青岛市森林与湿地负离子水平时空分布研究
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摘要
森林和湿地释放的负离子是其重要的生态服务,也是评价其生态服务的重要指标。研究大尺度的森林和湿地负离子时空分布,可以科学地评估生态服务。
本文选择对负离子浓度影响较大的几个生态因子,利用实测数据、区划图、ALOS影像,结合空间统计学、3S等技术,对青岛市森林和湿地进行了大尺度的定性、定量和可视化研究,可指导青岛市负离子浴场建设和生态效益评估。主要研究结论如下:
1)选择2.5米空间分辨率的ALOS影像,采用监督分类与专家分类相结合并辅以人工补充解译的方法对青岛市森林植被信息进行分类,其分类精度达到86%。
2)基于ARCGIS桌面建立负离子时空分布查询系统,通过视觉信息叠加,实现定量和可视化综合查询。
3)青岛市森林与湿地释放负离子量与湿度呈中度正相关,与温度呈低度负相关,与海拔不相关。不同植被类型在不同生长期负离子浓度在早上6:00至晚上21:00中随时间变化呈现的峰值不同,在生长初期差异小,在生长中期差异大。
4)生长初期一二级分布在市辖区、胶州和崂山区,平均浓度1651个/cm~3,平均湿度35.38%RH,平均温度16.05℃,面积77.01km~2,其中林地面积40.85km~2,湿地面积0.37 km~2,森林覆盖率53%,最大影响矢距10米,森林和湿地释放负离子顺序:混交林＞针叶林＞阔叶林＞湿地＞经济林。生长中期一二级分布在莱西南部、即墨、城阳、市辖、崂山、胶州湾、胶州、平度、胶南地域,平均浓度3550个/cm~3,平均湿度67.43%RH,平均温度26.77℃,面积5687.58 km~2,其中林地面积2380.25 km~2,湿地面积为472.07 km~2,覆盖率42%,且负离子平均浓度在3550个/cm~3以上的面积占青岛市国土面积的53%,最大影响矢距40米,释放负离子顺序:经济林＞湿地＞混交林＞阔叶林＞针叶林,生长中期负离子浓度是生长初期的4倍。
5)确立了负离子时空分布分析及监测系统的体系结构和功能。
论文创新点:
1)首次应用3S技术进行负离子时空分布研究,使负离子由定性、定量进入空间可视化研究,并确立了负离子时空分布分析及监测系统的体系结构和功能,为负离子研究提供基础平台。
2)将空间变异分析和偏相关分析应用于负离子时空分布研究中,大尺度地探索森林与湿地中,负离子与湿度、温度、海拔、时间之间的相关关系,并精确地得出植被在不同生长期负离子对周边影响地最大矢距,为负离子生态效益评价、人居绿化带规划提供参考依据
3)将IDW(Inverse Distance Weighted)和空间叠加分析方法应用到负离子时空分布研究中,对负离子浓度和相关因子进行预测,划分出森林和湿地中负离子浓度等级分布图,可进行负离子浴场的空间规划。
The anion that released by the forest and wetland has important ecological functions and is the significant evaluation index.By researching at the temporal and spatial distribution of anion in large scale can give scientific evaluation of ecological service.
The article focused on several eco-factors which influence much more on the anion thickness.After doing qualitative,quantitative and visual study on the forest and wetland in Qingdao in large scale,can guide the construction and ecological benefit assessment of anion Bathing Forests.All these depend on the surveyed data,block plan and ALOS image,combining with the spatial statistics and 3S technique. The main results is as following:
(1) The spatial resolution of ALOS image is 2.5m.The information of forest vegetation in Qingdao was classified by the method of supervised classification,expert classification and artificial supplement interpretation.The classification precision reaches 86%.
(2) Established the temporal and spatial distribution query system of anion based on the ARCGIS desktop,and then realized the quantitative and visual intergrated query through overlay of visual information.
(3) The amount of anion that released by forests and wetlands has moderate positive correlation with the humidity,while low negative correlation with the temperature and irrelevant with the altitude. Different type of plants at different growth period showed different peak values of anion concentration from 6 o'clock am.to 21 o'clock.That is to say there is small difference at early growth period and large one at middle growth stage.
(4) The first and second grade lay in the popedom of the city,Jiaozhou and Laoshan region at the early growth period.At the same time,the following index come forth,mean concentration 1651 unit /cm~3,average humidity 35.38%RH,mean temperature 16.05℃.The area is 77.01 km~2,between them 40.85 km~2 is forest,wetland area is 0.37 km~2,most influence external distance is 10m.The released ability of anion is changes from forest to wetlands as following,mixed forest＞coniferous forest＞broadleaf forest＞wetlands＞economic forest,forest coverage is 53%.The first and second grade lay in the south of Laixi,Jimo,Chengyang,popedom of the city,Jiaozhou gulf,Laoshan Pingdu and Jiaonan region at the middle growth stage.Just as above,mean concentration 3550 unit/cm~3,average humidity 67.43%RH,mean temperature 26.77℃.The area is 5687.58 km~2,between them 2380.25 km~2 is forest, wetland area is 472.07 km~2.The forest area where the mean concentration of anion is above 3550 unit /cm~3 occupied 53%of land area of the Qingdao city,the biggest influence external distance is 40m.The released ability of anion is:economic forest＞wetlands＞mixed forest＞broadleaf forest＞coniferous forest,forest coverage is 42%,the concentration of anion at middle growth period is 4 times of that at early stage.
(5) The structure and function of the analysis and monitoring system of anion temporal-spatial distribution had been confirmed.
The Innovative Points:
(1) It's the first time to use 3S technique to analyze the temporal-spatial distribution,make the study of anion develop from qualitative and quantitative research to spatial visual research.The structure and function of the analysis and monitoring system of anion temporal-spatial distribution had been confirmed.The system can provide the platform for the research of anion.
(2) In the article applied space semi-variant analysis and partial correlation analysis to the research of anion temporal-spatial distribution.,explored the relationship of anion and humidity,temperature, altitude and time in forest and wetland in large scale.Finally got qualitative and quantitative result of anion and correlative environmental factors that happened in different growth stage of vegetation,and the biggest vector distance which influenced by the anion to the surroundings.Then the results can provide reference basis for eco-benefit evaluation of anion and planning of Human Habitation greenbelt.
(3) Using the IDW(Inverse Distance Weighted) and spatial overlay analysis method in the study can predict the concentration of anion and correlation factor,mark off the grade distribution of anion concentration in forests and wetlands and make the spatial planning of anion forest bathhouse.
本文选择对负离子浓度影响较大的几个生态因子,利用实测数据、区划图、ALOS影像,结合空间统计学、3S等技术,对青岛市森林和湿地进行了大尺度的定性、定量和可视化研究,可指导青岛市负离子浴场建设和生态效益评估。主要研究结论如下:
1)选择2.5米空间分辨率的ALOS影像,采用监督分类与专家分类相结合并辅以人工补充解译的方法对青岛市森林植被信息进行分类,其分类精度达到86%。
2)基于ARCGIS桌面建立负离子时空分布查询系统,通过视觉信息叠加,实现定量和可视化综合查询。
3)青岛市森林与湿地释放负离子量与湿度呈中度正相关,与温度呈低度负相关,与海拔不相关。不同植被类型在不同生长期负离子浓度在早上6:00至晚上21:00中随时间变化呈现的峰值不同,在生长初期差异小,在生长中期差异大。
4)生长初期一二级分布在市辖区、胶州和崂山区,平均浓度1651个/cm~3,平均湿度35.38%RH,平均温度16.05℃,面积77.01km~2,其中林地面积40.85km~2,湿地面积0.37 km~2,森林覆盖率53%,最大影响矢距10米,森林和湿地释放负离子顺序:混交林＞针叶林＞阔叶林＞湿地＞经济林。生长中期一二级分布在莱西南部、即墨、城阳、市辖、崂山、胶州湾、胶州、平度、胶南地域,平均浓度3550个/cm~3,平均湿度67.43%RH,平均温度26.77℃,面积5687.58 km~2,其中林地面积2380.25 km~2,湿地面积为472.07 km~2,覆盖率42%,且负离子平均浓度在3550个/cm~3以上的面积占青岛市国土面积的53%,最大影响矢距40米,释放负离子顺序:经济林＞湿地＞混交林＞阔叶林＞针叶林,生长中期负离子浓度是生长初期的4倍。
5)确立了负离子时空分布分析及监测系统的体系结构和功能。
论文创新点:
1)首次应用3S技术进行负离子时空分布研究,使负离子由定性、定量进入空间可视化研究,并确立了负离子时空分布分析及监测系统的体系结构和功能,为负离子研究提供基础平台。
2)将空间变异分析和偏相关分析应用于负离子时空分布研究中,大尺度地探索森林与湿地中,负离子与湿度、温度、海拔、时间之间的相关关系,并精确地得出植被在不同生长期负离子对周边影响地最大矢距,为负离子生态效益评价、人居绿化带规划提供参考依据
3)将IDW(Inverse Distance Weighted)和空间叠加分析方法应用到负离子时空分布研究中,对负离子浓度和相关因子进行预测,划分出森林和湿地中负离子浓度等级分布图,可进行负离子浴场的空间规划。
The anion that released by the forest and wetland has important ecological functions and is the significant evaluation index.By researching at the temporal and spatial distribution of anion in large scale can give scientific evaluation of ecological service.
The article focused on several eco-factors which influence much more on the anion thickness.After doing qualitative,quantitative and visual study on the forest and wetland in Qingdao in large scale,can guide the construction and ecological benefit assessment of anion Bathing Forests.All these depend on the surveyed data,block plan and ALOS image,combining with the spatial statistics and 3S technique. The main results is as following:
(1) The spatial resolution of ALOS image is 2.5m.The information of forest vegetation in Qingdao was classified by the method of supervised classification,expert classification and artificial supplement interpretation.The classification precision reaches 86%.
(2) Established the temporal and spatial distribution query system of anion based on the ARCGIS desktop,and then realized the quantitative and visual intergrated query through overlay of visual information.
(3) The amount of anion that released by forests and wetlands has moderate positive correlation with the humidity,while low negative correlation with the temperature and irrelevant with the altitude. Different type of plants at different growth period showed different peak values of anion concentration from 6 o'clock am.to 21 o'clock.That is to say there is small difference at early growth period and large one at middle growth stage.
(4) The first and second grade lay in the popedom of the city,Jiaozhou and Laoshan region at the early growth period.At the same time,the following index come forth,mean concentration 1651 unit /cm~3,average humidity 35.38%RH,mean temperature 16.05℃.The area is 77.01 km~2,between them 40.85 km~2 is forest,wetland area is 0.37 km~2,most influence external distance is 10m.The released ability of anion is changes from forest to wetlands as following,mixed forest＞coniferous forest＞broadleaf forest＞wetlands＞economic forest,forest coverage is 53%.The first and second grade lay in the south of Laixi,Jimo,Chengyang,popedom of the city,Jiaozhou gulf,Laoshan Pingdu and Jiaonan region at the middle growth stage.Just as above,mean concentration 3550 unit/cm~3,average humidity 67.43%RH,mean temperature 26.77℃.The area is 5687.58 km~2,between them 2380.25 km~2 is forest, wetland area is 472.07 km~2.The forest area where the mean concentration of anion is above 3550 unit /cm~3 occupied 53%of land area of the Qingdao city,the biggest influence external distance is 40m.The released ability of anion is:economic forest＞wetlands＞mixed forest＞broadleaf forest＞coniferous forest,forest coverage is 42%,the concentration of anion at middle growth period is 4 times of that at early stage.
(5) The structure and function of the analysis and monitoring system of anion temporal-spatial distribution had been confirmed.
The Innovative Points:
(1) It's the first time to use 3S technique to analyze the temporal-spatial distribution,make the study of anion develop from qualitative and quantitative research to spatial visual research.The structure and function of the analysis and monitoring system of anion temporal-spatial distribution had been confirmed.The system can provide the platform for the research of anion.
(2) In the article applied space semi-variant analysis and partial correlation analysis to the research of anion temporal-spatial distribution.,explored the relationship of anion and humidity,temperature, altitude and time in forest and wetland in large scale.Finally got qualitative and quantitative result of anion and correlative environmental factors that happened in different growth stage of vegetation,and the biggest vector distance which influenced by the anion to the surroundings.Then the results can provide reference basis for eco-benefit evaluation of anion and planning of Human Habitation greenbelt.
(3) Using the IDW(Inverse Distance Weighted) and spatial overlay analysis method in the study can predict the concentration of anion and correlation factor,mark off the grade distribution of anion concentration in forests and wetlands and make the spatial planning of anion forest bathhouse.
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