RM,Rousou JA,et al.Ischemia preconditioning reduces apoptosis by upregulating anti-deth gene bcl-2.CI/Rculation,1999,100:369-375.
67．徐文晖，夏穗生．缺血预处理对胆管上皮细胞凋亡及bcl-2／Fas蛋白表达的影响[J]．胆胰外科杂志，2006，15(3)：154-155．
68.Stammberger U,Gaspert A,Hillinger S,et al.Apoptosis induced by ischemia and reperfusion in experimental lung transplantation[J].Ann Thorac Surg, 2000:69(5):1532-1536.
69.Adamson,Ian Y,Linda Y.Alveolar type Ⅱ cells growth on a pulmonary endothelial extracelluar matrix.Am J Physiol,1996:270(6):L1017-L1022.
70.Chamoun F,Burne M,O'Donnell M,et al.Pathophysiologic role of selectins and the I/R ligands in ischemia reperfusion inj ury.Front Biosci,2000,5(1):E103-E109.
71.Norman KE,Katopodis AG,Thoma G,et al.P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 supports rolling on E- and P-selectin in vivo[J].Blood,2000,96(10):3585-3591.
72.Demertzis S,Langer F,Graeter T,et al.Amelioration of lung reperfusion injury by L-and E-selectin blockade[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,1999,16(2):174-180.
73.Panes J,Perry M,Granger DN.Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion:avenues for therapeutic intervention[J].Br J Pharmacol,1999,126(3):537-550.
74.Bowes MP,Zivin JA,Rothlein R.Monoclonal antibody to the ICAM-1 adhesion site reduces neurological damage in a rabbit cerebral embolism stroke model[J].Exp Neurol,1993,119(2):215-219.
75.Peralta C,Pemandez L,Panes T,et al.Preconditioning protects against ischemia reperfusion through blockade of tumor necrosis factor induced P-selection up regulation in the rat[J].Hepatology,2001,33:100-106.
76.Michie HR,Manogue KR,Spriggs DR,et al.IL-1β induced by TNF-α in macro-phages in vivo[J].N engl J Med,1998,318:1481-1486.
77.Krishnadasan B,Naidu BV,Byrne K,et al.The role of proinflammatory cytokines in lung ischemia reperfusion injury [J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2003,125 (2):261-272.
78.Kapadia S,Lee J,Torre-Amione G,et al.Tumor necrosis factor alpha gene and protein experission in adult feline myocardium after endotoxin administration[J].J Clin Invest,1995,96(2):1042-1052.
79．钱桂生．急性肺损伤和急性呼吸窘迫综合征研究现状与展望[J]．解放军医学杂志，2003，28(2)：97．
80.Bhatia M,Moochhala S.Role of inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of acute respI/Ratory distress syndrome[J].J Pathol,2004,202(2):145-152.
81.Ferro TJ,Gertberg N,Selden L,etal.Endothelial barrier dysfounction and p42 oxidation induced TNF-a are mediated nitric oxide[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,1997,272:L979-L988.
82.Abolhoda A,Brooks M,Choudhry Y,etal.Characterization of local inflammatory response in an isolated lung Perfusion model[J].Ann Surg Oncol,1998,5:87-92.
83.Yu Y,Qi DN,Wei H,et al.The experimental study of intratracheal administration of anti-tumor necrosis factor-a antibody attenuating lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass[J].chin j thorac cardiovasc surg,2007,10(23):5-15.
84.Wiegmann K,Kronke M.Function of the p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor “death domain” mediated by phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C[J].J Exp Med,1996,185:725-733.
85.Stasek JE,Patterson CE,Garcia JN.Protein kinase C phosphorylates caldesmon77 and vimentin and enhances albumin permeability across cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers[J].J Cell Physiol,1992,153:62-75.
86.Cox JA,Jeng AY,Sharkey NA,et al.Activation of the human neutrophil nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH-oxidase by protein kinase C[J].J Clin Invest,1985,76:1932-1938.
87.Fasano A,Fiorentini C,Donelli G,et al.Zonula occudens toxin modulates tjght junctions through PKC-dependent actin reorganization in vitro.J Clin Invest, 1995,96:710-730.
88.Dejana E,Spagnuolo R,Bazzoni G.Interendothelial junctions and theI/R role in the control of angiogenesis,vascular permeability and leukocyte transmigration[J].Thromb haemost,2001,86:308-315.
89.Khimerko PL,Baghy G,Fuseler J.Tumor necrosis factor-alpha after Pulmonary artery occlusion and reperfusion[J].Am Res RespI/R Dis,1993,147:143-152.
90.Eppinger MJ,Deeb GM,Bolling SF,etal.Mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat lung[J].Am J Pathol,1997,150:1773-1784.
91.Oberholzer A,oberholzer C,Moldawer L.Cytokine signaling-regulation of the immune response in normal and critically ill states.Crit Care Med, 2000,28(Suppl) :N3-N12.
92.Ertel W.Interleukin-10 attenuates the release of proinfamation cytokines but depressions splenocyte functions in murine endotoxemia[J].Arch Surg, 1996,131:51-56.
93．司良毅，彭念寅，陈运贞．心肌缺血再灌注损伤与白细胞介素-1表达水平的相关性研究[J]．中国临床康复，2004，8(18)：3666-3668．
94.Souza DG,GuabI/Raba R,Pinho V,et al.IL-l-driven endogenous IL-10 production protects against the systemic and local acute inflammatory response following intestinal reperfusion injury[J].J Immunol,2003,170(9):4759-4766.
95．张艳芳，张俊河，杨廷桐，等．白细胞介素1及白细胞介素8在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的动态演变及药物干预效果[J]．中国组织工程研究与临床康复，2007，11(45)P：9083-9086．
96.Demols A,Deviere J.New frontiers in the pharmacological prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis:The cytokines[J].JOP,2003:4(1):49～57.
97．夏时海，赵晓晏，郭萍．急性胰腺炎促炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子的动态变化及其作用[J]．临床消化病杂志，2001，13(2)：51～53．
98．石增立，雷宁玉，刘凤，等．山莨菪碱预处置对大鼠ARDS血清及肺组织中细胞因子的影响[J]．中国微循环，2003；7(5)：289-291．
99.Damas P,Ledoux D,Nys M,et al.Cytokine serum level during severe sepsis in human IL-6 as a marker of severity[J].Ann Surg,1992,80(215):356-362.
100.Frossard JL,Robert J,Soravia C.Early prediction in acute pancreatitis:the role of enzymatic measurement in the peritoneal fluid [J].J Pancreas,2000,1(2):36～45.
101.Adamik B,Zimecki M,Wlaszczyk A,et al.High tumor necrosis factor alpha serum levels in septic and trauma patients are not responsible for increased mortality:a prognostic value of serum interleukin 6 [J].J Arch Immmunol, 1997,45 (2):169-175.
102.Finlay BB,McFadden G..Anti-immunology:evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and vI/Ral pathogens[J].Cell,2006,124(4):767-782.
103.Kotain N,Takahashi S,Sessler DI,et al.Volatile anesthetics augment expression of proinflammatory cytokines in rat alveolar macrophages during mechanical ventilation[J].Anesthesiology,1999,91:187-197.
104.Mitsuhata H,Shimizu R,Yokoyama MM.Suppressive effects of volatile anesthetics on cytokine release in human peripheral blood mononuelear cells[J].Int J immunpharmacol,1995,17:529-534.
105.Azab SR,Rosseel PM,De Lange JJ,et al.Effect of sevoflurane on the exvivo secretion of TNF-alpha during and after coronary bypass surgery[J].Eur J Anaesthesiol,2003,20(5):380-384.
106.Kotain N,Hashimoto H,Seeeler DI,et al.Expression of genes for Proinflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages during propofol and isoflurane anesthesia[J]. Anesth Analg, 1999,89:1250-1256.
107. Chamoun F, Burne M, O'Donnell M, et al. Pathophysiologic role of selectins and theI/R ligands in ischemia reperfusion injury.Front Biosci, 2000,5(1):E103-109.
108. Nishimaki H, Fukuda S, Ishimoto M, et al. Isoflurane ameliorates the osthypoxic deoxygenation of the rat brain—the role of cell adhesion molecules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes[J]. Resuscitation, 2002,54(2):207-214.
109. Morisaki H, Suematsu M, Wakabayashi Y, et al. Leukocyte-endothelium interaction in the rat mesenteric microcI/Rculation during halothane or sevofiurane anesthesia[J]. Anesthesiology, 1997;,87:591-598.
110. Witko-Sarsat V, Rieu P, Descamps-Latscha B, et al. Neutrophils: molecules,functions and pathophysiological aspects[J]. Lab Invest, 2 000,80(5):617-653.
111. Lu YT, Chen PG, Liu SF. Time course of lung ischemia-reperfusion-induced ICAM-1 expression and its role in ischemia-reperfusion lung injury[J]. J Appl Physiol, 2002,93(2):620-628.
112. Bauriedel G, Kandolf R, Welsch U , et al. Mechanism of restenosis after angioplasty[J]. Z Kardiol, 1994,83(4):31- 41.
113. Evans PC, Taylor ER, Kilshaw PJ. Signaling through CD31 protects endothelial cells from apoptosis[J]. Transplantation, 2001,71:457-460.
114. Serebruany VL, Gurbel PA.Effect of thrombolytic therapy on platelet expression and plasma concentration of PECAM-1 ( CD31 ) in patients with acute myocardial infarction[J].A rterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1999,19:153-158.
115. Koksoy C, Kuzu MA, Kuzu I. Role of tumour necrosis factor in lung injury caused by intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion[J]. Br J Surg, 2001,88(3):464-468.
116. SibilleY, Reynolds HY. MacroPhages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury[J]. Am Rev Res Dis,1990,141:471-501.
117. WymanTH, BjomsenAJ, ElziDJ, et al. A two-insult in vitro model of PMN-mediated pulmonary endothelial damage: requirements for adherence and chemokine release.Am J Physiol Cell physiol,2002,283(6):C1592-1603.
118. de Rossi LW, Horn NA, Buhre W, et al. The effect of isoflurane on neutrophil selectin and beta(2)-integrin activation in vitro[J]. Anesth Analg,2002,95(3):583-587.
1 Li jin song, nie jun, chen gang, et al. Cluster analysis of gene expression profile of pulmonary tissues in different phases of lung ischemia a reperfusion injury in rats.Chin J Exp Surg,2008,2(25): 200-202.
2 Liu chuiliang, zhao weixian, huang wenqi. Advance in research of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Int j anesth resus, 2007,2(28):6-11.
3 Zhao Hai-yan. Advance in prevention and treatment of aprotinin for ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Anesth Resus,2007,3(28):No.3.
4 Xu L, Ren B, Li M, Jiang F,et al. Ulinastatin suppresses systemic inflammatory response following lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Transplant Proc.2008,40(5):1310-1311.
5 Xu yixiao, wang wantie. Endogenous gas signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide and lung ischemical reperfusion injury. medical recapitulate, 2007,9(13):113-118.
6 Minqing Zhao,Lucas G. Alveolar macrophage activation is a key initiation signal for acute lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2006,2(9): 1018-1026.
7 Liu H, Liu L, Visner GA. Nonvl/Ral gene delivery with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase targeting pulmonary endothelium protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Transplant. 2007,7(10):2291-3000.
8 Nowak K, Weih S, Post S,et al. Bradykinin in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat lung. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007,58 Suppl 5(Pt 2):513-522.
9 Yu Y,Qi DN, Wei H, et al. The experimental study of intratracheal administration of anti-tumor necrosis factor-a antibody attenuating lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass, chin j thorac cardiovasc surg, 2007,10(23): no.5.
10 Yang YJ, Chen SH, Ge XR. Role of interleukin-18 in the development of acute pulmonary injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion and its possible mechanism. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,2007, 22:253-260.
11 Hodyc D, Hnilickova O, Hampl V. Pre-arrest administration of the cell-permeable free radical scavenger tempol reduces warm ischemic damage of lung function in non-heart-beating donors. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008,27(8):890-897.
12 Baltalarli A,Ozcan V,BI/R F,Aybek H,et al.Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and iloprost attenuate the lung injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion of the lower extremities of rats.Ann Vasc Surg.2006,20(1):49-55.
13 Geudens N,Wuyts WA,Rega FR,et al.N-acetyl cysteine attenuates the inflammatory response in warm ischemic pig lungs.J Surg Res.2008,46(2):177-83.
14 梁贵友，牛义民刘达兴等．内源性—氧化氮抗兔肺缺血再灌注损伤作用及其机制探讨．四川大学学报，2005，36，246-248．
15 Waldow T,Witt W,Ulmer A,et al.Preconditioning by inhaled nitric oxide prevents hyperoxic and ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat lungs.Pulm Pharmacol Ther.2008,21(2):418-429..
16 PerrinG,RohA,Michelet P,et a 1.Inhaled nitric oxidedoes not prevent pulmonary edema afterlung transplantation measured by lung water content,a randomized clinical study.chest .2006,129;1024-1030.
17 KI/Rkby KA,Adin CA.products of heme oxygenase and theI/R potential therapeutic applications.Am j physiol renal physiol,2006,290:563-571.
18 Li JS ,Chen G,Nie J,et al .Effect of ischemic preconditioning on the gene expression profile of pulmonary tissues in rats lung ischemia -reperfusion injury.Chin J Organ Tlant,2008,29:3171-3175.
19 HI/Rsch J,Niemann CU,Hansen KC,et al.Alterations in the proteome of pulmonary alveolar type Ⅱ cells in the rat after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion.Crit Care Med.2008,36(6):1846-1854.
20 Kermeen FD,McNeil KD,Fraser JF,et al.Resolution of severe ischemia-reperfusion injury post-lung transplantation after administration of endobronchial surfactant.J Heart Lung Transplant.2007,26(8):850-856.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |