全日潮海区红树林造林关键技术的生理生态基础研究
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摘要
本研究针对制约当前我国红树林造林的最关键的两个自然因素：潮汐淹水和污损动物胁迫进行系统研究，目的是为科学划分红树林宜林地提供关键的技术参数，为红树林污损动物防治提供技术方法，从而提高红树林生态恢复工程的成功率。研究内容包括：
1．红树植物淹水胁迫研究。在全日潮海区滩涂上建造野外试验平台，围绕当地平均海平面设置了8个滩面高程梯度，开展白骨壤(Avicennia marina)、桐花树(Aegicerascomiculatum)、秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)和木榄(Bruguieragymnorrhiza)等5种红树植物幼苗淹水胁迫试验，探索这5种红树植物在北部湾海区滩涂造林的宜林临界线。平台使幼苗除滩面高程有梯度差别外，其他如光照、海水盐度、基质性质和营养等立地条件达到最大程度的一致。2．红树林污损动物生态学研究。采用试验圆柱模拟红树，探索广西英罗湾红树林污损动物的初始附着规律和数量变化动态，结合白骨壤呼吸根上和桐花树茎上的污损动物群落，总结广西红树林污损动物群落演替规律。3．红树林污损动物防治研究。根据广西英罗湾红树林污损动物生态规律，使用2种农药各设置4个浓度和4个防治频度，采用喷雾方式，对比研究不同防治措施对红海榄幼苗及污损动物的生理生态影响。并初步探索了红树林污损动物的生物防治途径。结果如下：
1．五种红树植物幼苗对淹水胁迫的反应各不相同，采用不同的生长策略应对胁迫生境。桐花树幼苗的茎在低滩面高程生境加快延长，而叶在中等高程生境中生长较好；生物量分配的变化不大，趋向于叶累积较多。白骨壤幼苗的茎延长受到了低滩面高程处理的促进，但叶似乎对淹水胁迫不敏感，生物量较多地分配在茎上。中等高程生境中秋茄幼苗的生长高度较高，节数、叶数和大根数越多，叶面积和叶保存率越大；在任一高程，秋茄幼苗各新生器官生物量分配均表现为：茎＞根＞叶，各新生器官及全株生物量的最大值出现在中等高程。木榄和红海榄的存活和生长特征较相似，对梯度淹水程度反应强烈：在较高生境，这两个种的幼苗存活率较高，茎延长较快，叶面积和叶保存率高，生物量累积也较多，并趋向累积于叶。
2．对于不同的淹水胁迫程度，五种红树植物的生理指标反应变化各异。在-40和-30 cm低滩面高程处理组，白骨壤幼苗叶绿素含量较高。在-10至30 cm处理组，白骨壤幼苗叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量随滩面高程增大而降低；而各高程组的叶绿素b含量差异不大。白骨壤幼苗根系和叶片中SOD、POD和CAT对淹水胁迫的反应较为一致，即中等滩面高程生境下酶活性较高。
桐花树幼苗叶片的叶绿素a、b和总含量均随滩面高程升高而降低，Chl(a/b)随滩面高程升高而增大。较低滩面高程处理组(-40到0 cm)幼苗叶片中SOD活性远大于较高滩面高程处理组(-10至30 cm)。不同处理组间根系中SOD活性变化不显著，梯度效应很弱。中等滩面高程生境下根系中POD活性较高；较小高程下叶片中POD活性较高。桐花树幼苗根系和叶片中CAT活性规律较一致：较小高程生境下CAT活性较高。
低滩面高程生境下秋茄幼苗叶片叶绿素含量显著地高。ChI(a/b)则随滩面高程上升而增大。根系中SOD和POD的分布规律较为一致，都以0cm处理组的活性最高。叶片中SOD和POD活性的变化则相反，叶片SOD随高程增大而降低，POD则随高程增大而增大。根系中SOD和POD活性的水平与幼苗全株生物量的关系均呈显著相关，叶片中的则无此相关性。
小高程组红海榄幼苗叶片叶绿素a显著受损，叶绿素b则相对较轻；叶绿素a／b比值随滩涂高程降低而变小。长时间淹水诱导根系中SOD活性上升，叶片中则表现为中等高程组酶活性较低。叶片和根系中POD活性均随高程降低而加大。
小高程生境对木榄叶片叶绿素含量的促进作用较微弱，总体上大高程生境有更利于叶绿素含量上升；但较长时间的淹水胁迫使叶绿素a／b比值反而较高。小高程处理均促使叶片和根系中SOD和POD活性增强。同一高程组的木榄幼苗根系中SOD和POD活性均高于叶片的数倍。
3．五种红树植物幼苗在不同程度的淹水胁迫下存活率和生长指标表明，它们在全日潮海区抗淹水能力排序为：白骨壤＞桐花树＞秋茄＞红海榄＞木榄，这与它们的向海分布序列相符。相对于当地平均海平面，在全日潮海区可以保证比较高的造林成功率的宜林滩面高程分别建议为：白骨壤为-29cm，桐花树、秋茄和红海榄均为+1cm，木榄为+21cm。
4．在广西红树上共记录到污损动物29种。污损动物在茎上的附着高度h随树龄和树高H增大而增大，但h／H比值在达到91．9％(5a)后随树龄的增加而降低。广西红树林污损动物主要种的耐受干旱能力表现为：白条地藤壶(Euraphia withersi)＞潮间藤壶(Balanus littoralis)＞团聚牡蛎(Ostrea glomerata)＞黑荞麦蛤(Xenostrobus atratus)。红树林污损动物的初始附着呈双峰型，分别在4月和10月；同时污损动物的初始附着量很大，每个月均超过了1600 Ind．m~(-2)。红树林污损动物群落结构从单优群落向复杂群落发展，潮间藤壶是构建群落的先锋种，逐渐过渡到白条地藤壶占优势，多年演变成为黑荞麦蛤+潮间藤壶+白条地藤壶群落。模拟试验和群落调查分析结果为红树林污损动物的防治策略提供了重要的基础数据。
5．防治目标针对污损动物的幼体，采用高频度喷雾防治是本文防污的重要策略。不同的浓度和频度的防治措施，在污损动物附着量、幼苗存活率和生长指标出现了显著的差异。较高的浓度和频度防治取得较理想的防治效果，马拉硫磷防治效果比乐果更好。考虑到农药污染残留问题、经济成本和操作性，采用频度14d和浓度1／800马拉硫磷(45％乳油)防治红树林污损动物较为适合。生物防治初步研究表明锯缘青蟹(Scyllaserrata)对较低位置的污损动物清除效果十分明显，致使污损动物的密度、生物量和生物多样性显著下降；但同时锯缘青蟹不能取食较高位置的污损动物，表明多种动物协同防污应是今后红树林污损动物的生物防治的重要技术路线。本文探讨了生物防治的潜在应用生物种类、方式和可行性，并提出了“生态养殖-造林综合体系”的建议。
Focused on the two key factors determining the chance of successful mangroveafforestation,i.e.flooding and fouling stress,the present study aimed at providing thesupporting parameters for reasonable selection of suitable tidal flat for mangroveafforestation,and for controlling technique to the mangrove fouling fauna as well.This study consisted of three aspects,1) the eco-physiological responses ofmangrove plants to flooding stress,2) the ecology of mangrove fouling fauna,and 3)the controlling of mangrove fouling fauna.
In the flooding experiment,three replicate experimental platforms wereconstructed on the bare flat in Yingluo Bay in the Beibu Gulf,where a diurnal tideprevailed;and eight different tidal flat elevation (abbreviated as TFE) treatments werecreated on each platform for the seedling cultivation.The experimental platformspresented the utmost similarities in such habitat conditions like light,salinity,sediment and nutrient,except the gradient degrees of flooding stress.The floodingtolerance of five important mangrove species in China,i.e.Aegiceras corniculatum(Ac),Avicennia marina (Am),Kandelia obovata (Ko),Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Bg) andRhizophora stylosa (Rs) was examined.
In the ecological study on the mangrove fouling fauna,the cylindricalexperimental poles were applied for the first time to simulate the stem of mangroveplant,and to investigate the temporal dynamic rules of mangrove fouling community.The perennial fouling communities on the pneumatophores of Am tress and on thestems of Ac trees were also sampled for the community succession analysis.
In the antifouling experiment,two kinds of pesticides (malathion and dimethoate)were applied,and four concentrations (1/200,1/400,1/600 and 1/800 seawatersolution of the original pesticide concentration respectively) and four spraying frequencies (every 3d,7d,14d and 28d respectively) were designated to thetreatment groups.The growth and physiological responses of Rs seedlings underdifferent treatments were measured,so were the fouling fauna communities on theseedlings.Furthermore,a preliminary bio-controlling experiment was conducted.
The results were showed as following.
1.The growth responses to gradients of flooding differed among these fivemangrove species,different strategies were adopted to adapt the flooding stresshabitats.In Ac,stem elongation was promoted at lower TFEs;leaves grew better inmoderate habitats;and biomass proportions changed narrowly,with moreaccumulated in the leaf.Am seedling's stem elongation was also promoted by lowerTFEs,while its leaf seemed to be insensitive to flooding stress,and more biomasswas accumulated in the stem.For the Ko seedling,better growth was achieved at themoderate TFEs,with more knots,higher numbers of leaves and cable roots,largerleaf areas,higher leaf conservation rates,and larger biomass accumulation.Bg andRs exhibited similar trends in survival and growth,with intense gradients ofresponses to flooding.Seedlings of both species had a higher survival rate,quickerstem elongation,larger foliar area and conservation,and more biomass accumulationat higher TFEs.
2.The responses in physiological parameters to gradients of flooding variedamong these five mangrove species.The chlorophyll contents in leaves of Amseedlings were higher in -40cm and -30 cm treatments.Among the TFE of-10 cm to30 cm,there presented an increase of Chl a and total Chl with the decreasing TFE;while the Chl b changed little.The activities of SOD,POD and CAT respondedsimilarly to the flooding stress,of which higher activity occurred under moderate TFE.
The contents of Chl a,Chl b and total Chl of Ac seedlings all increased,while Chl(a/b) decreased with the decreasing TFE.SOD activities in leaves were higher inlower TFE treatments (-40 cm to 0 cm) than those in higher TFE treatments (-10 cmto 30 cm).SOD activities in root changed little among different TFE treatments.PODactivities in root were higher under moderate TFE treatments,while high PODactivities in leaf occurred under lower TFE.Both the CAT activities in leaf and in root were higher under lower TFE than those under higher TFE.
The chlorophyll contents of Ko seedlings under lower TFE treatments werehigher than the higher ones,indicating that the longer waterlogging had a positivepromotion to the increase of chlorophyll contents.Both SOD and POD activities inroot were higher than those in leaf in the same treatment.In root,the SOD followedthe same rule as POD,and both of their maximum occurred in the 0cm YSD.In leaf,there showed an opposite trend,with the TFE increased,the SOD activity decreasedwhile the POD increased.There existed significant correlation between the totalbiomasses of the seedling and the activities of SOD and POD in root,but none in leaf.
To Rs seedlings,larger damage to Chl a occurred in the lower TFE treatments,while relatively less to Chl b.Ratios of Chl (a/b) decreased as the TFE lowered.Prolonged inundation treatments induced higher SOD activities in root,whilemoderate TFE habitats inhibited the activities in leaf.As the TFE decreased,PODactivities in both root and leaf all went up.
A slight promotion to the chlorophyll contents of Bg seedlings could be foundunder lower TFE habitats,however stronger promotion occurred under the higherones.And the ratios of Chl (a/b) under lower TFEs were higher than those underhigher TFEs.Higher SOD and POD activities in both the leaves and the roots weresignificantly promoted by the lower TFEs.At the same TFE the activities of both SODand POD in the roots are several times higher than those in the leaves.
3.Comparison of flooding tolerance was mainly based on the survival andgrowth parameters of seedlings.Flooding tolerance for these species studieddecreased in the following order:Am＞Ac＞Ko＞Rs＞Bg,which matched theirnatural distribution in the intertidal zone.In order to afforest mangrove successfully inthe diurnal tidal region,the critical tidal elevation we proposed for Am was located at29 cm under local mean sea level (MSL),while those for Ac,Ko and Rs were at 1 cmabove the local MSL,and that for Bg was 21 cm above local MSL.
4.Twenty nine species of fouling fauna were recorded on the mangrove trees ofGuangxi.The fouled heights (h) went up with the tree ages and the tree height (H),while the ratio h/H reached the maximum (91.9%) at 5a and then decreased with the tree ages.The drought-tolerance of the major species of mangrove fouling fauna inGuangxi decreased in the following order:Euraphia withersi＞Balanus littoralis＞Ostrea glomerata＞Xenostrobus atratus.The larval supply of mangrove fouling faunain Guangxi presented a two-tip type through the whole year,with one tip on April andanother on October respectively.However,we should pay more attention to the factthat the monthly larval supply except January and February exceeded 1600 Ind.m~(-2).The perennial mangrove fouling community changed from the mono-dominant type tothe multi-dominant type,during which Balanus littoralis acted as the pioneer speciesin the earlier stage;and then Euraphia withersi dominated the community in themeddle stage;after that the multi-dominant-species Xenostrobus atratus+Balanuslittoralis+Euraphia withersi community came into being in the later stage.Resultsfrom the simulation experiment and the field investigation played important roles indesigning the controlling strategy to mangrove fouling fauna.
5.High frequency of spraying pesticide on the young larval in the early stage wasthe important strategy applied in our antifouling experiment.The results showed thatthere existed significant differences in fouling quantities,seedling survivor and growthunder different pesticide concentration and spraying frequency,while better resultwas achieved under denser pesticide and more frequent controlling treatment.Malathion was more efficient than dimethoate.As less pesticide persistence,lowercost and simplified operation were considered,a fouling controlling proposal withspraying frequency of every 14d and Malathion concentration of 1/800 was given.Inthe biotic controlling experiment,the Scylla serrata exhibited efficient clearancecapability of the fouling fauna on the lower position while poor on the higher position,pointing out that the multi-species strategy should be applied for the bio-controlling ofmangrove fouling fauna in the future.The potential species,methods and feasibilityfor the further bio-controlling to mangrove fouling fauna were analyzed;and an“ecofarming-afforestation integrated system”was proposed.
1．红树植物淹水胁迫研究。在全日潮海区滩涂上建造野外试验平台，围绕当地平均海平面设置了8个滩面高程梯度，开展白骨壤(Avicennia marina)、桐花树(Aegicerascomiculatum)、秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)和木榄(Bruguieragymnorrhiza)等5种红树植物幼苗淹水胁迫试验，探索这5种红树植物在北部湾海区滩涂造林的宜林临界线。平台使幼苗除滩面高程有梯度差别外，其他如光照、海水盐度、基质性质和营养等立地条件达到最大程度的一致。2．红树林污损动物生态学研究。采用试验圆柱模拟红树，探索广西英罗湾红树林污损动物的初始附着规律和数量变化动态，结合白骨壤呼吸根上和桐花树茎上的污损动物群落，总结广西红树林污损动物群落演替规律。3．红树林污损动物防治研究。根据广西英罗湾红树林污损动物生态规律，使用2种农药各设置4个浓度和4个防治频度，采用喷雾方式，对比研究不同防治措施对红海榄幼苗及污损动物的生理生态影响。并初步探索了红树林污损动物的生物防治途径。结果如下：
1．五种红树植物幼苗对淹水胁迫的反应各不相同，采用不同的生长策略应对胁迫生境。桐花树幼苗的茎在低滩面高程生境加快延长，而叶在中等高程生境中生长较好；生物量分配的变化不大，趋向于叶累积较多。白骨壤幼苗的茎延长受到了低滩面高程处理的促进，但叶似乎对淹水胁迫不敏感，生物量较多地分配在茎上。中等高程生境中秋茄幼苗的生长高度较高，节数、叶数和大根数越多，叶面积和叶保存率越大；在任一高程，秋茄幼苗各新生器官生物量分配均表现为：茎＞根＞叶，各新生器官及全株生物量的最大值出现在中等高程。木榄和红海榄的存活和生长特征较相似，对梯度淹水程度反应强烈：在较高生境，这两个种的幼苗存活率较高，茎延长较快，叶面积和叶保存率高，生物量累积也较多，并趋向累积于叶。
2．对于不同的淹水胁迫程度，五种红树植物的生理指标反应变化各异。在-40和-30 cm低滩面高程处理组，白骨壤幼苗叶绿素含量较高。在-10至30 cm处理组，白骨壤幼苗叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量随滩面高程增大而降低；而各高程组的叶绿素b含量差异不大。白骨壤幼苗根系和叶片中SOD、POD和CAT对淹水胁迫的反应较为一致，即中等滩面高程生境下酶活性较高。
桐花树幼苗叶片的叶绿素a、b和总含量均随滩面高程升高而降低，Chl(a/b)随滩面高程升高而增大。较低滩面高程处理组(-40到0 cm)幼苗叶片中SOD活性远大于较高滩面高程处理组(-10至30 cm)。不同处理组间根系中SOD活性变化不显著，梯度效应很弱。中等滩面高程生境下根系中POD活性较高；较小高程下叶片中POD活性较高。桐花树幼苗根系和叶片中CAT活性规律较一致：较小高程生境下CAT活性较高。
低滩面高程生境下秋茄幼苗叶片叶绿素含量显著地高。ChI(a/b)则随滩面高程上升而增大。根系中SOD和POD的分布规律较为一致，都以0cm处理组的活性最高。叶片中SOD和POD活性的变化则相反，叶片SOD随高程增大而降低，POD则随高程增大而增大。根系中SOD和POD活性的水平与幼苗全株生物量的关系均呈显著相关，叶片中的则无此相关性。
小高程组红海榄幼苗叶片叶绿素a显著受损，叶绿素b则相对较轻；叶绿素a／b比值随滩涂高程降低而变小。长时间淹水诱导根系中SOD活性上升，叶片中则表现为中等高程组酶活性较低。叶片和根系中POD活性均随高程降低而加大。
小高程生境对木榄叶片叶绿素含量的促进作用较微弱，总体上大高程生境有更利于叶绿素含量上升；但较长时间的淹水胁迫使叶绿素a／b比值反而较高。小高程处理均促使叶片和根系中SOD和POD活性增强。同一高程组的木榄幼苗根系中SOD和POD活性均高于叶片的数倍。
3．五种红树植物幼苗在不同程度的淹水胁迫下存活率和生长指标表明，它们在全日潮海区抗淹水能力排序为：白骨壤＞桐花树＞秋茄＞红海榄＞木榄，这与它们的向海分布序列相符。相对于当地平均海平面，在全日潮海区可以保证比较高的造林成功率的宜林滩面高程分别建议为：白骨壤为-29cm，桐花树、秋茄和红海榄均为+1cm，木榄为+21cm。
4．在广西红树上共记录到污损动物29种。污损动物在茎上的附着高度h随树龄和树高H增大而增大，但h／H比值在达到91．9％(5a)后随树龄的增加而降低。广西红树林污损动物主要种的耐受干旱能力表现为：白条地藤壶(Euraphia withersi)＞潮间藤壶(Balanus littoralis)＞团聚牡蛎(Ostrea glomerata)＞黑荞麦蛤(Xenostrobus atratus)。红树林污损动物的初始附着呈双峰型，分别在4月和10月；同时污损动物的初始附着量很大，每个月均超过了1600 Ind．m~(-2)。红树林污损动物群落结构从单优群落向复杂群落发展，潮间藤壶是构建群落的先锋种，逐渐过渡到白条地藤壶占优势，多年演变成为黑荞麦蛤+潮间藤壶+白条地藤壶群落。模拟试验和群落调查分析结果为红树林污损动物的防治策略提供了重要的基础数据。
5．防治目标针对污损动物的幼体，采用高频度喷雾防治是本文防污的重要策略。不同的浓度和频度的防治措施，在污损动物附着量、幼苗存活率和生长指标出现了显著的差异。较高的浓度和频度防治取得较理想的防治效果，马拉硫磷防治效果比乐果更好。考虑到农药污染残留问题、经济成本和操作性，采用频度14d和浓度1／800马拉硫磷(45％乳油)防治红树林污损动物较为适合。生物防治初步研究表明锯缘青蟹(Scyllaserrata)对较低位置的污损动物清除效果十分明显，致使污损动物的密度、生物量和生物多样性显著下降；但同时锯缘青蟹不能取食较高位置的污损动物，表明多种动物协同防污应是今后红树林污损动物的生物防治的重要技术路线。本文探讨了生物防治的潜在应用生物种类、方式和可行性，并提出了“生态养殖-造林综合体系”的建议。
Focused on the two key factors determining the chance of successful mangroveafforestation,i.e.flooding and fouling stress,the present study aimed at providing thesupporting parameters for reasonable selection of suitable tidal flat for mangroveafforestation,and for controlling technique to the mangrove fouling fauna as well.This study consisted of three aspects,1) the eco-physiological responses ofmangrove plants to flooding stress,2) the ecology of mangrove fouling fauna,and 3)the controlling of mangrove fouling fauna.
In the flooding experiment,three replicate experimental platforms wereconstructed on the bare flat in Yingluo Bay in the Beibu Gulf,where a diurnal tideprevailed;and eight different tidal flat elevation (abbreviated as TFE) treatments werecreated on each platform for the seedling cultivation.The experimental platformspresented the utmost similarities in such habitat conditions like light,salinity,sediment and nutrient,except the gradient degrees of flooding stress.The floodingtolerance of five important mangrove species in China,i.e.Aegiceras corniculatum(Ac),Avicennia marina (Am),Kandelia obovata (Ko),Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Bg) andRhizophora stylosa (Rs) was examined.
In the ecological study on the mangrove fouling fauna,the cylindricalexperimental poles were applied for the first time to simulate the stem of mangroveplant,and to investigate the temporal dynamic rules of mangrove fouling community.The perennial fouling communities on the pneumatophores of Am tress and on thestems of Ac trees were also sampled for the community succession analysis.
In the antifouling experiment,two kinds of pesticides (malathion and dimethoate)were applied,and four concentrations (1/200,1/400,1/600 and 1/800 seawatersolution of the original pesticide concentration respectively) and four spraying frequencies (every 3d,7d,14d and 28d respectively) were designated to thetreatment groups.The growth and physiological responses of Rs seedlings underdifferent treatments were measured,so were the fouling fauna communities on theseedlings.Furthermore,a preliminary bio-controlling experiment was conducted.
The results were showed as following.
1.The growth responses to gradients of flooding differed among these fivemangrove species,different strategies were adopted to adapt the flooding stresshabitats.In Ac,stem elongation was promoted at lower TFEs;leaves grew better inmoderate habitats;and biomass proportions changed narrowly,with moreaccumulated in the leaf.Am seedling's stem elongation was also promoted by lowerTFEs,while its leaf seemed to be insensitive to flooding stress,and more biomasswas accumulated in the stem.For the Ko seedling,better growth was achieved at themoderate TFEs,with more knots,higher numbers of leaves and cable roots,largerleaf areas,higher leaf conservation rates,and larger biomass accumulation.Bg andRs exhibited similar trends in survival and growth,with intense gradients ofresponses to flooding.Seedlings of both species had a higher survival rate,quickerstem elongation,larger foliar area and conservation,and more biomass accumulationat higher TFEs.
2.The responses in physiological parameters to gradients of flooding variedamong these five mangrove species.The chlorophyll contents in leaves of Amseedlings were higher in -40cm and -30 cm treatments.Among the TFE of-10 cm to30 cm,there presented an increase of Chl a and total Chl with the decreasing TFE;while the Chl b changed little.The activities of SOD,POD and CAT respondedsimilarly to the flooding stress,of which higher activity occurred under moderate TFE.
The contents of Chl a,Chl b and total Chl of Ac seedlings all increased,while Chl(a/b) decreased with the decreasing TFE.SOD activities in leaves were higher inlower TFE treatments (-40 cm to 0 cm) than those in higher TFE treatments (-10 cmto 30 cm).SOD activities in root changed little among different TFE treatments.PODactivities in root were higher under moderate TFE treatments,while high PODactivities in leaf occurred under lower TFE.Both the CAT activities in leaf and in root were higher under lower TFE than those under higher TFE.
The chlorophyll contents of Ko seedlings under lower TFE treatments werehigher than the higher ones,indicating that the longer waterlogging had a positivepromotion to the increase of chlorophyll contents.Both SOD and POD activities inroot were higher than those in leaf in the same treatment.In root,the SOD followedthe same rule as POD,and both of their maximum occurred in the 0cm YSD.In leaf,there showed an opposite trend,with the TFE increased,the SOD activity decreasedwhile the POD increased.There existed significant correlation between the totalbiomasses of the seedling and the activities of SOD and POD in root,but none in leaf.
To Rs seedlings,larger damage to Chl a occurred in the lower TFE treatments,while relatively less to Chl b.Ratios of Chl (a/b) decreased as the TFE lowered.Prolonged inundation treatments induced higher SOD activities in root,whilemoderate TFE habitats inhibited the activities in leaf.As the TFE decreased,PODactivities in both root and leaf all went up.
A slight promotion to the chlorophyll contents of Bg seedlings could be foundunder lower TFE habitats,however stronger promotion occurred under the higherones.And the ratios of Chl (a/b) under lower TFEs were higher than those underhigher TFEs.Higher SOD and POD activities in both the leaves and the roots weresignificantly promoted by the lower TFEs.At the same TFE the activities of both SODand POD in the roots are several times higher than those in the leaves.
3.Comparison of flooding tolerance was mainly based on the survival andgrowth parameters of seedlings.Flooding tolerance for these species studieddecreased in the following order:Am＞Ac＞Ko＞Rs＞Bg,which matched theirnatural distribution in the intertidal zone.In order to afforest mangrove successfully inthe diurnal tidal region,the critical tidal elevation we proposed for Am was located at29 cm under local mean sea level (MSL),while those for Ac,Ko and Rs were at 1 cmabove the local MSL,and that for Bg was 21 cm above local MSL.
4.Twenty nine species of fouling fauna were recorded on the mangrove trees ofGuangxi.The fouled heights (h) went up with the tree ages and the tree height (H),while the ratio h/H reached the maximum (91.9%) at 5a and then decreased with the tree ages.The drought-tolerance of the major species of mangrove fouling fauna inGuangxi decreased in the following order:Euraphia withersi＞Balanus littoralis＞Ostrea glomerata＞Xenostrobus atratus.The larval supply of mangrove fouling faunain Guangxi presented a two-tip type through the whole year,with one tip on April andanother on October respectively.However,we should pay more attention to the factthat the monthly larval supply except January and February exceeded 1600 Ind.m~(-2).The perennial mangrove fouling community changed from the mono-dominant type tothe multi-dominant type,during which Balanus littoralis acted as the pioneer speciesin the earlier stage;and then Euraphia withersi dominated the community in themeddle stage;after that the multi-dominant-species Xenostrobus atratus+Balanuslittoralis+Euraphia withersi community came into being in the later stage.Resultsfrom the simulation experiment and the field investigation played important roles indesigning the controlling strategy to mangrove fouling fauna.
5.High frequency of spraying pesticide on the young larval in the early stage wasthe important strategy applied in our antifouling experiment.The results showed thatthere existed significant differences in fouling quantities,seedling survivor and growthunder different pesticide concentration and spraying frequency,while better resultwas achieved under denser pesticide and more frequent controlling treatment.Malathion was more efficient than dimethoate.As less pesticide persistence,lowercost and simplified operation were considered,a fouling controlling proposal withspraying frequency of every 14d and Malathion concentration of 1/800 was given.Inthe biotic controlling experiment,the Scylla serrata exhibited efficient clearancecapability of the fouling fauna on the lower position while poor on the higher position,pointing out that the multi-species strategy should be applied for the bio-controlling ofmangrove fouling fauna in the future.The potential species,methods and feasibilityfor the further bio-controlling to mangrove fouling fauna were analyzed;and an“ecofarming-afforestation integrated system”was proposed.
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