天山北坡中段伊犁绢蒿荒漠退化草地土壤质量的演变与评价及预警系统的研究
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摘要
伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地多处于平原与山地的过渡带,是当地重要的春秋草场,在新疆生态环境保护和畜牧业生产中发挥着重要的作用。但是,由于长期超载过牧,草地退化现象十分普遍,局部地区甚至出现极度退化。本文以天山北坡中段伊犁绢蒿荒漠退化草地为研究对象,分别选择处于中度、重度和极度退化阶段的典型草地设置样地,研究地上植物特征和土壤的物理、化学和生物学特征。通过野外调查与室内分析,得到以下研究结论:
1.超载过牧造成草地退化,致使土壤容重增大,总盐含量、pH值显著升高(p<0.05),有机质含量升高。土壤有机质、全磷和全钾是比较稳定的指标,受外界的影响较小。受植物、放牧家畜排泄物等的影响,土壤氮含量显著升高,有效磷、速效钾变化具有波动性,在极度退化阶段含量最高,达到显著水平(p<0.05)。因此,反映草地生态系统退化较敏感的土壤理化指标有:土壤容重、总盐、pH值、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾。
2.土壤颗粒分形维数与粘粒含量呈显著正相关,随着草地的退化,土壤颗粒分形维数逐渐增大,表明在现草地退化阶段,虽然地表植被已经退化,但是土壤并未表现出沙质化现象。分形维数D与土壤物理性质没有相关性,与土壤氮素、全磷、速效钾、有机质、pH、总盐呈显著或极显著正相关。分形维数D在一定程度上可以代表土壤养分含量的高低水平。
3.土壤微生物的组成中,细菌数量最多,占绝对优势,放线菌次之,真菌最少。各退化阶段草地土壤0-10cm表层细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量差异均不显著;10-20cm土壤剖面中细菌、放线菌、真菌、微生物总数在重度退化草地显著升高;20-30cm土层,仅细菌和微生物总数在中度退化草地显著升高。说明该类草地的退化对土壤微生物影响的深度主要在0-20cm土层。
4.土壤过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、转化酶随着土壤深度的加深呈现递减的规律。在0-10cm土层,随着草地退化程度的加剧,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、转化酶的活性提高,极度退化草地土壤碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、转化酶的活性均比中度、重度退化草地土壤酶的活性有显著提高。过氧化氢酶活性重度退化草地显著小于极度退化草地。脲酶活性仅在10-20cm土层各退化梯度间差异显著。过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、转化酶的活性在土壤剖面均表现出一定的差异性,仅过氧化氢酶活性没有差异。因此,在监测草地土壤质量演变时,敏感的土壤生物指标有:细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量,碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、转化酶活性。
5.伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地退化后物种均匀度指数和多样性指数下降,草地生态系统的稳定性降低。土壤容重与物种多样性指数呈正相关关系,土壤的化学性质均与其呈负相关关系,其中土壤有机质、全氮、全钾与物种均匀度指数和物种多样性指数呈显著负相关,说明植被的变化对土壤有机质和全量养分影响较大。
6.采用主成分分析法和模糊聚类分析方法,构造了退化草地土壤质量评价的最小数据集为pH、碱解氮、容重、有效磷和总盐。根据评分法对土壤质量进行评价,土壤质量排序为:中度退化草地>重度退化草地>极度退化草地。
7.根据土壤质量分布的频度将土壤质量划分为5个警度级别:无警情、轻警、中警、重警和剧警。研究区草地土壤质量大部分处于中度以下警度级别。
Seriphidium transiliense desert grassland locates at the transitional zone of the plains and mountains, which is the important grassland for grazing in spring and autumn, so it plays an important role in the protecting ecological environment and livestock production in Xinjiang. But due to long-term over-grazing, grassland degradation is widespread, even is extreme degradation in some areas. Taking the plain degraded Seriphidium transiliense desert grassland in the middle of northern slope of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang as a study object, the degraded grassland is classified into three groups: the moderate degradation grassland, the severe degradation grassland and the extreme degradation grassland. The typical plots were picked for studying the characteristics of the vegetation and soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Through sample analysis, data processing, main results were as follows:
1. Increase in soil bulk density and organic matter content was result of the grassland degradation caused by overgrazing. The total salt content and pH were increased significantly (p<0.05). Soil organic matter, total phosphorus and potassium are relatively stable indicators, who are less affected by the situation. By impacts of plants and livestock excreta, soil nitrogen was significantly increased, and the changes of available P and K were in volatility so that the contents were highest in the extreme degradation stage, reaching significant levels (p<0.05). Therefore, the sensitive soil physical and chemical indicators to grassland ecosystem degradation are: soil bulk density, total salt, pH, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium.
2. Soil particle fractal dimension had a significant positive correlation with clay particles content. The fractal dimension was gradually increased with the escalation of the degree of grassland degradation. Consequently, the soil did not show desertification at the present although the vegetation has been degraded. No significant correlations were observed between the fractal dimension and the soil physical properties, but there existed a significant or very significant positive correlation between the fractal dimension and chemical factors. Fractal dimension can represent the level of soil nutrient in a degree.
3. The number of bacteria was largest, which was dominating, and followed by actinomycete and fungi. At 0-10cm soil layer, there was no difference of bacteria, desert actinomycete and fungi. At 10-20cm soil layer, the differences of the number of bacteria, actinomycete and the total number of microorganisms were notablely increased in the severe degraded grassland. At 20-30cm soil layer, the bacteria and the number of microorganisms were notablely increased in the moderate degradation grassland. Therefore, the influence depth of grassland degradation on soil microorganisms was mainly at 0-20cm soil layer.
4. The activities of soil catalase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase were degressive along with soil depth. In 0-10cm soil layer, with the escalation of the degree of grassland degradation, the activity of catalase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase increased. At 0-10cm soil layer, compared with the moderate degradation grassland and severe degradation grassland, the activities of soil alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase of extreme degradation grassland were notablely increased. Catalase Activity in severe degradation grassland was significantly less than it in the extreme degradation grassland. Urease activity had significant difference only at 10-20cm soil layer among the degraded grassland. The activities of catalase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase showed some differences in the soil profiles, but there was no difference about catalase activity. Therefore, the sensitive soil biological indicators for grassland degradation are: bacteria, actinomycete, fungi, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase.
5. The species diversity index and evenness index decreased in the degraded Seriphidium transiliense grassland, which indicated that the stability of grassland ecosystem had been reduced. There was a positive correlation between soil bulk density and species diversity index. There was a negative correlation between species diversity and soil chemical properties, in which the soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total potassium were especially notable, which illustrated that the changes in vegetation had a greater impact on soil organic matter and total nutrients.
6. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis method, the minimum data set for evaluating soil quality of grassland degradation was built at last, which includes bulk density, pH, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and the total salt. The soil quality was evaluated by means of scoring, the ranking are: the moderate degradation grassland > the severe degradation grassland > the extreme degradation grassland.
7. Based on the frequency distribution of soil quality, the soil quality was graded into five warning states: no warning, slight warning, medium warning, sever warning and extreme warning. The majority of soil qualities in study area are in medium warning state, even more serious. Accordingly, the grassland soil conservation measures were proposed for the various warning states.
1.超载过牧造成草地退化,致使土壤容重增大,总盐含量、pH值显著升高(p<0.05),有机质含量升高。土壤有机质、全磷和全钾是比较稳定的指标,受外界的影响较小。受植物、放牧家畜排泄物等的影响,土壤氮含量显著升高,有效磷、速效钾变化具有波动性,在极度退化阶段含量最高,达到显著水平(p<0.05)。因此,反映草地生态系统退化较敏感的土壤理化指标有:土壤容重、总盐、pH值、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾。
2.土壤颗粒分形维数与粘粒含量呈显著正相关,随着草地的退化,土壤颗粒分形维数逐渐增大,表明在现草地退化阶段,虽然地表植被已经退化,但是土壤并未表现出沙质化现象。分形维数D与土壤物理性质没有相关性,与土壤氮素、全磷、速效钾、有机质、pH、总盐呈显著或极显著正相关。分形维数D在一定程度上可以代表土壤养分含量的高低水平。
3.土壤微生物的组成中,细菌数量最多,占绝对优势,放线菌次之,真菌最少。各退化阶段草地土壤0-10cm表层细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量差异均不显著;10-20cm土壤剖面中细菌、放线菌、真菌、微生物总数在重度退化草地显著升高;20-30cm土层,仅细菌和微生物总数在中度退化草地显著升高。说明该类草地的退化对土壤微生物影响的深度主要在0-20cm土层。
4.土壤过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、转化酶随着土壤深度的加深呈现递减的规律。在0-10cm土层,随着草地退化程度的加剧,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、转化酶的活性提高,极度退化草地土壤碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、转化酶的活性均比中度、重度退化草地土壤酶的活性有显著提高。过氧化氢酶活性重度退化草地显著小于极度退化草地。脲酶活性仅在10-20cm土层各退化梯度间差异显著。过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、转化酶的活性在土壤剖面均表现出一定的差异性,仅过氧化氢酶活性没有差异。因此,在监测草地土壤质量演变时,敏感的土壤生物指标有:细菌、放线菌、真菌的数量,碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、转化酶活性。
5.伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地退化后物种均匀度指数和多样性指数下降,草地生态系统的稳定性降低。土壤容重与物种多样性指数呈正相关关系,土壤的化学性质均与其呈负相关关系,其中土壤有机质、全氮、全钾与物种均匀度指数和物种多样性指数呈显著负相关,说明植被的变化对土壤有机质和全量养分影响较大。
6.采用主成分分析法和模糊聚类分析方法,构造了退化草地土壤质量评价的最小数据集为pH、碱解氮、容重、有效磷和总盐。根据评分法对土壤质量进行评价,土壤质量排序为:中度退化草地>重度退化草地>极度退化草地。
7.根据土壤质量分布的频度将土壤质量划分为5个警度级别:无警情、轻警、中警、重警和剧警。研究区草地土壤质量大部分处于中度以下警度级别。
Seriphidium transiliense desert grassland locates at the transitional zone of the plains and mountains, which is the important grassland for grazing in spring and autumn, so it plays an important role in the protecting ecological environment and livestock production in Xinjiang. But due to long-term over-grazing, grassland degradation is widespread, even is extreme degradation in some areas. Taking the plain degraded Seriphidium transiliense desert grassland in the middle of northern slope of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang as a study object, the degraded grassland is classified into three groups: the moderate degradation grassland, the severe degradation grassland and the extreme degradation grassland. The typical plots were picked for studying the characteristics of the vegetation and soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Through sample analysis, data processing, main results were as follows:
1. Increase in soil bulk density and organic matter content was result of the grassland degradation caused by overgrazing. The total salt content and pH were increased significantly (p<0.05). Soil organic matter, total phosphorus and potassium are relatively stable indicators, who are less affected by the situation. By impacts of plants and livestock excreta, soil nitrogen was significantly increased, and the changes of available P and K were in volatility so that the contents were highest in the extreme degradation stage, reaching significant levels (p<0.05). Therefore, the sensitive soil physical and chemical indicators to grassland ecosystem degradation are: soil bulk density, total salt, pH, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium.
2. Soil particle fractal dimension had a significant positive correlation with clay particles content. The fractal dimension was gradually increased with the escalation of the degree of grassland degradation. Consequently, the soil did not show desertification at the present although the vegetation has been degraded. No significant correlations were observed between the fractal dimension and the soil physical properties, but there existed a significant or very significant positive correlation between the fractal dimension and chemical factors. Fractal dimension can represent the level of soil nutrient in a degree.
3. The number of bacteria was largest, which was dominating, and followed by actinomycete and fungi. At 0-10cm soil layer, there was no difference of bacteria, desert actinomycete and fungi. At 10-20cm soil layer, the differences of the number of bacteria, actinomycete and the total number of microorganisms were notablely increased in the severe degraded grassland. At 20-30cm soil layer, the bacteria and the number of microorganisms were notablely increased in the moderate degradation grassland. Therefore, the influence depth of grassland degradation on soil microorganisms was mainly at 0-20cm soil layer.
4. The activities of soil catalase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase were degressive along with soil depth. In 0-10cm soil layer, with the escalation of the degree of grassland degradation, the activity of catalase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase increased. At 0-10cm soil layer, compared with the moderate degradation grassland and severe degradation grassland, the activities of soil alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase of extreme degradation grassland were notablely increased. Catalase Activity in severe degradation grassland was significantly less than it in the extreme degradation grassland. Urease activity had significant difference only at 10-20cm soil layer among the degraded grassland. The activities of catalase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase showed some differences in the soil profiles, but there was no difference about catalase activity. Therefore, the sensitive soil biological indicators for grassland degradation are: bacteria, actinomycete, fungi, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase.
5. The species diversity index and evenness index decreased in the degraded Seriphidium transiliense grassland, which indicated that the stability of grassland ecosystem had been reduced. There was a positive correlation between soil bulk density and species diversity index. There was a negative correlation between species diversity and soil chemical properties, in which the soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total potassium were especially notable, which illustrated that the changes in vegetation had a greater impact on soil organic matter and total nutrients.
6. Using principal component analysis and cluster analysis method, the minimum data set for evaluating soil quality of grassland degradation was built at last, which includes bulk density, pH, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and the total salt. The soil quality was evaluated by means of scoring, the ranking are: the moderate degradation grassland > the severe degradation grassland > the extreme degradation grassland.
7. Based on the frequency distribution of soil quality, the soil quality was graded into five warning states: no warning, slight warning, medium warning, sever warning and extreme warning. The majority of soil qualities in study area are in medium warning state, even more serious. Accordingly, the grassland soil conservation measures were proposed for the various warning states.
引文
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