会计准则的国际协调与盈余质量
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摘要
自改革开放以来,中国进行了一系列旨在加强会计准则国际协调的改革,中国会计准则与国际会计准则的差异逐步缩小,中国会计准则的质量逐步提高。会计准则国际协调的最终目标是向会计信息使用者提供高质量的会计信息,以便不同国家或地区的会计信息使用者作出及时和正确的经济决策。但是,采用高质量的会计准则并不一定能够带来高质量的会计信息,因为会计信息质量(盈余质量)除受到会计准则的影响外,还受到法律制度以及公司管理层面临的机会与激励等其他因素的影响。因此,会计信息使用者、会计准则制定者、会计信息监管者以及会计研究者都十分关心中国会计准则的国际协调是否能够提高会计信息质量(盈余质量)。
本文以1996—2007年的B股公司为样本,采用应计质量模型和现金流量预测模型从中国会计准则与国际会计准则下盈余质量的差异以及中国会计准则下盈余质量的变化趋势两个方面考察中国会计准则的国际协调对盈余质量的影响,检验中国会计准则的国际协调是否能够提高盈余质量。本文的研究结论如下:1.从中国会计准则与国际会计准则下盈余质量的差异来看,B股公司国际会计准则下的盈余质量与中国会计准则下的盈余质量不存在显著性差异,国际会计准则下的盈余质量并不显著高于中国会计准则下的盈余质量:2.从中国会计准则下盈余质量的变化趋势来看,随着中国会计准则国际协调进程的不断推进以及法律制度的不断完善,B股公司中国会计准则下的盈余质量在总体上具有显著上升的趋势。
本文的研究贡献主要体现在以下四个方面:1.本文从全体会计信息使用者的角度考察和评价了中国会计准则的国际协调对盈余质量的影响;2.控制了境内外会计师事务所审计意见差异对中国会计准则与国际会计准则下盈余质量差异的影响;3.分别采用应计质量模型和现金流量预测模型来计量盈余质量,以尽可能减少单一模型的计量偏差对研究结果的影响;4.在采用现金流量预测模型进行实证分析时,采用了样本自举(Bootstrap)的方法来估计中国会计准则和国际会计准则下的盈余质量。
Since the reform and opening up,our country has carried out a series of reform for the purpose of strengthening international harmonization of accounting standards. The difference between Chinese accounting standards(CAS) and international accounting standards(IAS) has been gradually narrowed,and the quality of CAS has been gradually improved.The ultimate goal of international harmonization of accounting standards is to provide accounting information users with high-quality accounting information,so that accounting information users in different countries or regions can make timely and correct economic decisions.However,the use of high-quality accounting standards will not necessarily bring high-quality accounting information,because the quality of accounting information(earnings quality),in addition to the impact of accounting standards,is also subject to legal system, opportunities and incentives faced by company's management and other factors. Therefore,accounting information users,accounting standards setters,accounting information supervisors and accounting researchers are very concerned about whether international harmonization of CAS can improve the quality of accounting information(earnings quality).
Using a sample of B-share companies from 1996 to 2007 and the models of accruals quality and cash flows forecasting,this dissertation examines the effect of international harmonization of CAS on earnings quality and tests whether international harmonization of CAS can improve earnings quality from the difference of eamings quality under CAS and IAS,and from the trend of earnings quality under CAS.The conclusions are as follows:1.From the difference of earnings quality under CAS and IAS,the difference of earnings quality of B-share companies under CAS and IAS is not significant,and the earnings quality under IAS is not significantly higher than that under CAS.2.From the trend of earnings quality under CAS,with the continuous development of international harmonization of accounting standards and continuous improvement of legal system,the earnings quality of B-share companies under CAS has a significant upward trend overall.
Research contributions of this dissertation are mainly reflected in the following four areas:1.This dissertation examines and evaluates the effect of international harmonization of accounting standards on earnings quality from the perspective of all accounting information users.2.This dissertation controls the effect of audit opinion differences between domestic and foreign accounting firms on the difference of earnings quality under CAS and IAS.3.This dissertation uses accruals quality model and cash flows forecasting model to measure earnings quality respectively,as far as possible to reduce the effect of measure deviation of a single model on research results.4.In empirical analysis of using cash flows forecasting model,this dissertation uses bootstrap method to estimate earnings quality under CAS and IAS.
本文以1996—2007年的B股公司为样本,采用应计质量模型和现金流量预测模型从中国会计准则与国际会计准则下盈余质量的差异以及中国会计准则下盈余质量的变化趋势两个方面考察中国会计准则的国际协调对盈余质量的影响,检验中国会计准则的国际协调是否能够提高盈余质量。本文的研究结论如下:1.从中国会计准则与国际会计准则下盈余质量的差异来看,B股公司国际会计准则下的盈余质量与中国会计准则下的盈余质量不存在显著性差异,国际会计准则下的盈余质量并不显著高于中国会计准则下的盈余质量:2.从中国会计准则下盈余质量的变化趋势来看,随着中国会计准则国际协调进程的不断推进以及法律制度的不断完善,B股公司中国会计准则下的盈余质量在总体上具有显著上升的趋势。
本文的研究贡献主要体现在以下四个方面:1.本文从全体会计信息使用者的角度考察和评价了中国会计准则的国际协调对盈余质量的影响;2.控制了境内外会计师事务所审计意见差异对中国会计准则与国际会计准则下盈余质量差异的影响;3.分别采用应计质量模型和现金流量预测模型来计量盈余质量,以尽可能减少单一模型的计量偏差对研究结果的影响;4.在采用现金流量预测模型进行实证分析时,采用了样本自举(Bootstrap)的方法来估计中国会计准则和国际会计准则下的盈余质量。
Since the reform and opening up,our country has carried out a series of reform for the purpose of strengthening international harmonization of accounting standards. The difference between Chinese accounting standards(CAS) and international accounting standards(IAS) has been gradually narrowed,and the quality of CAS has been gradually improved.The ultimate goal of international harmonization of accounting standards is to provide accounting information users with high-quality accounting information,so that accounting information users in different countries or regions can make timely and correct economic decisions.However,the use of high-quality accounting standards will not necessarily bring high-quality accounting information,because the quality of accounting information(earnings quality),in addition to the impact of accounting standards,is also subject to legal system, opportunities and incentives faced by company's management and other factors. Therefore,accounting information users,accounting standards setters,accounting information supervisors and accounting researchers are very concerned about whether international harmonization of CAS can improve the quality of accounting information(earnings quality).
Using a sample of B-share companies from 1996 to 2007 and the models of accruals quality and cash flows forecasting,this dissertation examines the effect of international harmonization of CAS on earnings quality and tests whether international harmonization of CAS can improve earnings quality from the difference of eamings quality under CAS and IAS,and from the trend of earnings quality under CAS.The conclusions are as follows:1.From the difference of earnings quality under CAS and IAS,the difference of earnings quality of B-share companies under CAS and IAS is not significant,and the earnings quality under IAS is not significantly higher than that under CAS.2.From the trend of earnings quality under CAS,with the continuous development of international harmonization of accounting standards and continuous improvement of legal system,the earnings quality of B-share companies under CAS has a significant upward trend overall.
Research contributions of this dissertation are mainly reflected in the following four areas:1.This dissertation examines and evaluates the effect of international harmonization of accounting standards on earnings quality from the perspective of all accounting information users.2.This dissertation controls the effect of audit opinion differences between domestic and foreign accounting firms on the difference of earnings quality under CAS and IAS.3.This dissertation uses accruals quality model and cash flows forecasting model to measure earnings quality respectively,as far as possible to reduce the effect of measure deviation of a single model on research results.4.In empirical analysis of using cash flows forecasting model,this dissertation uses bootstrap method to estimate earnings quality under CAS and IAS.
引文
1[美]M·查特菲尔德:《会计思想史》,文硕等译,第22页,北京:中国商业出版社,1989。
2 王华:《论会计准则的国际协调》,第1页,大连:东北财经大学出版社,1999。
3 魏明海:《会计理论新体系探索(二)》,第284页,广州:中山大学出版社,1995。转引自王华《论会计准则的国际协调》,1999。
4 刘峰(1996)认为,“所谓会计准则,是会计人员执行会计活动所应遵循的规范和标准,它也是对会计工作进行评价、鉴定的依据”。本文也采用这一定义,根据这一界定,中国的企业会计准则、企业会计制度和其他规范会计实务的规范和标准都属于会计准则的内容。
5 冯淑萍:《中国会计改革与国际协调》,第347页,北京:中国财政经济出版社,2002。
6 国际会计准则委员会(International Accounting Standards Committee,缩写为IASC)发布 的会计准则称为国际会计准则(International Accounting Standards,缩写为IAS),2001年国际会计准则委员会改组为国际会计准则理事会(International Accounting Standards Board,缩写为IASB),国际会计准则理事会发布的会计准则称为国际财务报告准则(International Financial Reporting Standards,缩写为IFRS)。为了行文方便,本文将国际会计准则委员会发布的国际会计准则和国际会计准则理事会发布的国际财务报告准则统称为“国际会计准则”。
7 上述有关会计准则形式上的协调和实质上的协调的划分,主要参考了王华《论会计准则的国际协调》(1999)和魏明海《会计协调的测定方法》(2003)中的相关理论。
8 魏明海:会计协调的测定方法,第21页,《中国注册会计师》,2003,4。
9 转引自Beaver《财务呈报:会计革命》,薛云奎主译,第4页,大连:东北财经大学出版社,1999.8。
10 笔者注,详见国务院证券委员会发布的《股份有限公司境内上市外资股规定的实施细则》。
11 2007年9月12日中国证券会发布的《关于发行境内上市外资股的公司审计有关问题的通知》指出,发行境内上市外资股的公司只需聘请具有证券期货相关业务资格的会计师事务所进行审计,不再要求同时实施境外审计,即B股上市公司不再进行双重审计。
12 虽然国务院证券委员会《股份有限公司境内上市外资股规定的实施细则》第四十二条没有强制要求(使用了“还可以根据需要聘请”一词)B股公司聘请境外会计师事务所对其财务报告进行审计,但从B股公司的年报来看,几乎所有的B股公司在聘请境内会计师事务对其财务报告进行审计的同时,还聘请了境外会计师事务所对其财务报告进行审计。
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2 王华:《论会计准则的国际协调》,第1页,大连:东北财经大学出版社,1999。
3 魏明海:《会计理论新体系探索(二)》,第284页,广州:中山大学出版社,1995。转引自王华《论会计准则的国际协调》,1999。
4 刘峰(1996)认为,“所谓会计准则,是会计人员执行会计活动所应遵循的规范和标准,它也是对会计工作进行评价、鉴定的依据”。本文也采用这一定义,根据这一界定,中国的企业会计准则、企业会计制度和其他规范会计实务的规范和标准都属于会计准则的内容。
5 冯淑萍:《中国会计改革与国际协调》,第347页,北京:中国财政经济出版社,2002。
6 国际会计准则委员会(International Accounting Standards Committee,缩写为IASC)发布 的会计准则称为国际会计准则(International Accounting Standards,缩写为IAS),2001年国际会计准则委员会改组为国际会计准则理事会(International Accounting Standards Board,缩写为IASB),国际会计准则理事会发布的会计准则称为国际财务报告准则(International Financial Reporting Standards,缩写为IFRS)。为了行文方便,本文将国际会计准则委员会发布的国际会计准则和国际会计准则理事会发布的国际财务报告准则统称为“国际会计准则”。
7 上述有关会计准则形式上的协调和实质上的协调的划分,主要参考了王华《论会计准则的国际协调》(1999)和魏明海《会计协调的测定方法》(2003)中的相关理论。
8 魏明海:会计协调的测定方法,第21页,《中国注册会计师》,2003,4。
9 转引自Beaver《财务呈报:会计革命》,薛云奎主译,第4页,大连:东北财经大学出版社,1999.8。
10 笔者注,详见国务院证券委员会发布的《股份有限公司境内上市外资股规定的实施细则》。
11 2007年9月12日中国证券会发布的《关于发行境内上市外资股的公司审计有关问题的通知》指出,发行境内上市外资股的公司只需聘请具有证券期货相关业务资格的会计师事务所进行审计,不再要求同时实施境外审计,即B股上市公司不再进行双重审计。
12 虽然国务院证券委员会《股份有限公司境内上市外资股规定的实施细则》第四十二条没有强制要求(使用了“还可以根据需要聘请”一词)B股公司聘请境外会计师事务所对其财务报告进行审计,但从B股公司的年报来看,几乎所有的B股公司在聘请境内会计师事务对其财务报告进行审计的同时,还聘请了境外会计师事务所对其财务报告进行审计。
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