稳态磁约束环等离子体输运相关问题的实验研究
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摘要
本论文主要研究了稳态磁约束等离子体环中一种重要的粒子和能量的输运结构blob和等离子体在空间上的大尺度极向旋转现象等。
实验工作是在中国科学技术大学KT-5D双功能环上进行的。作者在成功地研制建立57针的二维小截面高空间分辨(2cm×2cm)探针阵列系统的基础上,首次使用该阵列获得了blob从生成到消失的小截面二维图象;表明了blob产生于等离子体中心区域的密度峰,并且沿着径向传播,导致粒子和能量的输运;Blob的演化时间尺度在100μs量级,空间尺度在cm量级,横向速度约为10~3m/s。
作者又实现了可见光相机的高速采集图像。以每秒1789帧、曝光80微秒的条件拍摄到了等离子体中blob的时间积分图象,为上述探针得到的基本结果,提供了直观的可见光图像佐证。
作者还使用这套二维探针阵列,首次探测到小截面上的等离子体大尺度极向旋转现象。极向旋转主要发生在低场侧,旋转的速度在10~3 m/s量级,空间尺度超过了厘米量级。
论文中对形成blob的密度结构与E×B流之间关系进行了分析,支持了E×B流对密度流的剪切可以在等离子体中形成blob的观点,这种剪切引起高场侧和低场侧的对流,导致了与blob相关的粒子和能量的径向输运损失。结果表明blob可能是径向粒子损失的主导机制。
论文应用小波分析方法,表明blob在时域上具有一定的间隙阵发特性,而大尺度极向旋转具有周期性。这种周期性,为稳态装置离子饱和流以及悬浮电位的自功率谱中普遍存在的kHz量级的峰,提供了一种可能的解释。
此外,论文还表明这种大尺度旋转引起的电流,可能导致一种抵消垂直方向电荷分离的作用,这种分离来源于稳态环位形造成的异号电荷的反向漂移。旋转运动减弱了相应漂移的垂直电场,从而使粒子约束改善。
适当的垂直场也具有明显改善等离子体粒子约束的作用。这是因为垂直场决定了Helimak位形的磁场剪切,从而决定了粒子的横向运动损失与顺磁力线运动损失之间的相对大小。实验表明,要想得到最高的等离子体密度和温度,并不是垂直场越大越好,对于一个确定的稳态环装置,获得最佳约束的垂直场与纵场之相对大小,与装置的大小半径尺度有关,存在着一个最优的比值。
论文还通过对探针信号的统计学分析,讨论了blob、大尺度极向旋转与垂直场带来的磁剪切的关系。分析表明磁剪切会减弱大尺度极向旋转。适当改变垂直场以变化磁剪切,可以有效地抑制blob引起的输运。
论文还介绍了作者在其他各项硬件方面的新工作,包括:稳态纵场的电源系统的优化改造;稳态放电时序控制系统的建立;垂直微波注入系统的建立;光电隔离放大器的研发;可见光照相系统高速图像采集软件的编制等。
In this work,we investigate the properties of the blobs and the large-scale poloidal spin in KT-5D steady-state toroidal plasmas,with the goal of exploring new representations for statistical and spatiotemporal data and of identifying specific control parameters for turbulence.
The work is performed in the double functional toms of KT-5D in the University of Science and Technology of China.Using the specified 57-pin Langmuir probe arrays with the best spatial resolutions of 2cm×2cm so far to diagnose the plasma parameters of the whole cross section,we caught two-dimensional evolutions of blobs for the first time in the KT-5D steady-state toroidal plasmas.It shows that blobs form from the density peak of the central plasmas,and propagate radially,resulting in important energy and particle losses.The lifetime of blobs is at the order of 100μs, and the typical velocity is about 10~3 m/s.The radially elongated density structure can be sheared by the E×B flow,which is responsible for the convection between the high field side plasmas and the low field side plasmas.More than half of the total particle loss is induced by the blobs,implying that blobs constitute the dominant loss channel.Fast camera is also used to take the pictures of the blobs,affirming the credibility of the results from probe data.
This work also presents the findings of large-scale poloidal spin in KT-5D steady-state plasmas.The spatial scale of the spin is over square centimeter.It occurs at the low field side,with an average velocity of 10~3 m/s.The existence of spin maybe unpuzzles the kHz-order peak in the power spectra of the ion saturation current in different tokamaks and steady-state toroidal devices.
One-dimensional continuous wavelet analysis is used here to investigate the temporal properties of the blobs and the large-scale poloidal spin,finding that the blob is temporally intermittent,while the large-scale poloidal spin is periodic.
The correlations between the blob,the large-scale poloidal spin and the magnetic shear is carefully discussed.Statistical analyses clearly show that the shear induced by the vertical magnet field can weaken large-scale poloidal spin.The transport caused by the blobs will be significantly restrained by means of adding a properly vertical magnet field,or,in other words,increasing the magnetic shear.
The relationship between the key plasma parameters and the vertical magnetic field is also presented.It is not a bigger,but an optimum vertical magnetic field brings on a highest plasma density and electron temperature.The relative magnitude of the radial particle loss and the parallel particle loss is determined by the ratio of the vertical magnetic field to the toroidal magnetic field.
Author's work on new hardware is also presented here,together with some experimental results.These include:
1) power source system of the toroidal magnetic field for steady-state discharge;
2) time-oriented sequential control system for steady-state discharge;
3) vertical microwave injection system;
4) two-dimensional 57-pin Langmuir probe arrays;
5) low-noise broadband differential optoisolator for Langmuir probes;
6) software for fast camera system.
实验工作是在中国科学技术大学KT-5D双功能环上进行的。作者在成功地研制建立57针的二维小截面高空间分辨(2cm×2cm)探针阵列系统的基础上,首次使用该阵列获得了blob从生成到消失的小截面二维图象;表明了blob产生于等离子体中心区域的密度峰,并且沿着径向传播,导致粒子和能量的输运;Blob的演化时间尺度在100μs量级,空间尺度在cm量级,横向速度约为10~3m/s。
作者又实现了可见光相机的高速采集图像。以每秒1789帧、曝光80微秒的条件拍摄到了等离子体中blob的时间积分图象,为上述探针得到的基本结果,提供了直观的可见光图像佐证。
作者还使用这套二维探针阵列,首次探测到小截面上的等离子体大尺度极向旋转现象。极向旋转主要发生在低场侧,旋转的速度在10~3 m/s量级,空间尺度超过了厘米量级。
论文中对形成blob的密度结构与E×B流之间关系进行了分析,支持了E×B流对密度流的剪切可以在等离子体中形成blob的观点,这种剪切引起高场侧和低场侧的对流,导致了与blob相关的粒子和能量的径向输运损失。结果表明blob可能是径向粒子损失的主导机制。
论文应用小波分析方法,表明blob在时域上具有一定的间隙阵发特性,而大尺度极向旋转具有周期性。这种周期性,为稳态装置离子饱和流以及悬浮电位的自功率谱中普遍存在的kHz量级的峰,提供了一种可能的解释。
此外,论文还表明这种大尺度旋转引起的电流,可能导致一种抵消垂直方向电荷分离的作用,这种分离来源于稳态环位形造成的异号电荷的反向漂移。旋转运动减弱了相应漂移的垂直电场,从而使粒子约束改善。
适当的垂直场也具有明显改善等离子体粒子约束的作用。这是因为垂直场决定了Helimak位形的磁场剪切,从而决定了粒子的横向运动损失与顺磁力线运动损失之间的相对大小。实验表明,要想得到最高的等离子体密度和温度,并不是垂直场越大越好,对于一个确定的稳态环装置,获得最佳约束的垂直场与纵场之相对大小,与装置的大小半径尺度有关,存在着一个最优的比值。
论文还通过对探针信号的统计学分析,讨论了blob、大尺度极向旋转与垂直场带来的磁剪切的关系。分析表明磁剪切会减弱大尺度极向旋转。适当改变垂直场以变化磁剪切,可以有效地抑制blob引起的输运。
论文还介绍了作者在其他各项硬件方面的新工作,包括:稳态纵场的电源系统的优化改造;稳态放电时序控制系统的建立;垂直微波注入系统的建立;光电隔离放大器的研发;可见光照相系统高速图像采集软件的编制等。
In this work,we investigate the properties of the blobs and the large-scale poloidal spin in KT-5D steady-state toroidal plasmas,with the goal of exploring new representations for statistical and spatiotemporal data and of identifying specific control parameters for turbulence.
The work is performed in the double functional toms of KT-5D in the University of Science and Technology of China.Using the specified 57-pin Langmuir probe arrays with the best spatial resolutions of 2cm×2cm so far to diagnose the plasma parameters of the whole cross section,we caught two-dimensional evolutions of blobs for the first time in the KT-5D steady-state toroidal plasmas.It shows that blobs form from the density peak of the central plasmas,and propagate radially,resulting in important energy and particle losses.The lifetime of blobs is at the order of 100μs, and the typical velocity is about 10~3 m/s.The radially elongated density structure can be sheared by the E×B flow,which is responsible for the convection between the high field side plasmas and the low field side plasmas.More than half of the total particle loss is induced by the blobs,implying that blobs constitute the dominant loss channel.Fast camera is also used to take the pictures of the blobs,affirming the credibility of the results from probe data.
This work also presents the findings of large-scale poloidal spin in KT-5D steady-state plasmas.The spatial scale of the spin is over square centimeter.It occurs at the low field side,with an average velocity of 10~3 m/s.The existence of spin maybe unpuzzles the kHz-order peak in the power spectra of the ion saturation current in different tokamaks and steady-state toroidal devices.
One-dimensional continuous wavelet analysis is used here to investigate the temporal properties of the blobs and the large-scale poloidal spin,finding that the blob is temporally intermittent,while the large-scale poloidal spin is periodic.
The correlations between the blob,the large-scale poloidal spin and the magnetic shear is carefully discussed.Statistical analyses clearly show that the shear induced by the vertical magnet field can weaken large-scale poloidal spin.The transport caused by the blobs will be significantly restrained by means of adding a properly vertical magnet field,or,in other words,increasing the magnetic shear.
The relationship between the key plasma parameters and the vertical magnetic field is also presented.It is not a bigger,but an optimum vertical magnetic field brings on a highest plasma density and electron temperature.The relative magnitude of the radial particle loss and the parallel particle loss is determined by the ratio of the vertical magnetic field to the toroidal magnetic field.
Author's work on new hardware is also presented here,together with some experimental results.These include:
1) power source system of the toroidal magnetic field for steady-state discharge;
2) time-oriented sequential control system for steady-state discharge;
3) vertical microwave injection system;
4) two-dimensional 57-pin Langmuir probe arrays;
5) low-noise broadband differential optoisolator for Langmuir probes;
6) software for fast camera system.
引文
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