孜然种子提取物抑菌作用研究
|
摘要
孜然(Cuminum cyminum L．)，又名孜然芹、安息茴香、安息孜然、小茴香等，为伞形科(Umbelliferae)孜然芹属(Cuminum L．)植物，一年或两年生草本。孜然主要的应用部分是其种子，长期以来，孜然种子作为调味品使用，也可入药。研究表明孜然种子提取物具有多种生物活性，本论文在前人研究的基础上，对孜然种子提取物的抑菌作用进行了较为系统的研究。研究所得结果如下：
1．采用活性示踪，由孜然种子中分得到12种活性化合物，其中6种鉴定为枯茗醛、枯茗酸、丁香酚、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇和木犀草素。编号为ZR7～ZR12的化合物结构还有待于进一步确认。
2．系统研究了枯茗醛和枯茗酸的抑菌活性。生长速率法测定结果表明，枯茗醛对番茄早疫病菌的毒力最高，其EC_(50)为19．0 mg／L；其次是对棉花黄萎病菌和小麦全蚀病菌，EC_(50)分别为45．3 mg／L和62．5 mg／L；对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力最低。枯茗醛对不同病原菌孢子萌发具有一定的抑制作用，供试浓度为100 mg／L时，对稻瘟病菌、番茄叶霉病菌和玉米大斑病菌孢子的萌发抑制率介于50％～60％；500 mg／L浓度下，能够完全抑制稻瘟病菌、十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌、番茄叶霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌和烟草赤星病菌孢子的萌发。组织法测定表明枯茗醛对番茄灰霉病菌和油菜菌核病菌具有防治效果，在100mg／L浓度时，防效分别为23．75％和21．93％；1000 mg／L浓度处理与100 mg／L浓度处理无显著性差异。盆栽法测定表明，在1000 mg／L浓度下，枯茗醛对小麦白粉病有一定的保护防效和治疗效果，分别为51．98％和20．06％；同样浓度下，对油菜菌核病的保护防效和治疗效果分别为21．71％和26．55％。枯茗酸对棉花黄萎病菌的毒力最高，其EC_(50)为46．7 mg／L；其次是对番茄早疫病菌和小麦全蚀病菌，EC_(50)分别为84．0 mg／L和91．8 mg／L。枯茗酸在100 mg／L浓度下对稻瘟病菌、十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌、番茄叶霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、烟草赤星病菌和玉米小斑病菌孢子的萌发抑制率介于30％～50％之间；浓度为500 mg／L时，能够完全抑制番茄叶霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和烟草赤星病菌孢子的萌发。组织法测定表明，1000 mg／L浓度下，枯茗酸对油菜菌核病的防治效果为51．15％；盆栽试验表明，在同样浓度下，枯茗酸对小麦白粉病的保护效果和治疗效果分别为64．85％和54．17％，对油菜菌核病的保护效果和治疗效果分别为99．06％和21．78％。
3．测定了木犀草素、ZR8、ZR9、ZR10和ZR12，以及孜然种子精油的一些主要成分(丁香酚、1，8-桉叶素、松油烯-4-醇、芳樟醇、d-柠烯、β-石竹烯、α-松油烯)的抑菌活性。其中ZR10、ZR12、丁香酚具有较好的抑菌效果。丁香酚的抑菌效果最好，在浓度为200 mg／L时，对油菜菌核病菌、番茄早疫病菌和棉花黄萎病菌的抑制率分别为94．17％、91．24％和78．48％，并能完全抑制水稻纹枯病菌和小麦纹枯病菌菌丝的生长，对这两种病原菌的EC_(50)分别为64．1 mg／L和70．3 mg／L。ZR10、ZR12和松油烯-4-醇的抑菌效果次之。供试浓度为为200 mg／L时，ZR10对番茄早疫病菌、油菜菌核病菌和水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率分别为64．43％、85．71％和95．57％；ZR．12对辣椒疫霉病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、番茄早疫病菌和水稻纹枯病菌的抑菌效果分别为65．45％、67．77％、79．12％和95．71％，并能完全抑制油菜菌核病菌菌丝的生长；松油烯-4-醇仅对水稻纹枯病菌和小麦纹枯病菌的抑制率高于60％，分别为71．68％和77．36％。α-松油烯、芳樟醇、d-柠烯、β-石竹烯、1，8-桉叶素、ZR8和ZR9的抑菌活性较低，在200 mg／L浓度下对所有供试病原菌的抑制率均低于60％，其中d-柠烯、β-石竹烯、1，8-桉叶素、ZR8和ZR9对所有供试病原菌的抑制率低于25％。木犀草素在供试浓度下未表现出抑菌活性。
4．采用电子显微镜观察了枯茗醛和枯茗酸对小麦白粉病侵染和菌丝生长的影响。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表明枯茗醛和枯茗酸处理均引起小麦白粉病菌分生孢子数量减少，其中枯茗醛影响病原菌孢子的形成，而枯茗酸则主要引起分生孢子过早衰亡。透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察结果表明，枯茗酸导致病原菌菌丝细胞壁加厚，部分菌丝细胞壁开始分解，胞内物质也出现分解或在细胞内壁沉积电子致密度高物质；枯茗醛处理的病原菌菌丝体表面不光滑，细胞内壁沉积电子致密度高物质，胞内出现大面积空泡，空泡内分散电子致密度高的物质，可能为胞质分解所产生。同时，观察到两种化合物对小麦白粉病的吸器也有影响，还可引起吸器内原生质电子密度增加，细胞内各种细胞器降解，其中枯茗醛处理对吸器的破坏作用更为明显。
5．选取了枯茗醛、枯茗酸及与其结构类似的萜类和芳香化合物共20种化合物，研究其抑菌作用与结构之间的关系。分别测定20种化合物对油菜菌核病菌和小麦纹枯病菌的毒力曲线，以EC_(50)作为活性评判指标，研究其结构与活性之间的关系。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别分析化合物与油菜菌核病菌和小麦纹枯病菌之间的QSAR关系，分别得出QSAR公式[Y=-0．9287(AL-H)+0．4644(Gib)+1．0166(LogP)-0．2143(Mass)]和[Y=-0．5471(△L-H)+0．4892(Gib)+0．6176(Volumn)-0．6281(Hydrationenergy)]。分析结果表明：(1)结构不稳定的芳香族化合物有利于其与病原菌结合而提高其生物活性；(2)苯环上的酚羟基、醛基为芳香族化合物的活性基团，两种基团共存时对活性影响无明显提高，在苯环其它位点引入亲酯性基团有利于提高芳香化合物的抑菌活性。
6．采用正交设计试验研究孜然种子油超临界CO_2提取工艺。影响孜然种子油提取率的因素主次关系为：提取压力＞CO_2流量＞物料粉碎粒度＞提取温度。得到提取最优工艺条件组合为：提取压力34．5 MPa，粉碎粒度为60～80目，CO_2流量80 mL，萃取仓温度为30℃。在此提取条件下，孜然种子油提取率及枯茗醛、枯茗醇的含量高于其它提取方法。孜然种子油的提取率达21．59％，其中枯茗醛的相对含量为30．56％，枯茗醇的相对含量为23．59％。测定不同提取组合所得孜然种子油对油菜菌核病的抑制作用，发现孜然种子油的抑菌活性与其中枯茗醛的相对含量成正相关关系。表明枯茗醛是孜然种子油中的主要抑菌活性成分。
Cuminum cyminum L.,,was also called cumin,which was a member of the Cuminum L.family of Umbelliferae,annual or biennial herbaceous.The main usefull part of cumin was itsseed.For a long time,seed of Cuminum cyminum was used as spice and medicine.Somereport showed that cumin seed extract had many kinds of bioactivities.This paper studied thefungicidal activity of Cuminum cyminum systematically,and main results were as following:
1.Through direction of bio-assay,twelve coumpounds were isolated from petroleumether extract.Six compounds were detected as p-isopropyl benzaldehyde,p-isopropyl benzoicacid,eugenol,stig-masterol,β-sitoserol,luteolin.Chemical structure of compounds numberedZR7～ZR12 need further confirmation.
2.Antifungal activities of of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acidwere researched systematically.p-isopropyl benzaldehyde showed higher antifungal virulencethan other compounds against Alternaria sonali,Verticillium dahliae and Gaeumannomycesgraminis,and the EC_(50)were 19.0 mg/L,45.3 mg/L and 62.5 mg/L respectively.It hadinhibition effect againt spore germination of some plant pathogens also.Under theconcentration of 100 mg/L,the germination inhibition rates ofp-isopropyl benzaldehyde wereamong 50%～60% against Pyricularia oryzae,Fulvia fulva and Exserohilum turcicum;Underthe concentration of 500 mg/L,it inhibited spore germination of Pyricularia oryzae,Alternaria brassicae,Fulvia fulva,Exserohilum turcicum and Alternaria alternate completely.Organic method showed p-isopropyl benzaldehyde had inhibition effect againt mycelimgrowth ofBotrytis cirerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at 100 mg/L,and the inhibition rateswere 23.75% and 21.93% respectively.The potted method showed protective effect andtherapy effect of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde were 51.98% and 20.06% against Blumergraminis respectively,and were 21.71% and 26.55% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorumrespectively.
p-isopropyl benzoic acid had higher antifungal virulence against Verticillium dahliae,and the EC_(50)was 46.7 mg/L.And the followed EC_(50)of which were 84.0 mg/L and 91.8 mg/Lagainst Alternaria sonali and Gaeumannomyces graminis repectively.Under theconcentration of 100 mg/L,the inhibition rates were less than 50% againt spore germinationof seven pathogens for testing.While the concentration raised to 500 mg/L,p-isopropylbenzoic acid inhibited spore germination of Fulvia fulva,Exserohilum turcicum,Alternaria alternate and Physalospora piricola completely.In the further,tissue method showed thatcontrol effect ofp-isopropyl benzoic acid was 51.15% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum underthe concentration of 1000 mg/L.At the same concentration,potted mehod showed thatprotective effect and therapy effect of which were 64.85% and 54.17% against Blumergraminis respectively,and were 99.06% and 21.78% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorumrespectively.
3.Premilary stydies on the fungicidal activities of othe 12 compounds from cumin seed.Plate growth rate method showed eugenol had better bioactivity among these compounds.Under the concentration of 200 mg/L,the inhition rates of which were 94.17%,91.24% and78.48% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,Alternaria solani and Verticillium dahliaerespectiviely,and inhibited hypha growth of Thanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizoctoniacerealis completely;the EC_(50)of eugenol were 64.1 mg/L and 70.3 mg/L againstThanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizoctonia cerealis respectively.ZR10、ZR12 andterpinen-4-ol took the second place.Under the concentration of 200 mg/L,inhibition rates ofZR10 were 64.43%、85.71% and 95.57% against Alternaria solani、Sclerotiniasclerotiorum and Thanatephorus cucumeris respectively;which of ZR12 were 65.45%、67.77%、79.12% and 95.71% against Phytophthora capsici、Rhizoctonia cerealis、Alternaria solani and Thanatephorus cucumeris respectively;which of terpinen-4-ol were71.68% and 77.36% against Thanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizoctonia cerealis respectively.α-terpinene、linalool、d-limonene、β-caryophyllene、1,8-Cineole、ZR8 and ZR9 hadlower inhibition effects.Under the concentration of 200 mg/L,the inhibition rates of abovecompounds were lower than 60%.Luteolin showed no inhibition effect on all test plantpathogens.
4.Affection ofp-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acid on infection andgrowth of Blumer graminis were observed by electron microscopy technology.Scanningelectron microscopy result showed p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acidtreating decreased sporothrix number.The former influenced sporulation,and the latterinduced premature senescence of sporothrix.Transmission electron microscopy result showedthat p-isopropyl benzoic acid treated hyphae appeared thickened cell wall,cell walldegradation,intracellular substance degradation,and some high density substances depositedinside cell wall.p-isopropyl benzaldehyde treating appeared surface irregularity of hypha,vacuole and higher density substances in cell.Two compounds improved the electron densityofhaustellum,and induced organelles separation.
5.Studying the quantitative structure-activity relationship between structure and theinhition effect against Rhizoctonia cerealis and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of 20 compounds,which had similar structure with p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acid.Twoformulas were obtained as following:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum[Y=-0.9287(△L-H)+0.4644(Gib)+1.0166(LogP)-0.2143(Mass)]and Rhizoctonia cerealis[Y=-0.5471 (△L-H)+0.4892(Gib)+ 0.6176(Volumn)—0.6281(Hydration energy)].Results showedthat aromatic compounds with unstable structure had higher bioactivity.Hydroxy group andaldehyde group were the active groups,which linked to benzene ring together had notsignificant improving on angifungal activities.Lipophilic group on other benzene ring siteshelped to impove antifungal activities of aromatic compounds.
6.The SFE CO_2 optimal combination extracting of oil from cuminum cyminum seedwere researched by orthogonall test.The optimal combination was as following.Extractingpressure:5000 psi;mesh of seed power;60～80mesh;CO2 volumn:80 mL;temperature ofextracting storehouse:30℃.Under this combination,extraction rate of seed oil was 21.59%,which was higher than other extraction methods.GC/MS analysis showed that maincompounds of seed oil were p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and 4-(1-methylethyl)-p-cymen-7-ol.The relative contens of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and 4-(1-methylethyl)-p-cymen-7-ol were30.56% and 23.59% respectively.Seed oil extracted under different combination werebioassayed against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under the concentration of 100 mg/L.Inhibionrate and main compounds analysis showed positive correlation between inhibition effect andcontent of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde,p-isopropyl benzaldehyde was the main fungicidealcompound of seed oil from Cuminum cyminum.
1．采用活性示踪，由孜然种子中分得到12种活性化合物，其中6种鉴定为枯茗醛、枯茗酸、丁香酚、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇和木犀草素。编号为ZR7～ZR12的化合物结构还有待于进一步确认。
2．系统研究了枯茗醛和枯茗酸的抑菌活性。生长速率法测定结果表明，枯茗醛对番茄早疫病菌的毒力最高，其EC_(50)为19．0 mg／L；其次是对棉花黄萎病菌和小麦全蚀病菌，EC_(50)分别为45．3 mg／L和62．5 mg／L；对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力最低。枯茗醛对不同病原菌孢子萌发具有一定的抑制作用，供试浓度为100 mg／L时，对稻瘟病菌、番茄叶霉病菌和玉米大斑病菌孢子的萌发抑制率介于50％～60％；500 mg／L浓度下，能够完全抑制稻瘟病菌、十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌、番茄叶霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌和烟草赤星病菌孢子的萌发。组织法测定表明枯茗醛对番茄灰霉病菌和油菜菌核病菌具有防治效果，在100mg／L浓度时，防效分别为23．75％和21．93％；1000 mg／L浓度处理与100 mg／L浓度处理无显著性差异。盆栽法测定表明，在1000 mg／L浓度下，枯茗醛对小麦白粉病有一定的保护防效和治疗效果，分别为51．98％和20．06％；同样浓度下，对油菜菌核病的保护防效和治疗效果分别为21．71％和26．55％。枯茗酸对棉花黄萎病菌的毒力最高，其EC_(50)为46．7 mg／L；其次是对番茄早疫病菌和小麦全蚀病菌，EC_(50)分别为84．0 mg／L和91．8 mg／L。枯茗酸在100 mg／L浓度下对稻瘟病菌、十字花科蔬菜黑斑病菌、番茄叶霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、烟草赤星病菌和玉米小斑病菌孢子的萌发抑制率介于30％～50％之间；浓度为500 mg／L时，能够完全抑制番茄叶霉病菌、玉米大斑病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和烟草赤星病菌孢子的萌发。组织法测定表明，1000 mg／L浓度下，枯茗酸对油菜菌核病的防治效果为51．15％；盆栽试验表明，在同样浓度下，枯茗酸对小麦白粉病的保护效果和治疗效果分别为64．85％和54．17％，对油菜菌核病的保护效果和治疗效果分别为99．06％和21．78％。
3．测定了木犀草素、ZR8、ZR9、ZR10和ZR12，以及孜然种子精油的一些主要成分(丁香酚、1，8-桉叶素、松油烯-4-醇、芳樟醇、d-柠烯、β-石竹烯、α-松油烯)的抑菌活性。其中ZR10、ZR12、丁香酚具有较好的抑菌效果。丁香酚的抑菌效果最好，在浓度为200 mg／L时，对油菜菌核病菌、番茄早疫病菌和棉花黄萎病菌的抑制率分别为94．17％、91．24％和78．48％，并能完全抑制水稻纹枯病菌和小麦纹枯病菌菌丝的生长，对这两种病原菌的EC_(50)分别为64．1 mg／L和70．3 mg／L。ZR10、ZR12和松油烯-4-醇的抑菌效果次之。供试浓度为为200 mg／L时，ZR10对番茄早疫病菌、油菜菌核病菌和水稻纹枯病菌的抑制率分别为64．43％、85．71％和95．57％；ZR．12对辣椒疫霉病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、番茄早疫病菌和水稻纹枯病菌的抑菌效果分别为65．45％、67．77％、79．12％和95．71％，并能完全抑制油菜菌核病菌菌丝的生长；松油烯-4-醇仅对水稻纹枯病菌和小麦纹枯病菌的抑制率高于60％，分别为71．68％和77．36％。α-松油烯、芳樟醇、d-柠烯、β-石竹烯、1，8-桉叶素、ZR8和ZR9的抑菌活性较低，在200 mg／L浓度下对所有供试病原菌的抑制率均低于60％，其中d-柠烯、β-石竹烯、1，8-桉叶素、ZR8和ZR9对所有供试病原菌的抑制率低于25％。木犀草素在供试浓度下未表现出抑菌活性。
4．采用电子显微镜观察了枯茗醛和枯茗酸对小麦白粉病侵染和菌丝生长的影响。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表明枯茗醛和枯茗酸处理均引起小麦白粉病菌分生孢子数量减少，其中枯茗醛影响病原菌孢子的形成，而枯茗酸则主要引起分生孢子过早衰亡。透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察结果表明，枯茗酸导致病原菌菌丝细胞壁加厚，部分菌丝细胞壁开始分解，胞内物质也出现分解或在细胞内壁沉积电子致密度高物质；枯茗醛处理的病原菌菌丝体表面不光滑，细胞内壁沉积电子致密度高物质，胞内出现大面积空泡，空泡内分散电子致密度高的物质，可能为胞质分解所产生。同时，观察到两种化合物对小麦白粉病的吸器也有影响，还可引起吸器内原生质电子密度增加，细胞内各种细胞器降解，其中枯茗醛处理对吸器的破坏作用更为明显。
5．选取了枯茗醛、枯茗酸及与其结构类似的萜类和芳香化合物共20种化合物，研究其抑菌作用与结构之间的关系。分别测定20种化合物对油菜菌核病菌和小麦纹枯病菌的毒力曲线，以EC_(50)作为活性评判指标，研究其结构与活性之间的关系。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别分析化合物与油菜菌核病菌和小麦纹枯病菌之间的QSAR关系，分别得出QSAR公式[Y=-0．9287(AL-H)+0．4644(Gib)+1．0166(LogP)-0．2143(Mass)]和[Y=-0．5471(△L-H)+0．4892(Gib)+0．6176(Volumn)-0．6281(Hydrationenergy)]。分析结果表明：(1)结构不稳定的芳香族化合物有利于其与病原菌结合而提高其生物活性；(2)苯环上的酚羟基、醛基为芳香族化合物的活性基团，两种基团共存时对活性影响无明显提高，在苯环其它位点引入亲酯性基团有利于提高芳香化合物的抑菌活性。
6．采用正交设计试验研究孜然种子油超临界CO_2提取工艺。影响孜然种子油提取率的因素主次关系为：提取压力＞CO_2流量＞物料粉碎粒度＞提取温度。得到提取最优工艺条件组合为：提取压力34．5 MPa，粉碎粒度为60～80目，CO_2流量80 mL，萃取仓温度为30℃。在此提取条件下，孜然种子油提取率及枯茗醛、枯茗醇的含量高于其它提取方法。孜然种子油的提取率达21．59％，其中枯茗醛的相对含量为30．56％，枯茗醇的相对含量为23．59％。测定不同提取组合所得孜然种子油对油菜菌核病的抑制作用，发现孜然种子油的抑菌活性与其中枯茗醛的相对含量成正相关关系。表明枯茗醛是孜然种子油中的主要抑菌活性成分。
Cuminum cyminum L.,,was also called cumin,which was a member of the Cuminum L.family of Umbelliferae,annual or biennial herbaceous.The main usefull part of cumin was itsseed.For a long time,seed of Cuminum cyminum was used as spice and medicine.Somereport showed that cumin seed extract had many kinds of bioactivities.This paper studied thefungicidal activity of Cuminum cyminum systematically,and main results were as following:
1.Through direction of bio-assay,twelve coumpounds were isolated from petroleumether extract.Six compounds were detected as p-isopropyl benzaldehyde,p-isopropyl benzoicacid,eugenol,stig-masterol,β-sitoserol,luteolin.Chemical structure of compounds numberedZR7～ZR12 need further confirmation.
2.Antifungal activities of of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acidwere researched systematically.p-isopropyl benzaldehyde showed higher antifungal virulencethan other compounds against Alternaria sonali,Verticillium dahliae and Gaeumannomycesgraminis,and the EC_(50)were 19.0 mg/L,45.3 mg/L and 62.5 mg/L respectively.It hadinhibition effect againt spore germination of some plant pathogens also.Under theconcentration of 100 mg/L,the germination inhibition rates ofp-isopropyl benzaldehyde wereamong 50%～60% against Pyricularia oryzae,Fulvia fulva and Exserohilum turcicum;Underthe concentration of 500 mg/L,it inhibited spore germination of Pyricularia oryzae,Alternaria brassicae,Fulvia fulva,Exserohilum turcicum and Alternaria alternate completely.Organic method showed p-isopropyl benzaldehyde had inhibition effect againt mycelimgrowth ofBotrytis cirerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at 100 mg/L,and the inhibition rateswere 23.75% and 21.93% respectively.The potted method showed protective effect andtherapy effect of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde were 51.98% and 20.06% against Blumergraminis respectively,and were 21.71% and 26.55% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorumrespectively.
p-isopropyl benzoic acid had higher antifungal virulence against Verticillium dahliae,and the EC_(50)was 46.7 mg/L.And the followed EC_(50)of which were 84.0 mg/L and 91.8 mg/Lagainst Alternaria sonali and Gaeumannomyces graminis repectively.Under theconcentration of 100 mg/L,the inhibition rates were less than 50% againt spore germinationof seven pathogens for testing.While the concentration raised to 500 mg/L,p-isopropylbenzoic acid inhibited spore germination of Fulvia fulva,Exserohilum turcicum,Alternaria alternate and Physalospora piricola completely.In the further,tissue method showed thatcontrol effect ofp-isopropyl benzoic acid was 51.15% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum underthe concentration of 1000 mg/L.At the same concentration,potted mehod showed thatprotective effect and therapy effect of which were 64.85% and 54.17% against Blumergraminis respectively,and were 99.06% and 21.78% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorumrespectively.
3.Premilary stydies on the fungicidal activities of othe 12 compounds from cumin seed.Plate growth rate method showed eugenol had better bioactivity among these compounds.Under the concentration of 200 mg/L,the inhition rates of which were 94.17%,91.24% and78.48% against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,Alternaria solani and Verticillium dahliaerespectiviely,and inhibited hypha growth of Thanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizoctoniacerealis completely;the EC_(50)of eugenol were 64.1 mg/L and 70.3 mg/L againstThanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizoctonia cerealis respectively.ZR10、ZR12 andterpinen-4-ol took the second place.Under the concentration of 200 mg/L,inhibition rates ofZR10 were 64.43%、85.71% and 95.57% against Alternaria solani、Sclerotiniasclerotiorum and Thanatephorus cucumeris respectively;which of ZR12 were 65.45%、67.77%、79.12% and 95.71% against Phytophthora capsici、Rhizoctonia cerealis、Alternaria solani and Thanatephorus cucumeris respectively;which of terpinen-4-ol were71.68% and 77.36% against Thanatephorus cucumeris and Rhizoctonia cerealis respectively.α-terpinene、linalool、d-limonene、β-caryophyllene、1,8-Cineole、ZR8 and ZR9 hadlower inhibition effects.Under the concentration of 200 mg/L,the inhibition rates of abovecompounds were lower than 60%.Luteolin showed no inhibition effect on all test plantpathogens.
4.Affection ofp-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acid on infection andgrowth of Blumer graminis were observed by electron microscopy technology.Scanningelectron microscopy result showed p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acidtreating decreased sporothrix number.The former influenced sporulation,and the latterinduced premature senescence of sporothrix.Transmission electron microscopy result showedthat p-isopropyl benzoic acid treated hyphae appeared thickened cell wall,cell walldegradation,intracellular substance degradation,and some high density substances depositedinside cell wall.p-isopropyl benzaldehyde treating appeared surface irregularity of hypha,vacuole and higher density substances in cell.Two compounds improved the electron densityofhaustellum,and induced organelles separation.
5.Studying the quantitative structure-activity relationship between structure and theinhition effect against Rhizoctonia cerealis and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of 20 compounds,which had similar structure with p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and p-isopropyl benzoic acid.Twoformulas were obtained as following:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum[Y=-0.9287(△L-H)+0.4644(Gib)+1.0166(LogP)-0.2143(Mass)]and Rhizoctonia cerealis[Y=-0.5471 (△L-H)+0.4892(Gib)+ 0.6176(Volumn)—0.6281(Hydration energy)].Results showedthat aromatic compounds with unstable structure had higher bioactivity.Hydroxy group andaldehyde group were the active groups,which linked to benzene ring together had notsignificant improving on angifungal activities.Lipophilic group on other benzene ring siteshelped to impove antifungal activities of aromatic compounds.
6.The SFE CO_2 optimal combination extracting of oil from cuminum cyminum seedwere researched by orthogonall test.The optimal combination was as following.Extractingpressure:5000 psi;mesh of seed power;60～80mesh;CO2 volumn:80 mL;temperature ofextracting storehouse:30℃.Under this combination,extraction rate of seed oil was 21.59%,which was higher than other extraction methods.GC/MS analysis showed that maincompounds of seed oil were p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and 4-(1-methylethyl)-p-cymen-7-ol.The relative contens of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde and 4-(1-methylethyl)-p-cymen-7-ol were30.56% and 23.59% respectively.Seed oil extracted under different combination werebioassayed against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under the concentration of 100 mg/L.Inhibionrate and main compounds analysis showed positive correlation between inhibition effect andcontent of p-isopropyl benzaldehyde,p-isopropyl benzaldehyde was the main fungicidealcompound of seed oil from Cuminum cyminum.
引文
[1]Swain T.Secondary compounds as protective agents[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1977,28(1):479-501.
[2]Wilkins KM,Board RG,Gould GW.Mechanisms of action of food preservation procedures[M].London:Elsevier Applied Science,1989.
[3]吴钜文，陈建峰．植物源农药及其安全性[J]．植物保护，2002，28(4)：39-41．
[4]吴轶青．使用天然抗菌化合物保护作物[J]．农药译丛，1996，18(3)：9-12．
[5]Grayer RJ,Harbome JB.A survey of antifungal compounds from higher plants,1982-1993[J].Phytochemistry-Oxford,1994,37(1):19-42.
[6]Benner J P.Pesticidal compounds from higher plants[J].Pesticide Science,1993,39(2):95-102.
[7]吴光旭，何庭玉，刘爱嫒，等．植物中抗病原真菌的活性物质[J]．植物学通报，2004，21(3)：367-375．
[8]花日茂，朱有才，等．植物源抗菌、杀菌活性物质研究进展(综述)[J]．安徽农业大学学报，2002，29(3)：245-249．
[9]魏启华．几种生物碱的分离、结构修饰及对病原真菌的活性[D]．南京：南京林业大学，2001．
[10]吴传万，杜小凤，徐建明，等．植物源抑菌活性成分研究新进展[J]．西北农业学报，2004，13(3)：81-88．
[11]姚新生．天然药物化学(第三版)[M]．北京：人民卫生出版社，2002．
[12]Cosentino S,Tuberoso C I G,Pisano B,et at.In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,1999,29(2):130-135.
[13]顾仁勇，刘莹莹．山苍子精油抑菌及抗氧化作用的研究[J]．食品科学，2006，27(11)：86-89．
[14]樊金拴，李晓明．巴山冷杉精油抑菌作用研究[J]．西北林学院学报，1998，13(3)：50-55．
[15]蒋继宏，李晓储，陈凤美，等．芳香型植物挥发油抑菌活性的研究[J]．江苏林业科技，2004，31(3)：6-7，12．
[16]Wang W,Zhang X,Wu N,et at.Antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Artemisiae argyi leaves[J]．林业研究：英文版，2006，17(4)：332-334．
[17]Evandri，仲浩(摘)，姚庆强(校)．薰衣草精油在细菌回复突变实验中的抗突变作用[J]．国外医药：植物药分册，2006，21(5)：218-219．
[18]陈海敏，胡秀芳，竺锡武，等．植物复方精油熏蒸杀菌效果研究[J]．中国消毒学杂志，2006，23(2)：136-137．
[19]潘协商，魏兰芬，毛光明，等．一种植物消毒剂杀菌效果及毒性试验观察[J]．中国消毒学杂志，2006，23(2)：113-115．
[20]汤泽萍．纯天然中药植物精油室内空气消毒片试验报告[J]．海军医学杂志，2005，26(4)：336-337．
[21]Dorman H J D,Deans S G.Antimicrobial agents from plants:antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2000,88(2):308-316.
[22]侯华民，张兴．植物精油杀虫活性的研究进展[J]．世界农业，2001，4：40-42．
[23]李兵，魏辉，黄建，等．土荆芥精油的超临界co2萃取条件及杀虫活性的初步研究[J]．华东昆虫学报，2006，15(4)：305-308．
[24]陈根强，冯俊涛，陈安良，等．植物精油组分松油烯-4-醇研究进展[J]．西北农林科技大学学报， 2004，32(8)：130-134．
[25]曾庆钱，蔡岳文，严振，等．广藿香精油的杀虫作用及其活性成分分析[J]．植物资源与环境学报，2006，15(3)：21-25．
[26]江志利，陈安良，等．六种植物精油对家蝇的熏蒸及触杀毒力测定[J]．农药学学报，2002，4(1)：85-88．
[27]El-Sawi S A,Moharned M A.Cumin herb as a new source of essential oils and its response to foliar spray with some micro-elements[J].Food Chemistry,2002,77(1):75-80.
[28]Bailey J A,Carter G A,Burden R S.Control of rust diseases by diterpenes from Nicotiana glutinos[J].Nature,1975,(255):328.
[29]莫小路，严振，王玉生，等．广藿香精油对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究[J]．中药材，2004，27(11)：805-807．
[30]刘海燕，高微微，樊瑛，等．细辛挥发油抗植物病原真菌活性初步研究[J]．植物病理学报，2007，37(1)：95-98．
[31]张国珍，樊瑛．麻黄和细辛挥发油的抗真菌作用[J]．植物保护学报，1995，22(4)：373-374．
[32]Bowers J H,Locke J C.Effect of formulated plant extracts and oils on population density of Phytophthora nicotianae in soil and control of Phytophthora blight in the greenhouse[J].Plant Disease,2004,88(1):11-16.
[33]Nakasugi T.Antifungal substances from plants[J]．(日)香料，1990，(168)：101-107．
[34]Nakatani N．Functional constituents of spices[J]．(日)香料，1988，(48)：928-931．
[35]冯俊涛，苏祖尚，王俊儒，等．大花金挖耳花蕾中精油的化学组成及其杀菌活性研究[J]．西北植物学报，2007，27(1)：156-162．
[36]王开金，李宁，陈列忠，等．加拿大一枝黄花精油的化学成分及其抗菌活性[J]．植物资源与环境学报，2006，15(1)：34-36．
[37]Saleh M A,Belal M H,E1-Baroty G.Fungicidal activity ofArtemisia herba alba Asso(Asteraceae)[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes,2006,41(3):237-244.
[38]Dixit,S.N.,Chandra,H.,Tiwafi,R.,et at.Development of a Botanical Fungicide against Blue Mold of Mandarins[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,1995,31(2):165-172.
[39]郝彩琴，杜晓峰，庄世宏，等．小花假泽兰精油化学成分及其抑菌活性初步研究[J]．西北植物学报，2007，27(10)：2097-2103．
[40]Anthony S,Abeywickrama K,Wijeratnam S W.The effect of spraying essential oils of Cymbopogon nardus,Cymbopogon flexuosus and Ocimum basilicum on postharvest diseases and storage life of Embul banana[J].Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology,2003,78(6):780-785.
[41]Olanya O M,Larkin R P Efficacy of essential oils and biopesticides on Phytophthora infestans suppression in laboratory and growth chamber studies[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,2006,16(9):901-917.
[42]Yegen O,Unlu A,Berger B M.Use and side effects on the soil microbial activity of the essential oil from Thymbra spicata to control pepper blight Phytophthora capsici[J].Zeitschrifl Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection,1998,105(6):602-610.
[43]白红进，吴文君，顾爱国．香紫苏醇生物活性的研究进展[J]．塔里木农垦大学学报，2004，16(2)： 45-48．
[44]李扬苹，何霞红，朱有勇，等．7种精油对香荚兰根腐病尖镰孢菌抑菌作用的初步研究[J]．西北农林科技大学学报，2004，32(10)：89-93．
[45]王宏年，江志利，冯俊涛，等．7种植物精油对番茄灰霉病的抑制效果[J]．植物保护，2007，33(5)：111-115．
[46]方才君．几种植物精油对柑桔青绿霉的抑菌活性[J]．中国柑桔，1989，18(3)：11-12．
[47]高辉年，张谋．山苍子精油杀菌谱及其制剂稳定性的研究[J]．华中农业大学学报，1989，8(4)：338-341．
[48]张知侠．短毛独活精油提取及抑菌作用研究[J]．咸阳师范学院学报，2007，22(2)：33-34．
[49]关文强，李淑芬．丁香精油对果蔬采后病原菌抑制效应研究[J]．食品科学，2005，26(12)：227-230．
[50]莫小路，王玉生，曾庆钱，等．几种药用植物精油的抗真菌活性研究[J]．天然产物研究与开发，2005，17(6)：696-699．
[51]Paranagama P A,Abeysekera K H T,Abeywickrama,K.,et at.Fungicidal and anti-aflatoxigenic effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus(DC.)Stapf.(lemongrass)against Aspergillus flavus Link.isolated from stored rice[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2003,37(1):86-90.
[52]Bankole S A,Joda A O,Ashidi,J.S.The use of powder and essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus against mould deterioration and aflatoxin contamination of ‘egusi’ melon seeds[J].Journal of Basic Microbiology,2005,45(1):20-30.
[53]蒋小龙，寸东义．香茅精油，香茅醛，香茅醇对储粮霉菌和害虫抑制与熏杀效果的试验研究[J]．郑州粮食学院学报，1994，15(1)：39-47．
[54]蒋家珍，吴学民，陈宁，等．5％蒜精油水乳剂对三种棉花致病菌的毒力作用[J]．河南农业科学，2004，(10)：37-39,66．
[55]蒋小龙，寸东义．香茅，花椒精油成分分析及对储粮曲霉和青霉熏杀效果的初步研究[J]．粮食储藏，1993，22(3)：13-19．
[56]Neeta,S.,Abhishek,T.Fungitoxicity of the essential oil of Citrus sinensis on post-harvest pathogens[J].World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2006,22(6):587-593.
[57]王桂清，张秀省，姬兰柱．细辛精油对六种苹果病害的离体抑菌活性[J]．北方园艺，2007，(6)：29-32．
[58]Tzakou,O.,Couladis,M.,Pavlovic,M.,et at.Composition and antifungal activity of the oil from aerial parts and rhizomes of Valeriana dioscoridis from Greece[J].Journal of Essential Oil Research,2004,16(5):500-503.
[59]严振，莫小路，王玉生．中草药源农药的研究与应用[J]．中国中药杂志，2005，30(21)：1714-1717．
[60]陈皓文，孙丕喜．中国的防卫素研究进展状况分析[J]．自然杂志，2004，26(5)：264-268．
[61]吴诗光，刘茵．动物和植物体内的抗菌肽[J]．生物学教学，2004，29(9)：2-5．
[62]胡明，李晓宇，马平，等．抗真菌蛋白研究进展[J]．生物技术通报，2004，(3)：13-17．
[63]余兴邦，郭锁链，乌翠兰，等．防御素研究进展[J]．动物医学进展，2006，27(8)：47-51．
[64]闻晓波，崔玉东．防御素研究进展[J]．国外医学：免疫学分册，2002，25(6)：297-300．
[65]李景鹏，何成强．防御素研究进展[J]．东北农业大学学报，1998，29(1)：87-91．
[66]张宏，胡春香，张德禄，等．植物防御素研究进展[J]．西北师范大学学报：自然科学版，2006，42(5)：112-117．
[67]Ezoubeiri A,Gadhi C A,Fdil N,et at.Isolation and antimicrobial activity of two phenolic compounds from Pulicaria odora L.[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2005,99(2):287-292.
[68]Kordali S,Cakir A,Mavi A,et at.Screening of chemical composition and antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oils from three Turkish Artemisia species[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(5):1408-1416.
[69]Tostao M,Noronha J P,Cabrita E J,et at.A novel pentacyclic triterpene from Leontodon filii[J].Fitoterapia,2005,76(2):173-180.
[70]Erasto P,Grierson D S,Afolayan A J.Bioactive sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2006,106(1):117-120.
[71]Cespedes C L,Avila J G,Martinez A,et at.Antifungal and antibacterial activities of Mexican tarragon(Tagetes lucida)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(10):3521-3527.
[72]Fokialakis N,Cantrell C L,Duke S O,et at.Antifungal activity of thiophenes from Echinops ritro[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(5):1651-1655.
[73]Ji P,Momol M T,Olson S M,et at.Evaluation of thymol as biofumigant for control of bacterial wilt of tomato under field conditions[J].Plant Disease,2005,89(5):497-500.
[74]Widmer T L,Laurent N.Plant extracts containing caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid inhibit zoospore germination of Phytophthora spp.pathogenic to Theobroma cacao[J].European Journal of Plant Pathology,2006,115(4):377-388.
[75]Kerem Z,Shashoua H,Yarden O.Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive saponins from chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2005,85(3):406-412.
[76]Peraza-Sanchez S R,Chan-Che E O,Ruiz-Sanchez E.Screening of yucatecan plant extracts to control Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and isolation of a new pimarene from Acacia pennatula[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(7):2429-2432.
[77]Zhou L G,Li D,Jiang W B,et at.Two ellagic acid glycosides from Gleditsia sinensis Lam.with antifungal activity on Magnaporthe grisea[J].Natural Product Research,2007,21(4):303-309.
[78]Mihara R,Barry K M,Mohammed C L,et at.Comparison of antifungal and antioxidant activities of Acacia mangium and A-auriculiformis heartwood extracts[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2005,31(4):789-804.
[79]Tachibana S,Ishikawa H,Itoh K.Antifungal activities of compounds isolated from the leaves of Taxus cuspidata var.nana against plant pathogenic fungi[J].Journal of Wood Science,2005,51(2):181-184.
[80]Abdelgaleil S A M,Hashinaga F,Nakatani M.Antifungal activity of limonoids from Khaya ivorensis[J].Pest Management Science,2005,61(2):186-190.
[81]Li S Y,Zhang Z Z,Cain A,et at.Antifungal activity of camptothecin,trifolin,and hyperoside isolated from Camptotheca acuminata[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(1):32-37.
[82]Lee C H,Lee H,Jeon J H,et at.In vivo antifungal effects of Coptis japonica root-derived isoquinoline alkaloids against phytopathogenic fungi[J].Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2005,15(6):1402-1407.
[83]Belhadj A,Saigne C,Telef N,et at.Methyl jasmonate induces defense responses in grapevine and triggers protection against Erysiphe necator[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(24):9119-9125.
[84]Subrahmanyam C,Kumar S R,Reddy G D.Bioactive diterpenes from the mangrove Avicennia officinalis Linn[J].Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B-Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry,2006,45(11):2556-2557.
[85]Singh D N,Verma N,Raghuwanshi S,et at.Antifungal anthraquinones from Saprosma fragrans[J].Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters,2006,16(17):4512-4514.
[86]Simons V,Morrissey J P,Latijnhouwers M,et at.Dual effects of plant steroidal alkaloids on Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J].Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,2006,50(8):2732-2740.
[87]Cavin A L,Hay A E,Marston A,et at.Bioactive diterpenes from the fruits of Detarium microcarpum[J].Journal of Natural Products,2006,69(5):768-773.
[88]Cho J Y,Kim H Y,Choi G J,et at.Dehydro-alpha-lapachone isolated from Catalpa ovata stems:activity against plant pathogenic fungi[J].Pest Management Science,2006,62(5):414-418.
[89]Kim S,Kubec R,Musah R A.Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea L.[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2006,104(1-2):188-192.
[90]Brennan N J,Larsen L,Lorimer S D,et at.Fungicidal sesquiterpene dialdehyde cinnamates from Pseudowintera axillaris[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(2):468-473.
[91]Neri F,Mari M,Brigati S.Control of Penicillium expansum by plant volatile compounds[J].Plant Pathology,2006,55(1):100-105.
[92]Baidez A G,Gomez P,Del Rio J A,et at.Antifungal capacity of major phenolic compounds of Olea europaea L.against Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler and Cylindrocarpon destructans(Zinssm.)Scholten[J].Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2006,69(4-6):224-229.
[93]Xuan T D,Elzaawely A A,Fukuta M,et at.Herbicidal and fungicidal activities of lactones in kava(Piper methysticum)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(3):720-725.
[94]Curir P,Galeotti F,Dolci M,et at.Pavietin,a coumarin from Aesculus pavia with antifungal activity[J].Journal of Natural Products,2007,70(10):1668-1671.
[95]Khan A,Haque E,Rahman M M,et at.A new triterpenoid from roots of Laportea crenulata and its antifungal activity[J].Natural Product Research,2007,21(11):959-966.
[96]Abbassy M A,Abdelgaleil S A M,Belal A S H,et at.Insecticidal,antifeedant and antifungal activities of two glucosides isolated from the seeds of Simmondsia chinensis[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2007,26(3):345-350.
[97]Shin K S,Lee S,Cha B.Antiftmgal activity of plumbagin purified from leaves of Nepenthes ventricosa x maxima against phytopathogenic fungi[J].Plant Pathology Journal,2007,23(2):113-115.
[98]Tims M C,Batista C.Effects of root isoquinoline alkaloids from Hydrastis canadensis on Fusarium oxysporum isolated from Hydrastis root tissue[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007,33(7):1449-1455.
[99]Terzi V,Morcia C,Faccioli P,et at.In vitro antifungal activity of the tea tree(Melaleuca alternifolia)essential oil and its major components against plant pathogens[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2007,44(6):613-618.
[100]Xu M,Wang D,Zhang Y J,et at.Dammarane triterpenoids from the roots of Gentiana rigescens[J].Journal of Natural Products,2007,70(5):880-883.
[101]Baser K H C,Tabanca N,Kirimer N,et at.Recent advances in the chemistry and biological activities of the Pimpinella species of Turkey[J].Pure and Applied Chemistry,2007,79(4):539-556.
[102]Barile E,Bonanomi G,Antignani V,et at.Saponins from Allium minutiflorum with antifungal activity[J].Phytochemistry,2007,68(5):596-603.
[103]Khambay,B.P.,Batty,D.,Jewess,P.J.,et at.Mode of action and pesticidal activity of the natural product dunnione and of some analogues[J].Pest Management Science,2003,59(2):174-182.
[104]Kahlos K,Kangas L,Hiltunen R.Antitumor Activity of Triterpenes in Inonotus obliquus[J].Planta Med,1986,52(6):554.
[105]Wang H X,Ng T B.Purification of allivin,a novel antifungal protein from bulbs of the round-cloved garlic[J].Life Sciences,2001,70(3):357-365.
[106]王晓晨，徐庆．天麻中一种凝集素类似蛋白对植物病原真菌的抑制作用[J]．微生物学通报，1999，26(4)：256-260．
[107]Denyer S P,Hugo W B.Mechanisms of action of chemical biocides[M].Oxford:Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publication,1991.
[108]Bard M,Albrecht M,Gupta N,et at.Geraniol interferes with membrane functions in strains of Candida and Saccharomyces[J].Lipids,1988,23(6):534-538.
[109]Rewa A,Pandey G N.The application of essential oils and their isolates for blue mould decay control in Citrus reticulata Blanco[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology,India,1977,14(1):14-16.
[110]Knobloch K,Weis N,Weigand H.Mechanism of Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils[J].Planta Medica,1986,52(6):556.
[111]Idye R,Yorifuji T,Takeda N,et at.Formation of 4-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal(5-Hydroxycitral)from 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal(Citral)and its Biological Activity against Sarcoma 180[J].Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 1984,48(12):2923-2925.
[112]中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会．中国植物志第五十五卷(第二分册)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1985：4-6．
[113]中国科学院植物研究所．中国高等植物图鉴(补编第二册)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1983：879．
[114]刘志勇，崔林，等．微波法提取新疆孜然果实中的挥发油[J]．时珍国医国药，2002，13(1)：3-4．
[115]阎建辉，邓宁华，等．气相色谱—质谱法测定孜然芹挥发油的化学成分[J]．色谱，2002，20(6)：569-572．
[116]姜子涛，娄雅静．孜然精油的化学成分及其提取工艺研究[J]．中国调味品，1993，(1)：11-13．
[117]Gachkar L,Yadegari D,Rezaei MB,et at.Chemical and biological characteristics of Cuminum cyminum and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils[J].Food Chemistry,2007,102(3):898-904.
[118]刘玉梅．超临界CO_2萃取新疆产孜然油的成分分析[J]．武汉植物学研究，2000，18(6)：497-499．
[119]Eikani M H,Goodarznia I,Mirza M.Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cumin seeds(Cuminum cyminum L.)[J].Flavour and Fragrance Journal,1999,14(1):29-31.
[120]Heikes D L,Scott B,Gorzovalitis N A.Quantitation of Volatile Oils in Ground Cumin by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection[J].Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL,2001,84(4):1130-1134.
[121]侯旭杰，李新明．低沸点有机溶剂结合水蒸汽法提取孜然精油研究[J]．食品工业科技，2006，27(7)：132-135．
[122]Wang Z,Ding L,Li T,et at.Improved solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from dried Cuminum cyminum L.and Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2006,1102(1-2):11-17.
[123]郑福平，孙宝国，谢建春，等．微波加热吹气吸附法提取／气-质联机分析孜然芹挥发油[J]．食品科学，2006，27(11)：441-443．
[124]彭奇均，孙培冬．孜然香气成分分析的样品制备方法研究[J]．分析测试学报，1997，16(6)：23-26．
[125]Jalali-Heravi M,Zekavat B,Sereshti H.Use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with resolution methods to characterize the essential oil components of Iranian cumin and caraway[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2007,1143(1-2):215-226.
[126]Perez R A,Navarro T,Lorenzo C.HS-SPME analysis of the volatile compounds from spices as a source of flavour in ‘Campo Real’ table olive preparations[J].Flavour and Fragrance Journal,2007,22(4):265-273.
[127]Eikani MH,Golmohammad F,Mirza M,et at.Extraction of volatile oil from cumin(Cuminum cyminum L.)with superheated water[J].Journal of Food Process Engineering,2007,30(2):255-266.
[128]Singh KK,Goswam TK.Studies on cryogenic grinding of cumin seed[J].Journal of Food Process Engineering,1999,22(3):175-190.
[129]南京野生植物研究所情报室．枯茗[J]．中国野生植物，1992，(2)：46-47．
[130]Jirovetz,L.,Buchbauer,G.,Stoyanova,A.S.,et at.Composition,quality control and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of cumin(Cuminum cyminum L.)seeds from Bulgaria that had been stored for up to 36 years[J].International Journal of Food Science Technology,2005,40(3):305-308.
[131]Ishikawa T,Takayanagi T,Kitajima J.Water-Soluble Constituents of Cumin:Monoterpenoid Glucosides[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2002,50(11):1471-1478.
[132]Takayanagi T,Ishikawa T,Kitajima J.Sesquiterpene lactone glucosides and alkyl glycosides from the fruit of cumin[J].Phytochemistry,2003,63(4):479-484.
[133]Kitajima J,Ishikawa T,Fujimatu E,et at.Glycosides of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol from the fruits of anise,coriander and cumin[J].Phytochemistry,2003,62(1):115-120.
[134]阿孜古丽·依明，张慧，孙莲．新疆孜然果实中总黄酮含量的测定[J]．新疆师范大学学报：自然科学版，2005，24(2)：64-65．
[135]Harborne J B,Williams C A.Flavonoid patterns in the fruits of the Umbelliferae[J].Phytochemistry,1972,11(5):1741-1750.
[136]常宁．枯茗种子的油脂组成[J]．食品科学，1990，(11)：37-39．
[137]Khanum F,Krishna SKR,Semwal AD,et at.Proximate composition and mineral contents of spices[J].The Indian journal of nutrition and dietetics,2001,38(3):93-97.
[138]Gurdip S,Kapoor I P S,Pandey S K.Studies on essential oils-part thirteen:natural antioxidant for sunflower off[J].Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research,1998,57(3):139-142.
[139]Clifford G.Beddows,Cliaranjit Jagait,Michael J.Kelly.Effect of ascorbyl palmitate on the preservation of α-tocopherol in sunflower oil,alone and with herbs and spices[J].Food Chemistry,2001,73(3):255-261.
[140]Topal U,Sasaki M,Goto M,et at.Chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of essential oils from nine species of Turkish plants obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and steam distillation[J].International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition,2007,57(7):1-16.
[141]Satyanarayana S,Sushruta K,Sarma G S,et at.Antioxidant activity of the aqueous extracts of spicy food additives--evaluation and comparison with ascorbic acid in in-vitro systems[J].Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy,2004,4(2):1-10.
[142]Aruna K,Rukkumani R,Varma P S,et at.Role of Cuminum cyminum on ethanol and preheated sunflower oil induced lipid peroxidation[J].Journal of Herbs,Spices & Medicinal Plants,2005,11(4):103-114.
[143]Aruna K,Rukkumani R,Suresh Varma P,et at.Effect of ethanol and thermally oxidized sunflower oil ingestion on phospholipid fatty acid composition of rat liver:protective role of Cuminum cyminum L[J].Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,2005,49(5):300-303.
[144]Martinez-tome M,Antonia M J,Rugggieri S,et at.Antioxidant Properties of Mediterranean Spices Compared with Common Food Additives[J].Journal of Food Protection,2001,64(9):1412-1419.
[145]Anonymous.Cumin Seeds Cures Fromaculinery Delite[EB/OL].http://www.hashrni.com/cumin_seeds.html,2007.
[146]Anonymous.Cumin essential oil information[EB/OL].http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/cumin.htm,2007.
[147]中国药材公司．中国中药资源志要[M]．北京：科学出版社，1994：859．
[148]Craig,W.J.Health-promoting properties of common herbs[J].Am J Clim Nutr,1999,70(3):419S-498S.
[149]Platel K,Srinivasan K.Studies on the influence of dietary spices on food transit time in experimental rats[J].Nutrition Research,2001,21(9):1309-1314.
[150]K.Platel,K.S.Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats[J].Nahrung/Food,2000,44(1):42-46.
[151]Platel K,Srinivasan K.Stimulatory influence of select spices on bile secretion in rats[J].Nutrition Research,2000,20(10):1493-1503.
[152]Kubo I,Kinst-Hori I.Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Cumin[J].J Agric Food Chem,1998,46:5338-5341.
[153]Kreydiyyeh S I,Usta J,Copti R.Effect of cinnamon,clove and some of their constituents on the Na+-K+-ATPase activity and alanine absorption in the rat jejunum[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2000,38(9):755-762.
[154]Srivastava K C.Extracts from two frequently consumed spices--Cumin(Cuminurn cyminum)and turmeric(Curcuma longa)--Inhibit platelet aggregation and alter eicosanoid biosynthesis in human blood platelets[J].Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids,1989,37(1):57-64.
[155]Charles G D,Linscombe V A,Tomesi B,et at.An in vitro screening paradigm for extracts of whole foods for detection of potential toxicants[J].Food and Cheraical Toxicology,2002,40(10):1391-1402.
[156]Aruna,K.,Sivaramakrishnan,V.M.Anticarcinogenic Effects of the Essential Oils from Cumin,Poppy and Basil[J].Phytotherapy Research,1996,10(7):577-580.
[157]Atta-ur-Rahman,Choudhary,M.I.,Farooq,A.,et at.Antifungal Activities and Essential Oil Constituents of Some Spices from Pakistan[C].Third International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry.1999.
[158]Iacobellis,N.S.,LoCantore,P.,Capasso,F.,et at.Antibacterial Activity of Cuminum cyminum L.and Carum carvi L.Essential Oils[J].J Agric Food Chem,2005,53(1):57-61.
[159]Sagdic O,Kuscu A,Ozcan M,et at.Effects of Turkish spice extracts at various concentrations on the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7[J].Food Microbiology,2002,19(5):473-480.
[160]Proestos C,Boziaris I S,Nychas G J E,et at.Analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids in Greek aromatic plants:Investigation of their antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity[J].Food Chemistry,2006,95(4):664-671.
[161]Mi Mi,H.,Mar Mar,N.,Khin,C.,et at.In vitro antibacterial activity of some indigenous plants and effect on in vivo Staphylococcal induced wounds[J].Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal,2001,13(1/3):32-37.
[162]Derakhshan S,Sattari M,Bigdeli M.Evaluation of antibacterial activity and biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae in contact with essential oil and alcoholic extract of cumin seed(Cuminum cyminum)[J].International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents,2007,29(Supplement 2):S601-600.
[163]Garg S C,Siddiqui N.Antifungal activity of some essential oil isolates[J].Pharmazie,1992,47:467-468.
[164]Sagdic,O.,Ozcan,M.Antibacterial activity of Turkish spice hydrosols[J].Food Control,2003,14(3):141-143.
[165]Tunc I,Berger B M,Erler F,et at.Ovicidal activity of essential oils from five plants against two stored-product insects[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,2000,36(2):161-168.
[166]Tunc I,Sahinkaya S.Sensitivity of two greenhouse pests to vapours of essential oils[J].Entomologia Experimentalis etApplicata,1998,86(2):183-187.
[167]Purohit P,Nustafa M,Osmani Z.Insecticidal properties of plant extract of Cuminum cyminum L.[J].Science and Culture,1983,49(4):101-103.
[168]Singh G,Upadhyay R K.Fungitoxic activity of cumaldehyde,main constituent of the Cuminum cyminum oil[J].Fitoterapia,1991,61(1):86.
[169](O|¨)zcan M,(O|¨)sman E.Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Turkish plant spices[J].Eur Food Res Technol,2001,212(6):658-660.
[170]Kivanc M,Akgül A.Inhibitory effects of spice essential oils on yeast[J].Türk Tarim ve Ormancihk Dergisi,1989,13(1):68-72.
[171]Shetty R S,S,S.R.,Kulkarni P R.Antimicrobial properties of cumin[J].World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,1994,10(2):232-233.
[172]Agrawal S.Volatile Oil Constituents And Wilt Resistance In Cumin(Cuminum Cyminum L.)[J].Current Science,1996,71(3):177-178.
[173]Lee SO,Choi GJ,Jang KS,et at.Antifungal activity of five plant essential oils as fumigant against postharvest and soilborne plant pathogenic fungi[J].Plant Pathology Journal,2007,23(2):97-102.
[174]韩建华．植物源抑菌活性物质初步研究[D]．陕西杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2002．
[175]张应烙．孜然提取物抑菌活性的研究[D]．陕西杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2003．
[176]张应烙，冯俊涛，王汝贤，等．孜然提取物对几种病菌生物活性的初步研究[J]．西北农林科技大学学报，2003，3 1(5)：77-79．
[177]Thyagaraja N,Hosono A.Effect of Spice Extract on Fungal Inhibition[J].Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie,1996,29(3):286-288.
[178]Cho J H,Kim J C,Kim M K,et at.Fungicidal activities of 67 herb-derived oils against six phytopathogenic fungi[J].Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology,2002,45(4):202-207.
[179]Suresh K D,Dwivedi S,Dubey N K.Antifungal activity of Cuminum cyminum seed oil against Aspergillus flavus infesting,seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.(Taub.)[J].International Journal of Tropical Plant Diseases,1992,10(2):203-207.
[180]De M,De A K,Mukhopadhyay R,et at.Antimicrobial Activity of Cuminum cyminum L.[J].Ars Pharmaceutica,2003,44(3):257-269.
[181]De M,De A K,Banerjee A B.Antimicrobial screening of some indian spices[J].Phytotherapy Research,1999,13(7):616-618.
[182]Voda K,Bob B,Vrtacnik M.A quantitative structure-antifungal activity relationship study of oxygenated aromatic essential oil compounds using data structuring and PLS regression analysis[J].J Mol Model,2004,10(1):76-84.
[183]Jayasinghea L,Kumarihamy B M M,Jayarathna K H R N,et at.Antifungal constituents of the stem bark of Bridelia retusa[J].Phytochemistry,2003,62(4):637-641.
[184]胡林峰．孜然杀菌活性成分研究[D]．陕西杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2005．
[185]胡林峰，冯俊涛，张兴，等．孜然种子中杀菌活性成分分离及结构鉴定[J]．农药学学报，2007，9(4)：330-334．
[186]韩建华，祝木金，冯俊涛，等．27种植物抑菌活性初步筛选[J]．西北农林科技大学学报，2002，30(6)：134-137．
[187]韩建华，冯俊涛，张兴，等．孜然在农业植物病原真菌上的抑菌活性研究[J]．现代农药，2007，6(1)：42-43,50．
[188]徐任生，叶阳，赵维民．天然产物化学(第二版)[M]．北京：科学出版社，2003．
[189]方中达．植病研究方法(第三版)[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1998．
[190]慕立义．植物化学保护研究方法[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1994．
[191]Jayasinghea L,Mallika Kumarihamy B M,Nishantha Jayarathna K H R,et at.Antifungal constituents of the stem bark of Bridelia retusa[J].Phytochemistry,2003,62(4):637-641.
[192]钱俊红，许文林．混合甾醇中β-谷甾醇和豆甾醇的红外光谱法分析测定[J]．光谱学与光谱分析，2003，23(4)：692-694．
[193]中国科学院上海药物所植化室．黄酮体鉴定手册[M]．北京：科学出版社，1981．
[194]李端，周立刚，姜微波，等．伞形科植物抗菌成分的研究进展[J]．西北农林科技大学学报，2005，33(B08)：161-166．
[195]张谦，于明．安息茴香油脂的超临界CO_2提取工艺研究[J]．新疆农业科学，2001，38(5)：273-274．
[196]李树正，张素华，刘淑芬，等．黄瓜子叶法筛选蔬菜灰霉病杀菌剂的研究[J]．华北农学报，1991，6(3)：94-99．
[197]官春云，李方球，李栒，等．双低油菜湘油15(B．napus)对菌核病抗性的研究[J]．作物学报，2003，29(5)：715-718,T003．
[198]张志祥，程东美，徐汉虹，等．印楝素a和印楝素b的生物活性及增效作用[J]．华中农业大学学报，2004，23(5)：515-518．
[199]徐汉虹，赵善欢．利用植物精油防治害虫的研究进展[J]．华南农业大学学报，1993，14(4)：145-154．
[200]刘学文，徐汉虹，鞠荣，等．植物精油在农药领域中的研究进展[J]．香料香精化妆品，2004，(2)：36-39．
[201]孙凌峰．植物精油及萜类成分的生物活性[J]．江西师范大学学报：自然科学版，2000，24(2)：159-163．
[202]O'Mahony R,Al-Khtheeri H,Weerasekera D,et at.Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori[J].World J Gastroenterol,2005,11(47):7499-7507.
[203]Lamoureux S,Koning R.The Allelopathic Potential Of Apiaceae seeds upon germination of lettuce[C].Northeast District 1 Convention of Biological Honor Society,Worcester.Biological Honor Society,1998.
[204]Azizi M,Alimoradee L,Rashedmohassel MH.Allelopathic effects of Bunium persicum and Cuminum cyminum essential oils on seed germination of some weeds species[J].Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,2006,22(3):198-208.
[205]Voda K,Boh B,Vrtacnik M.A quantitative structure-antifungal activity relationship study of oxygenated aromatic essential oil compounds using data structuring and PLS regression analysis[J].J MolModel,2004,10(1):76-84.
[206]Fukui K.Molecular Orbitals in Chemistry,Physics and Biology[M].New York:Academic press,1964.
[207]钟国华，胡美英．QSAR及其在农药设计中的应用和进展[J]．农药学学报，2001，3(2)：1-11．
[2]Wilkins KM,Board RG,Gould GW.Mechanisms of action of food preservation procedures[M].London:Elsevier Applied Science,1989.
[3]吴钜文，陈建峰．植物源农药及其安全性[J]．植物保护，2002，28(4)：39-41．
[4]吴轶青．使用天然抗菌化合物保护作物[J]．农药译丛，1996，18(3)：9-12．
[5]Grayer RJ,Harbome JB.A survey of antifungal compounds from higher plants,1982-1993[J].Phytochemistry-Oxford,1994,37(1):19-42.
[6]Benner J P.Pesticidal compounds from higher plants[J].Pesticide Science,1993,39(2):95-102.
[7]吴光旭，何庭玉，刘爱嫒，等．植物中抗病原真菌的活性物质[J]．植物学通报，2004，21(3)：367-375．
[8]花日茂，朱有才，等．植物源抗菌、杀菌活性物质研究进展(综述)[J]．安徽农业大学学报，2002，29(3)：245-249．
[9]魏启华．几种生物碱的分离、结构修饰及对病原真菌的活性[D]．南京：南京林业大学，2001．
[10]吴传万，杜小凤，徐建明，等．植物源抑菌活性成分研究新进展[J]．西北农业学报，2004，13(3)：81-88．
[11]姚新生．天然药物化学(第三版)[M]．北京：人民卫生出版社，2002．
[12]Cosentino S,Tuberoso C I G,Pisano B,et at.In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,1999,29(2):130-135.
[13]顾仁勇，刘莹莹．山苍子精油抑菌及抗氧化作用的研究[J]．食品科学，2006，27(11)：86-89．
[14]樊金拴，李晓明．巴山冷杉精油抑菌作用研究[J]．西北林学院学报，1998，13(3)：50-55．
[15]蒋继宏，李晓储，陈凤美，等．芳香型植物挥发油抑菌活性的研究[J]．江苏林业科技，2004，31(3)：6-7，12．
[16]Wang W,Zhang X,Wu N,et at.Antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Artemisiae argyi leaves[J]．林业研究：英文版，2006，17(4)：332-334．
[17]Evandri，仲浩(摘)，姚庆强(校)．薰衣草精油在细菌回复突变实验中的抗突变作用[J]．国外医药：植物药分册，2006，21(5)：218-219．
[18]陈海敏，胡秀芳，竺锡武，等．植物复方精油熏蒸杀菌效果研究[J]．中国消毒学杂志，2006，23(2)：136-137．
[19]潘协商，魏兰芬，毛光明，等．一种植物消毒剂杀菌效果及毒性试验观察[J]．中国消毒学杂志，2006，23(2)：113-115．
[20]汤泽萍．纯天然中药植物精油室内空气消毒片试验报告[J]．海军医学杂志，2005，26(4)：336-337．
[21]Dorman H J D,Deans S G.Antimicrobial agents from plants:antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2000,88(2):308-316.
[22]侯华民，张兴．植物精油杀虫活性的研究进展[J]．世界农业，2001，4：40-42．
[23]李兵，魏辉，黄建，等．土荆芥精油的超临界co2萃取条件及杀虫活性的初步研究[J]．华东昆虫学报，2006，15(4)：305-308．
[24]陈根强，冯俊涛，陈安良，等．植物精油组分松油烯-4-醇研究进展[J]．西北农林科技大学学报， 2004，32(8)：130-134．
[25]曾庆钱，蔡岳文，严振，等．广藿香精油的杀虫作用及其活性成分分析[J]．植物资源与环境学报，2006，15(3)：21-25．
[26]江志利，陈安良，等．六种植物精油对家蝇的熏蒸及触杀毒力测定[J]．农药学学报，2002，4(1)：85-88．
[27]El-Sawi S A,Moharned M A.Cumin herb as a new source of essential oils and its response to foliar spray with some micro-elements[J].Food Chemistry,2002,77(1):75-80.
[28]Bailey J A,Carter G A,Burden R S.Control of rust diseases by diterpenes from Nicotiana glutinos[J].Nature,1975,(255):328.
[29]莫小路，严振，王玉生，等．广藿香精油对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究[J]．中药材，2004，27(11)：805-807．
[30]刘海燕，高微微，樊瑛，等．细辛挥发油抗植物病原真菌活性初步研究[J]．植物病理学报，2007，37(1)：95-98．
[31]张国珍，樊瑛．麻黄和细辛挥发油的抗真菌作用[J]．植物保护学报，1995，22(4)：373-374．
[32]Bowers J H,Locke J C.Effect of formulated plant extracts and oils on population density of Phytophthora nicotianae in soil and control of Phytophthora blight in the greenhouse[J].Plant Disease,2004,88(1):11-16.
[33]Nakasugi T.Antifungal substances from plants[J]．(日)香料，1990，(168)：101-107．
[34]Nakatani N．Functional constituents of spices[J]．(日)香料，1988，(48)：928-931．
[35]冯俊涛，苏祖尚，王俊儒，等．大花金挖耳花蕾中精油的化学组成及其杀菌活性研究[J]．西北植物学报，2007，27(1)：156-162．
[36]王开金，李宁，陈列忠，等．加拿大一枝黄花精油的化学成分及其抗菌活性[J]．植物资源与环境学报，2006，15(1)：34-36．
[37]Saleh M A,Belal M H,E1-Baroty G.Fungicidal activity ofArtemisia herba alba Asso(Asteraceae)[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes,2006,41(3):237-244.
[38]Dixit,S.N.,Chandra,H.,Tiwafi,R.,et at.Development of a Botanical Fungicide against Blue Mold of Mandarins[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,1995,31(2):165-172.
[39]郝彩琴，杜晓峰，庄世宏，等．小花假泽兰精油化学成分及其抑菌活性初步研究[J]．西北植物学报，2007，27(10)：2097-2103．
[40]Anthony S,Abeywickrama K,Wijeratnam S W.The effect of spraying essential oils of Cymbopogon nardus,Cymbopogon flexuosus and Ocimum basilicum on postharvest diseases and storage life of Embul banana[J].Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology,2003,78(6):780-785.
[41]Olanya O M,Larkin R P Efficacy of essential oils and biopesticides on Phytophthora infestans suppression in laboratory and growth chamber studies[J].Biocontrol Science and Technology,2006,16(9):901-917.
[42]Yegen O,Unlu A,Berger B M.Use and side effects on the soil microbial activity of the essential oil from Thymbra spicata to control pepper blight Phytophthora capsici[J].Zeitschrifl Fur Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz-Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection,1998,105(6):602-610.
[43]白红进，吴文君，顾爱国．香紫苏醇生物活性的研究进展[J]．塔里木农垦大学学报，2004，16(2)： 45-48．
[44]李扬苹，何霞红，朱有勇，等．7种精油对香荚兰根腐病尖镰孢菌抑菌作用的初步研究[J]．西北农林科技大学学报，2004，32(10)：89-93．
[45]王宏年，江志利，冯俊涛，等．7种植物精油对番茄灰霉病的抑制效果[J]．植物保护，2007，33(5)：111-115．
[46]方才君．几种植物精油对柑桔青绿霉的抑菌活性[J]．中国柑桔，1989，18(3)：11-12．
[47]高辉年，张谋．山苍子精油杀菌谱及其制剂稳定性的研究[J]．华中农业大学学报，1989，8(4)：338-341．
[48]张知侠．短毛独活精油提取及抑菌作用研究[J]．咸阳师范学院学报，2007，22(2)：33-34．
[49]关文强，李淑芬．丁香精油对果蔬采后病原菌抑制效应研究[J]．食品科学，2005，26(12)：227-230．
[50]莫小路，王玉生，曾庆钱，等．几种药用植物精油的抗真菌活性研究[J]．天然产物研究与开发，2005，17(6)：696-699．
[51]Paranagama P A,Abeysekera K H T,Abeywickrama,K.,et at.Fungicidal and anti-aflatoxigenic effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus(DC.)Stapf.(lemongrass)against Aspergillus flavus Link.isolated from stored rice[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2003,37(1):86-90.
[52]Bankole S A,Joda A O,Ashidi,J.S.The use of powder and essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus against mould deterioration and aflatoxin contamination of ‘egusi’ melon seeds[J].Journal of Basic Microbiology,2005,45(1):20-30.
[53]蒋小龙，寸东义．香茅精油，香茅醛，香茅醇对储粮霉菌和害虫抑制与熏杀效果的试验研究[J]．郑州粮食学院学报，1994，15(1)：39-47．
[54]蒋家珍，吴学民，陈宁，等．5％蒜精油水乳剂对三种棉花致病菌的毒力作用[J]．河南农业科学，2004，(10)：37-39,66．
[55]蒋小龙，寸东义．香茅，花椒精油成分分析及对储粮曲霉和青霉熏杀效果的初步研究[J]．粮食储藏，1993，22(3)：13-19．
[56]Neeta,S.,Abhishek,T.Fungitoxicity of the essential oil of Citrus sinensis on post-harvest pathogens[J].World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2006,22(6):587-593.
[57]王桂清，张秀省，姬兰柱．细辛精油对六种苹果病害的离体抑菌活性[J]．北方园艺，2007，(6)：29-32．
[58]Tzakou,O.,Couladis,M.,Pavlovic,M.,et at.Composition and antifungal activity of the oil from aerial parts and rhizomes of Valeriana dioscoridis from Greece[J].Journal of Essential Oil Research,2004,16(5):500-503.
[59]严振，莫小路，王玉生．中草药源农药的研究与应用[J]．中国中药杂志，2005，30(21)：1714-1717．
[60]陈皓文，孙丕喜．中国的防卫素研究进展状况分析[J]．自然杂志，2004，26(5)：264-268．
[61]吴诗光，刘茵．动物和植物体内的抗菌肽[J]．生物学教学，2004，29(9)：2-5．
[62]胡明，李晓宇，马平，等．抗真菌蛋白研究进展[J]．生物技术通报，2004，(3)：13-17．
[63]余兴邦，郭锁链，乌翠兰，等．防御素研究进展[J]．动物医学进展，2006，27(8)：47-51．
[64]闻晓波，崔玉东．防御素研究进展[J]．国外医学：免疫学分册，2002，25(6)：297-300．
[65]李景鹏，何成强．防御素研究进展[J]．东北农业大学学报，1998，29(1)：87-91．
[66]张宏，胡春香，张德禄，等．植物防御素研究进展[J]．西北师范大学学报：自然科学版，2006，42(5)：112-117．
[67]Ezoubeiri A,Gadhi C A,Fdil N,et at.Isolation and antimicrobial activity of two phenolic compounds from Pulicaria odora L.[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2005,99(2):287-292.
[68]Kordali S,Cakir A,Mavi A,et at.Screening of chemical composition and antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oils from three Turkish Artemisia species[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(5):1408-1416.
[69]Tostao M,Noronha J P,Cabrita E J,et at.A novel pentacyclic triterpene from Leontodon filii[J].Fitoterapia,2005,76(2):173-180.
[70]Erasto P,Grierson D S,Afolayan A J.Bioactive sesquiterpene lactones from the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2006,106(1):117-120.
[71]Cespedes C L,Avila J G,Martinez A,et at.Antifungal and antibacterial activities of Mexican tarragon(Tagetes lucida)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(10):3521-3527.
[72]Fokialakis N,Cantrell C L,Duke S O,et at.Antifungal activity of thiophenes from Echinops ritro[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(5):1651-1655.
[73]Ji P,Momol M T,Olson S M,et at.Evaluation of thymol as biofumigant for control of bacterial wilt of tomato under field conditions[J].Plant Disease,2005,89(5):497-500.
[74]Widmer T L,Laurent N.Plant extracts containing caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid inhibit zoospore germination of Phytophthora spp.pathogenic to Theobroma cacao[J].European Journal of Plant Pathology,2006,115(4):377-388.
[75]Kerem Z,Shashoua H,Yarden O.Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive saponins from chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2005,85(3):406-412.
[76]Peraza-Sanchez S R,Chan-Che E O,Ruiz-Sanchez E.Screening of yucatecan plant extracts to control Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and isolation of a new pimarene from Acacia pennatula[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(7):2429-2432.
[77]Zhou L G,Li D,Jiang W B,et at.Two ellagic acid glycosides from Gleditsia sinensis Lam.with antifungal activity on Magnaporthe grisea[J].Natural Product Research,2007,21(4):303-309.
[78]Mihara R,Barry K M,Mohammed C L,et at.Comparison of antifungal and antioxidant activities of Acacia mangium and A-auriculiformis heartwood extracts[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2005,31(4):789-804.
[79]Tachibana S,Ishikawa H,Itoh K.Antifungal activities of compounds isolated from the leaves of Taxus cuspidata var.nana against plant pathogenic fungi[J].Journal of Wood Science,2005,51(2):181-184.
[80]Abdelgaleil S A M,Hashinaga F,Nakatani M.Antifungal activity of limonoids from Khaya ivorensis[J].Pest Management Science,2005,61(2):186-190.
[81]Li S Y,Zhang Z Z,Cain A,et at.Antifungal activity of camptothecin,trifolin,and hyperoside isolated from Camptotheca acuminata[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2005,53(1):32-37.
[82]Lee C H,Lee H,Jeon J H,et at.In vivo antifungal effects of Coptis japonica root-derived isoquinoline alkaloids against phytopathogenic fungi[J].Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2005,15(6):1402-1407.
[83]Belhadj A,Saigne C,Telef N,et at.Methyl jasmonate induces defense responses in grapevine and triggers protection against Erysiphe necator[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(24):9119-9125.
[84]Subrahmanyam C,Kumar S R,Reddy G D.Bioactive diterpenes from the mangrove Avicennia officinalis Linn[J].Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B-Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry,2006,45(11):2556-2557.
[85]Singh D N,Verma N,Raghuwanshi S,et at.Antifungal anthraquinones from Saprosma fragrans[J].Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters,2006,16(17):4512-4514.
[86]Simons V,Morrissey J P,Latijnhouwers M,et at.Dual effects of plant steroidal alkaloids on Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J].Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,2006,50(8):2732-2740.
[87]Cavin A L,Hay A E,Marston A,et at.Bioactive diterpenes from the fruits of Detarium microcarpum[J].Journal of Natural Products,2006,69(5):768-773.
[88]Cho J Y,Kim H Y,Choi G J,et at.Dehydro-alpha-lapachone isolated from Catalpa ovata stems:activity against plant pathogenic fungi[J].Pest Management Science,2006,62(5):414-418.
[89]Kim S,Kubec R,Musah R A.Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea L.[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2006,104(1-2):188-192.
[90]Brennan N J,Larsen L,Lorimer S D,et at.Fungicidal sesquiterpene dialdehyde cinnamates from Pseudowintera axillaris[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(2):468-473.
[91]Neri F,Mari M,Brigati S.Control of Penicillium expansum by plant volatile compounds[J].Plant Pathology,2006,55(1):100-105.
[92]Baidez A G,Gomez P,Del Rio J A,et at.Antifungal capacity of major phenolic compounds of Olea europaea L.against Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler and Cylindrocarpon destructans(Zinssm.)Scholten[J].Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology,2006,69(4-6):224-229.
[93]Xuan T D,Elzaawely A A,Fukuta M,et at.Herbicidal and fungicidal activities of lactones in kava(Piper methysticum)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2006,54(3):720-725.
[94]Curir P,Galeotti F,Dolci M,et at.Pavietin,a coumarin from Aesculus pavia with antifungal activity[J].Journal of Natural Products,2007,70(10):1668-1671.
[95]Khan A,Haque E,Rahman M M,et at.A new triterpenoid from roots of Laportea crenulata and its antifungal activity[J].Natural Product Research,2007,21(11):959-966.
[96]Abbassy M A,Abdelgaleil S A M,Belal A S H,et at.Insecticidal,antifeedant and antifungal activities of two glucosides isolated from the seeds of Simmondsia chinensis[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2007,26(3):345-350.
[97]Shin K S,Lee S,Cha B.Antiftmgal activity of plumbagin purified from leaves of Nepenthes ventricosa x maxima against phytopathogenic fungi[J].Plant Pathology Journal,2007,23(2):113-115.
[98]Tims M C,Batista C.Effects of root isoquinoline alkaloids from Hydrastis canadensis on Fusarium oxysporum isolated from Hydrastis root tissue[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007,33(7):1449-1455.
[99]Terzi V,Morcia C,Faccioli P,et at.In vitro antifungal activity of the tea tree(Melaleuca alternifolia)essential oil and its major components against plant pathogens[J].Letters in Applied Microbiology,2007,44(6):613-618.
[100]Xu M,Wang D,Zhang Y J,et at.Dammarane triterpenoids from the roots of Gentiana rigescens[J].Journal of Natural Products,2007,70(5):880-883.
[101]Baser K H C,Tabanca N,Kirimer N,et at.Recent advances in the chemistry and biological activities of the Pimpinella species of Turkey[J].Pure and Applied Chemistry,2007,79(4):539-556.
[102]Barile E,Bonanomi G,Antignani V,et at.Saponins from Allium minutiflorum with antifungal activity[J].Phytochemistry,2007,68(5):596-603.
[103]Khambay,B.P.,Batty,D.,Jewess,P.J.,et at.Mode of action and pesticidal activity of the natural product dunnione and of some analogues[J].Pest Management Science,2003,59(2):174-182.
[104]Kahlos K,Kangas L,Hiltunen R.Antitumor Activity of Triterpenes in Inonotus obliquus[J].Planta Med,1986,52(6):554.
[105]Wang H X,Ng T B.Purification of allivin,a novel antifungal protein from bulbs of the round-cloved garlic[J].Life Sciences,2001,70(3):357-365.
[106]王晓晨，徐庆．天麻中一种凝集素类似蛋白对植物病原真菌的抑制作用[J]．微生物学通报，1999，26(4)：256-260．
[107]Denyer S P,Hugo W B.Mechanisms of action of chemical biocides[M].Oxford:Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publication,1991.
[108]Bard M,Albrecht M,Gupta N,et at.Geraniol interferes with membrane functions in strains of Candida and Saccharomyces[J].Lipids,1988,23(6):534-538.
[109]Rewa A,Pandey G N.The application of essential oils and their isolates for blue mould decay control in Citrus reticulata Blanco[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology,India,1977,14(1):14-16.
[110]Knobloch K,Weis N,Weigand H.Mechanism of Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils[J].Planta Medica,1986,52(6):556.
[111]Idye R,Yorifuji T,Takeda N,et at.Formation of 4-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal(5-Hydroxycitral)from 3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal(Citral)and its Biological Activity against Sarcoma 180[J].Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 1984,48(12):2923-2925.
[112]中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会．中国植物志第五十五卷(第二分册)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1985：4-6．
[113]中国科学院植物研究所．中国高等植物图鉴(补编第二册)[M]．北京：科学出版社，1983：879．
[114]刘志勇，崔林，等．微波法提取新疆孜然果实中的挥发油[J]．时珍国医国药，2002，13(1)：3-4．
[115]阎建辉，邓宁华，等．气相色谱—质谱法测定孜然芹挥发油的化学成分[J]．色谱，2002，20(6)：569-572．
[116]姜子涛，娄雅静．孜然精油的化学成分及其提取工艺研究[J]．中国调味品，1993，(1)：11-13．
[117]Gachkar L,Yadegari D,Rezaei MB,et at.Chemical and biological characteristics of Cuminum cyminum and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils[J].Food Chemistry,2007,102(3):898-904.
[118]刘玉梅．超临界CO_2萃取新疆产孜然油的成分分析[J]．武汉植物学研究，2000，18(6)：497-499．
[119]Eikani M H,Goodarznia I,Mirza M.Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cumin seeds(Cuminum cyminum L.)[J].Flavour and Fragrance Journal,1999,14(1):29-31.
[120]Heikes D L,Scott B,Gorzovalitis N A.Quantitation of Volatile Oils in Ground Cumin by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection[J].Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL,2001,84(4):1130-1134.
[121]侯旭杰，李新明．低沸点有机溶剂结合水蒸汽法提取孜然精油研究[J]．食品工业科技，2006，27(7)：132-135．
[122]Wang Z,Ding L,Li T,et at.Improved solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from dried Cuminum cyminum L.and Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2006,1102(1-2):11-17.
[123]郑福平，孙宝国，谢建春，等．微波加热吹气吸附法提取／气-质联机分析孜然芹挥发油[J]．食品科学，2006，27(11)：441-443．
[124]彭奇均，孙培冬．孜然香气成分分析的样品制备方法研究[J]．分析测试学报，1997，16(6)：23-26．
[125]Jalali-Heravi M,Zekavat B,Sereshti H.Use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with resolution methods to characterize the essential oil components of Iranian cumin and caraway[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2007,1143(1-2):215-226.
[126]Perez R A,Navarro T,Lorenzo C.HS-SPME analysis of the volatile compounds from spices as a source of flavour in ‘Campo Real’ table olive preparations[J].Flavour and Fragrance Journal,2007,22(4):265-273.
[127]Eikani MH,Golmohammad F,Mirza M,et at.Extraction of volatile oil from cumin(Cuminum cyminum L.)with superheated water[J].Journal of Food Process Engineering,2007,30(2):255-266.
[128]Singh KK,Goswam TK.Studies on cryogenic grinding of cumin seed[J].Journal of Food Process Engineering,1999,22(3):175-190.
[129]南京野生植物研究所情报室．枯茗[J]．中国野生植物，1992，(2)：46-47．
[130]Jirovetz,L.,Buchbauer,G.,Stoyanova,A.S.,et at.Composition,quality control and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of cumin(Cuminum cyminum L.)seeds from Bulgaria that had been stored for up to 36 years[J].International Journal of Food Science Technology,2005,40(3):305-308.
[131]Ishikawa T,Takayanagi T,Kitajima J.Water-Soluble Constituents of Cumin:Monoterpenoid Glucosides[J].Chem Pharm Bull,2002,50(11):1471-1478.
[132]Takayanagi T,Ishikawa T,Kitajima J.Sesquiterpene lactone glucosides and alkyl glycosides from the fruit of cumin[J].Phytochemistry,2003,63(4):479-484.
[133]Kitajima J,Ishikawa T,Fujimatu E,et at.Glycosides of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol from the fruits of anise,coriander and cumin[J].Phytochemistry,2003,62(1):115-120.
[134]阿孜古丽·依明，张慧，孙莲．新疆孜然果实中总黄酮含量的测定[J]．新疆师范大学学报：自然科学版，2005，24(2)：64-65．
[135]Harborne J B,Williams C A.Flavonoid patterns in the fruits of the Umbelliferae[J].Phytochemistry,1972,11(5):1741-1750.
[136]常宁．枯茗种子的油脂组成[J]．食品科学，1990，(11)：37-39．
[137]Khanum F,Krishna SKR,Semwal AD,et at.Proximate composition and mineral contents of spices[J].The Indian journal of nutrition and dietetics,2001,38(3):93-97.
[138]Gurdip S,Kapoor I P S,Pandey S K.Studies on essential oils-part thirteen:natural antioxidant for sunflower off[J].Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research,1998,57(3):139-142.
[139]Clifford G.Beddows,Cliaranjit Jagait,Michael J.Kelly.Effect of ascorbyl palmitate on the preservation of α-tocopherol in sunflower oil,alone and with herbs and spices[J].Food Chemistry,2001,73(3):255-261.
[140]Topal U,Sasaki M,Goto M,et at.Chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of essential oils from nine species of Turkish plants obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and steam distillation[J].International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition,2007,57(7):1-16.
[141]Satyanarayana S,Sushruta K,Sarma G S,et at.Antioxidant activity of the aqueous extracts of spicy food additives--evaluation and comparison with ascorbic acid in in-vitro systems[J].Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy,2004,4(2):1-10.
[142]Aruna K,Rukkumani R,Varma P S,et at.Role of Cuminum cyminum on ethanol and preheated sunflower oil induced lipid peroxidation[J].Journal of Herbs,Spices & Medicinal Plants,2005,11(4):103-114.
[143]Aruna K,Rukkumani R,Suresh Varma P,et at.Effect of ethanol and thermally oxidized sunflower oil ingestion on phospholipid fatty acid composition of rat liver:protective role of Cuminum cyminum L[J].Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,2005,49(5):300-303.
[144]Martinez-tome M,Antonia M J,Rugggieri S,et at.Antioxidant Properties of Mediterranean Spices Compared with Common Food Additives[J].Journal of Food Protection,2001,64(9):1412-1419.
[145]Anonymous.Cumin Seeds Cures Fromaculinery Delite[EB/OL].http://www.hashrni.com/cumin_seeds.html,2007.
[146]Anonymous.Cumin essential oil information[EB/OL].http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essential-oils/cumin.htm,2007.
[147]中国药材公司．中国中药资源志要[M]．北京：科学出版社，1994：859．
[148]Craig,W.J.Health-promoting properties of common herbs[J].Am J Clim Nutr,1999,70(3):419S-498S.
[149]Platel K,Srinivasan K.Studies on the influence of dietary spices on food transit time in experimental rats[J].Nutrition Research,2001,21(9):1309-1314.
[150]K.Platel,K.S.Influence of dietary spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats[J].Nahrung/Food,2000,44(1):42-46.
[151]Platel K,Srinivasan K.Stimulatory influence of select spices on bile secretion in rats[J].Nutrition Research,2000,20(10):1493-1503.
[152]Kubo I,Kinst-Hori I.Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Cumin[J].J Agric Food Chem,1998,46:5338-5341.
[153]Kreydiyyeh S I,Usta J,Copti R.Effect of cinnamon,clove and some of their constituents on the Na+-K+-ATPase activity and alanine absorption in the rat jejunum[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2000,38(9):755-762.
[154]Srivastava K C.Extracts from two frequently consumed spices--Cumin(Cuminurn cyminum)and turmeric(Curcuma longa)--Inhibit platelet aggregation and alter eicosanoid biosynthesis in human blood platelets[J].Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids,1989,37(1):57-64.
[155]Charles G D,Linscombe V A,Tomesi B,et at.An in vitro screening paradigm for extracts of whole foods for detection of potential toxicants[J].Food and Cheraical Toxicology,2002,40(10):1391-1402.
[156]Aruna,K.,Sivaramakrishnan,V.M.Anticarcinogenic Effects of the Essential Oils from Cumin,Poppy and Basil[J].Phytotherapy Research,1996,10(7):577-580.
[157]Atta-ur-Rahman,Choudhary,M.I.,Farooq,A.,et at.Antifungal Activities and Essential Oil Constituents of Some Spices from Pakistan[C].Third International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry.1999.
[158]Iacobellis,N.S.,LoCantore,P.,Capasso,F.,et at.Antibacterial Activity of Cuminum cyminum L.and Carum carvi L.Essential Oils[J].J Agric Food Chem,2005,53(1):57-61.
[159]Sagdic O,Kuscu A,Ozcan M,et at.Effects of Turkish spice extracts at various concentrations on the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7[J].Food Microbiology,2002,19(5):473-480.
[160]Proestos C,Boziaris I S,Nychas G J E,et at.Analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids in Greek aromatic plants:Investigation of their antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity[J].Food Chemistry,2006,95(4):664-671.
[161]Mi Mi,H.,Mar Mar,N.,Khin,C.,et at.In vitro antibacterial activity of some indigenous plants and effect on in vivo Staphylococcal induced wounds[J].Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal,2001,13(1/3):32-37.
[162]Derakhshan S,Sattari M,Bigdeli M.Evaluation of antibacterial activity and biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae in contact with essential oil and alcoholic extract of cumin seed(Cuminum cyminum)[J].International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents,2007,29(Supplement 2):S601-600.
[163]Garg S C,Siddiqui N.Antifungal activity of some essential oil isolates[J].Pharmazie,1992,47:467-468.
[164]Sagdic,O.,Ozcan,M.Antibacterial activity of Turkish spice hydrosols[J].Food Control,2003,14(3):141-143.
[165]Tunc I,Berger B M,Erler F,et at.Ovicidal activity of essential oils from five plants against two stored-product insects[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,2000,36(2):161-168.
[166]Tunc I,Sahinkaya S.Sensitivity of two greenhouse pests to vapours of essential oils[J].Entomologia Experimentalis etApplicata,1998,86(2):183-187.
[167]Purohit P,Nustafa M,Osmani Z.Insecticidal properties of plant extract of Cuminum cyminum L.[J].Science and Culture,1983,49(4):101-103.
[168]Singh G,Upadhyay R K.Fungitoxic activity of cumaldehyde,main constituent of the Cuminum cyminum oil[J].Fitoterapia,1991,61(1):86.
[169](O|¨)zcan M,(O|¨)sman E.Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Turkish plant spices[J].Eur Food Res Technol,2001,212(6):658-660.
[170]Kivanc M,Akgül A.Inhibitory effects of spice essential oils on yeast[J].Türk Tarim ve Ormancihk Dergisi,1989,13(1):68-72.
[171]Shetty R S,S,S.R.,Kulkarni P R.Antimicrobial properties of cumin[J].World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,1994,10(2):232-233.
[172]Agrawal S.Volatile Oil Constituents And Wilt Resistance In Cumin(Cuminum Cyminum L.)[J].Current Science,1996,71(3):177-178.
[173]Lee SO,Choi GJ,Jang KS,et at.Antifungal activity of five plant essential oils as fumigant against postharvest and soilborne plant pathogenic fungi[J].Plant Pathology Journal,2007,23(2):97-102.
[174]韩建华．植物源抑菌活性物质初步研究[D]．陕西杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2002．
[175]张应烙．孜然提取物抑菌活性的研究[D]．陕西杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2003．
[176]张应烙，冯俊涛，王汝贤，等．孜然提取物对几种病菌生物活性的初步研究[J]．西北农林科技大学学报，2003，3 1(5)：77-79．
[177]Thyagaraja N,Hosono A.Effect of Spice Extract on Fungal Inhibition[J].Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie,1996,29(3):286-288.
[178]Cho J H,Kim J C,Kim M K,et at.Fungicidal activities of 67 herb-derived oils against six phytopathogenic fungi[J].Agricultural Chemistry and Biotechnology,2002,45(4):202-207.
[179]Suresh K D,Dwivedi S,Dubey N K.Antifungal activity of Cuminum cyminum seed oil against Aspergillus flavus infesting,seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.(Taub.)[J].International Journal of Tropical Plant Diseases,1992,10(2):203-207.
[180]De M,De A K,Mukhopadhyay R,et at.Antimicrobial Activity of Cuminum cyminum L.[J].Ars Pharmaceutica,2003,44(3):257-269.
[181]De M,De A K,Banerjee A B.Antimicrobial screening of some indian spices[J].Phytotherapy Research,1999,13(7):616-618.
[182]Voda K,Bob B,Vrtacnik M.A quantitative structure-antifungal activity relationship study of oxygenated aromatic essential oil compounds using data structuring and PLS regression analysis[J].J Mol Model,2004,10(1):76-84.
[183]Jayasinghea L,Kumarihamy B M M,Jayarathna K H R N,et at.Antifungal constituents of the stem bark of Bridelia retusa[J].Phytochemistry,2003,62(4):637-641.
[184]胡林峰．孜然杀菌活性成分研究[D]．陕西杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2005．
[185]胡林峰，冯俊涛，张兴，等．孜然种子中杀菌活性成分分离及结构鉴定[J]．农药学学报，2007，9(4)：330-334．
[186]韩建华，祝木金，冯俊涛，等．27种植物抑菌活性初步筛选[J]．西北农林科技大学学报，2002，30(6)：134-137．
[187]韩建华，冯俊涛，张兴，等．孜然在农业植物病原真菌上的抑菌活性研究[J]．现代农药，2007，6(1)：42-43,50．
[188]徐任生，叶阳，赵维民．天然产物化学(第二版)[M]．北京：科学出版社，2003．
[189]方中达．植病研究方法(第三版)[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1998．
[190]慕立义．植物化学保护研究方法[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1994．
[191]Jayasinghea L,Mallika Kumarihamy B M,Nishantha Jayarathna K H R,et at.Antifungal constituents of the stem bark of Bridelia retusa[J].Phytochemistry,2003,62(4):637-641.
[192]钱俊红，许文林．混合甾醇中β-谷甾醇和豆甾醇的红外光谱法分析测定[J]．光谱学与光谱分析，2003，23(4)：692-694．
[193]中国科学院上海药物所植化室．黄酮体鉴定手册[M]．北京：科学出版社，1981．
[194]李端，周立刚，姜微波，等．伞形科植物抗菌成分的研究进展[J]．西北农林科技大学学报，2005，33(B08)：161-166．
[195]张谦，于明．安息茴香油脂的超临界CO_2提取工艺研究[J]．新疆农业科学，2001，38(5)：273-274．
[196]李树正，张素华，刘淑芬，等．黄瓜子叶法筛选蔬菜灰霉病杀菌剂的研究[J]．华北农学报，1991，6(3)：94-99．
[197]官春云，李方球，李栒，等．双低油菜湘油15(B．napus)对菌核病抗性的研究[J]．作物学报，2003，29(5)：715-718,T003．
[198]张志祥，程东美，徐汉虹，等．印楝素a和印楝素b的生物活性及增效作用[J]．华中农业大学学报，2004，23(5)：515-518．
[199]徐汉虹，赵善欢．利用植物精油防治害虫的研究进展[J]．华南农业大学学报，1993，14(4)：145-154．
[200]刘学文，徐汉虹，鞠荣，等．植物精油在农药领域中的研究进展[J]．香料香精化妆品，2004，(2)：36-39．
[201]孙凌峰．植物精油及萜类成分的生物活性[J]．江西师范大学学报：自然科学版，2000，24(2)：159-163．
[202]O'Mahony R,Al-Khtheeri H,Weerasekera D,et at.Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori[J].World J Gastroenterol,2005,11(47):7499-7507.
[203]Lamoureux S,Koning R.The Allelopathic Potential Of Apiaceae seeds upon germination of lettuce[C].Northeast District 1 Convention of Biological Honor Society,Worcester.Biological Honor Society,1998.
[204]Azizi M,Alimoradee L,Rashedmohassel MH.Allelopathic effects of Bunium persicum and Cuminum cyminum essential oils on seed germination of some weeds species[J].Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants,2006,22(3):198-208.
[205]Voda K,Boh B,Vrtacnik M.A quantitative structure-antifungal activity relationship study of oxygenated aromatic essential oil compounds using data structuring and PLS regression analysis[J].J MolModel,2004,10(1):76-84.
[206]Fukui K.Molecular Orbitals in Chemistry,Physics and Biology[M].New York:Academic press,1964.
[207]钟国华，胡美英．QSAR及其在农药设计中的应用和进展[J]．农药学学报，2001，3(2)：1-11．
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |