猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒M蛋白CTL表位的筛选与鉴定
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摘要
猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome ,PRRS)是危害养猪业最重要的病毒性传染病之一,严重阻碍了世界养猪业的发展。由于PRRSV的变异与重组、病毒的ADE(Antibody-dependent enhancement)特性以及其主要侵害免疫系统等因素,致使现有疫苗难以有效控制该病的发生。为控制该病的蔓延,各国学者纷纷致力于新型疫苗的研发,但成果甚微。关于PRRS的免疫机制,目前尚缺乏系统的了解,尤其是有关该病细胞免疫方面的研究不过深入,这导致我们对其免疫机制缺乏全面了解。对于大多数病毒性疾病,细胞免疫在清除病毒感染方面的作用不容忽视。细胞毒性淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL)是机体有效控制各种病毒感染及抗肿瘤、抗移植物的免疫细胞之一。在病毒感染时,MHC I类分子限制性的抗原特异性CTL反应是清除病毒、控制病毒复制和扩散的主要机制。研究证实,PRRSV感染后可以诱发机体产生体液免疫应答和细胞免疫应答,尤其是近来的研究表明,细胞免疫在清除机体PRRSV感染方面可能起着更重要的作用,这为我们进一步研究PRRS的细胞免疫机制提供了理论依据。研究发现PRRSV具有3个重要的结构蛋白:GP5蛋白、M蛋白和N蛋白。其中PRRSV M蛋白是PRRSV的膜基质蛋白,也是北美洲型和欧洲型分离毒株中最为保守的结构蛋白。M蛋白具有很强的免疫原性,可诱导机体产生一定的中和抗体和特异性细胞免疫应答。这表明,PRRSV M蛋白在PRRSV与机体相互作用的过程中扮演着十分重要的角色,因此本研究选其为研究对象。
CTL细胞表位是指胞内抗原经抗原递呈细胞(Antigen presenting cells, APC)加工后与主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)I类分子结合,并共同被特异性递呈给T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR)从而引起CTL免疫应答的短肽。确定CTL细胞表位对研究病毒感染的细胞免疫机制、发病机制、免疫应答机制以及研制多肽疫苗和基因疫苗等具有重要意义。至今,未见关于PRRSV CTL表位的研究报道。本研究采用SOE技术将PRRSV CH-1a株M蛋白基因与小鼠泛素基因进行融合并克隆构建DNA疫苗pVAX1-M与pVAX1-U-M;同时构建了表达M蛋白的WR株牛痘病毒的重组毒rWR-PRRSV-M;然后按照Priming-Boosting策略免疫Balb/c小鼠,然后分离小鼠脾淋巴细胞,用生物信息学方法预测、合成的CTL肽段进行体外共培养刺激,利用胞内细胞因子染色(Intracellular cytokine staining, ICS)与酶联免疫斑点技术(enzyme linked immunospot assay, ELISPOT)筛选鉴定CTL细胞表位。ICS和ELISPOT结果表明经短肽K93FITSRCRL、F57GYMTFVHF及PMA和IONO组合刺激的小鼠脾淋巴细胞孔均能检测到分泌IFN-γ的阳性细胞,而不经刺激的小鼠脾淋巴细胞与经不相关肽刺激的小鼠脾淋巴细胞却检测不到分泌IFN-γ的阳性细胞。这说明短肽K93FITSRCRL与F57GYMTFVHF均能有效的刺激记忆性的CD8+ T淋巴细胞增殖分化并分泌IFN-γ。方差分析结果表明,小鼠脾淋巴细胞经短肽K93FITSRCRL、F57GYMTFVHF刺激后,分泌IFN-γ的CD8+ T淋巴细胞数量与其它肽段所刺激的结果相比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。
本研究最终鉴定出K93FITSRCRL与F57GYMTFVHF两个CTL表位,这两个CTL表位分别是H-2Kd和H-2Dd限制性的表位。PRRSV M蛋白CTL表位的鉴定将为PRRS细胞免疫机制及新型表位肽疫苗的研究奠定一定的理论基础,同时对PRRS防控技术的研究有一定的指导意义。
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important infectious diseases affecting the swine industry worldwide, characterized by reproductive failure in late term gestation in sows and respiratory disease in pigs of all ages. It was difficult to take prevention and control measures, effectively, due to the factors including variation and recombination, its characteristic of antibody dependent enhancement. Moreover, it can attack and destroy the host's immune system, thus result in complication and viremia, etc. Although live PRRS vaccines can provide protection against homologous challenge, the genetic diversity of field PRRSV isolates is very high, and vaccine effect against heterologous challenge may be limited. Also, live PRRS vaccines have been observed to revert to virulence, and the killed vaccines have so far proved less effective. So many researchers have devoted to the new vaccine research and development, for elimination of this disease, but the performance is not so good. At present, we still lack systematically understand of the immunological mechanism of PRRS. Many researchers believed that humoral immunity plays a major role in the prevention and control of this disease for a long time.This view of point play the positive role in the study of humoral immunity. However, the cellular immune mechanisms of this disease still remains unclear, this has led to our lack of a comprehensive understanding of immune mechanisms about PRRS. Cell-mediated immunity is very important for viral control and clearance. Once an infection is established, cellular immune responses are equally important in host defense. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs, are generated by immune activation of cytotoxic T cells. These effector cells have lytic capability and are critical in the recognition and elimination of altered self-cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte is a key issue in controlling virus, cancer and transplantation antigen. MHC I restricted CTLs specific for the virus can eliminate virus-infected self-cells and thus eliminate potential sources of new virus. Of course, both humoral and cell-mediated immune reponses to pathogens are very important, they take the different responsibility respectively for different antigen. PRRSV can induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity has been confirmed. Some recent research results indicated that cell-mediated immunity may play more important role for clearance of PRRSV. These results may provide the theoretical foundation of our study. PRRSV has three major structural proteins: GP5, M, N. M protein is matrix protein of PRRSV and its amino acid sequence is highly conservative among different isolates of PRRSV. Furthermore, the M protein has very good immunogenicity and associate with protection against PRRSV infection .M protein can induce strong antigen specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells as well as neutralization antibody.
The antigen peptides loaded on the MHC I molecules recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells are usually called CTL epitopes. CD8+ CTL play a pivotal role in both virus elimination and induction of immunopathology. Only after the recognition of CTL epitopes presented on the right MHC molecue of antigen presenting cells the effector T cells can be activated. Hence, identification of CTL epitopes is crucial in understanding the rules of T cell activation and designing of synthetic vaccines. So far, there are no research reports about the identification of CTL epitopes of PRRSV. In this study, we indetified two CTL epitopes of PRRSV Ch-1a strain matrix protein in Balb/c mice. Firstly, the M and Ubiquitin fusion gene (U-M) was generated by SOE PCR, after that we constructed the eukaryotic plasmid expressing M and U-M gene respectively. The expression of fusion U-M and M protein were verified by transient transfection in BHK-21 cells followed by indirect immuno-fluorescence assay. Secondly, we generated a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the M gene of PRRSV named rWR-PRRSV-M by homologous recombination. Thirdly, Balb/c mice were immunized with DNA priming and recombinant vaccinia virus boosting strategy. Fourthly, we synthesized 27 CTL epitopes of PRRSV M protein bases on bioinformatics analysis. Finally, after final immunization mice were sacrificed and their spleen cells were stimulated by the presumptive CTL epitopes. Two epitopes which are capble of stimulating the IFN-γproduction in mice CD8 T cells were selected out by flow cytometry and ELISPOT assay: H-2Kd restricted K93FITSRCRL and H-2Dd restricted F57GYMTFVHF.
In this study, we identified two PRRSV M protein CD8+ T cells epitopes, K93FITSRCRL and F57GYMTFVHF. These results could be expected to make some contributions to the further study and provide better understanding of cell-mediated immune responses of PRRS. Thus, the identification of CTL epitopes may pave a way and offercertain convenience to the prevention and control of PRRS.
CTL细胞表位是指胞内抗原经抗原递呈细胞(Antigen presenting cells, APC)加工后与主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)I类分子结合,并共同被特异性递呈给T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR)从而引起CTL免疫应答的短肽。确定CTL细胞表位对研究病毒感染的细胞免疫机制、发病机制、免疫应答机制以及研制多肽疫苗和基因疫苗等具有重要意义。至今,未见关于PRRSV CTL表位的研究报道。本研究采用SOE技术将PRRSV CH-1a株M蛋白基因与小鼠泛素基因进行融合并克隆构建DNA疫苗pVAX1-M与pVAX1-U-M;同时构建了表达M蛋白的WR株牛痘病毒的重组毒rWR-PRRSV-M;然后按照Priming-Boosting策略免疫Balb/c小鼠,然后分离小鼠脾淋巴细胞,用生物信息学方法预测、合成的CTL肽段进行体外共培养刺激,利用胞内细胞因子染色(Intracellular cytokine staining, ICS)与酶联免疫斑点技术(enzyme linked immunospot assay, ELISPOT)筛选鉴定CTL细胞表位。ICS和ELISPOT结果表明经短肽K93FITSRCRL、F57GYMTFVHF及PMA和IONO组合刺激的小鼠脾淋巴细胞孔均能检测到分泌IFN-γ的阳性细胞,而不经刺激的小鼠脾淋巴细胞与经不相关肽刺激的小鼠脾淋巴细胞却检测不到分泌IFN-γ的阳性细胞。这说明短肽K93FITSRCRL与F57GYMTFVHF均能有效的刺激记忆性的CD8+ T淋巴细胞增殖分化并分泌IFN-γ。方差分析结果表明,小鼠脾淋巴细胞经短肽K93FITSRCRL、F57GYMTFVHF刺激后,分泌IFN-γ的CD8+ T淋巴细胞数量与其它肽段所刺激的结果相比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。
本研究最终鉴定出K93FITSRCRL与F57GYMTFVHF两个CTL表位,这两个CTL表位分别是H-2Kd和H-2Dd限制性的表位。PRRSV M蛋白CTL表位的鉴定将为PRRS细胞免疫机制及新型表位肽疫苗的研究奠定一定的理论基础,同时对PRRS防控技术的研究有一定的指导意义。
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important infectious diseases affecting the swine industry worldwide, characterized by reproductive failure in late term gestation in sows and respiratory disease in pigs of all ages. It was difficult to take prevention and control measures, effectively, due to the factors including variation and recombination, its characteristic of antibody dependent enhancement. Moreover, it can attack and destroy the host's immune system, thus result in complication and viremia, etc. Although live PRRS vaccines can provide protection against homologous challenge, the genetic diversity of field PRRSV isolates is very high, and vaccine effect against heterologous challenge may be limited. Also, live PRRS vaccines have been observed to revert to virulence, and the killed vaccines have so far proved less effective. So many researchers have devoted to the new vaccine research and development, for elimination of this disease, but the performance is not so good. At present, we still lack systematically understand of the immunological mechanism of PRRS. Many researchers believed that humoral immunity plays a major role in the prevention and control of this disease for a long time.This view of point play the positive role in the study of humoral immunity. However, the cellular immune mechanisms of this disease still remains unclear, this has led to our lack of a comprehensive understanding of immune mechanisms about PRRS. Cell-mediated immunity is very important for viral control and clearance. Once an infection is established, cellular immune responses are equally important in host defense. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs, are generated by immune activation of cytotoxic T cells. These effector cells have lytic capability and are critical in the recognition and elimination of altered self-cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte is a key issue in controlling virus, cancer and transplantation antigen. MHC I restricted CTLs specific for the virus can eliminate virus-infected self-cells and thus eliminate potential sources of new virus. Of course, both humoral and cell-mediated immune reponses to pathogens are very important, they take the different responsibility respectively for different antigen. PRRSV can induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity has been confirmed. Some recent research results indicated that cell-mediated immunity may play more important role for clearance of PRRSV. These results may provide the theoretical foundation of our study. PRRSV has three major structural proteins: GP5, M, N. M protein is matrix protein of PRRSV and its amino acid sequence is highly conservative among different isolates of PRRSV. Furthermore, the M protein has very good immunogenicity and associate with protection against PRRSV infection .M protein can induce strong antigen specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells as well as neutralization antibody.
The antigen peptides loaded on the MHC I molecules recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cells are usually called CTL epitopes. CD8+ CTL play a pivotal role in both virus elimination and induction of immunopathology. Only after the recognition of CTL epitopes presented on the right MHC molecue of antigen presenting cells the effector T cells can be activated. Hence, identification of CTL epitopes is crucial in understanding the rules of T cell activation and designing of synthetic vaccines. So far, there are no research reports about the identification of CTL epitopes of PRRSV. In this study, we indetified two CTL epitopes of PRRSV Ch-1a strain matrix protein in Balb/c mice. Firstly, the M and Ubiquitin fusion gene (U-M) was generated by SOE PCR, after that we constructed the eukaryotic plasmid expressing M and U-M gene respectively. The expression of fusion U-M and M protein were verified by transient transfection in BHK-21 cells followed by indirect immuno-fluorescence assay. Secondly, we generated a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the M gene of PRRSV named rWR-PRRSV-M by homologous recombination. Thirdly, Balb/c mice were immunized with DNA priming and recombinant vaccinia virus boosting strategy. Fourthly, we synthesized 27 CTL epitopes of PRRSV M protein bases on bioinformatics analysis. Finally, after final immunization mice were sacrificed and their spleen cells were stimulated by the presumptive CTL epitopes. Two epitopes which are capble of stimulating the IFN-γproduction in mice CD8 T cells were selected out by flow cytometry and ELISPOT assay: H-2Kd restricted K93FITSRCRL and H-2Dd restricted F57GYMTFVHF.
In this study, we identified two PRRSV M protein CD8+ T cells epitopes, K93FITSRCRL and F57GYMTFVHF. These results could be expected to make some contributions to the further study and provide better understanding of cell-mediated immune responses of PRRS. Thus, the identification of CTL epitopes may pave a way and offercertain convenience to the prevention and control of PRRS.
引文
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