河套灌区畦田节水改造关键技术和灌溉决策研究
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摘要
全球95%的灌溉面积采用地面灌溉技术,内蒙古河套灌区以传统的地面灌溉为主,在灌区种植模式和种植结构不断调整以及水资源供需矛盾日益突出的条件下,研究畦田节水改造关键技术和灌溉决策具有重要意义。本文针对上述问题引入了模拟地面灌溉的SIRMOD模型对畦田节水改造中的土壤入渗参数、田面参数和畦田规格等关键参数进行研究;采用具有评价和优化功能的ISAREG模型研究不同种植模式下粮食作物和考虑灌水技术制约时经济作物的灌溉制度;利用具有决策支持系统功能的SADREG模型对小麦畦田进行灌溉决策研究。本文的主要研究成果有:
(1)分别采用SIRMOD、Maheshwari、Esfandiari、非线性回归和线性回归模型估算了小麦、玉米畦田的土壤入渗参数,研究结果表明:不管是对均一土质还是分层土壤,SIRMOD模型和非线性回归模型估算土壤入渗参数的精度较高,需要的观测数据相对较少、计算工作量较小;入渗参数随着灌水次数的增加逐渐减小,其中第1次灌水对入渗参数的影响最大,第2次灌水时的入渗系数比第1次灌水时降低约5.0%~11.0%,入渗指数降低约5.0%~15.0%,第3次灌水时土壤的入渗性能逐渐趋于稳定,并且灌水对粉土密实性的影响比粉壤土大。
(2)采用SIRMOD模型、SRFR模型和田间实测法分别对小麦、玉米不同规格畦田的灌水质量评价结果表明:SIRMOD模型模拟畦田灌水质量的效果较好;同规格的畦田在灌水量相同的条件下,改善灌水质量可以提高作物产量和水分利用效率,而不同规格的畦田随着畦宽的增大,在增加较大灌水量的情况下,灌水质量改善不明显,而水分利用效率明显降低,因此对较大规格畦田进行缩块改造十分必要;根据灌水质量的对比结果,建议灌区采用畦田规格Ⅱ(畦长45m、畦宽7.5m,约为0.5亩),考虑到当前的农业耕作水平,应减少使用面积1.0亩(畦长45m、畦宽15.0m)的畦田,限制使用面积1.5亩及以上的畦田。
(3)SIRMOD模型对影响灌水质量各因素的模拟结果表明:田面平整精度对水流的推进与消退过程具有显著影响,较低的平整精度值(较佳的田面状况)可获得较好的灌水效果,为此则需实施激光控制精细土地平整;田面糙率对水流的推进与消退过程影响较大,较小的田面糙率其水流推进和消退过程较理想,随着田面糙率的增大,水流推进和消退过程变为凹凸不平的曲线,灌水效率明显下降;灌水量和单宽流量对灌水效果的影响也非常明显,增大灌水量可以提高灌水均匀度,同时降低了灌水效率,增大单宽流量,可以明显改善灌水质量,但并不是单宽流量越大灌水质量越高,不同条件对应不同的适宜单宽流量;不同灌水要素和田面参数条件下有不同的最佳田面坡度,选定适宜的田面坡度可以获得较佳的灌水效果,模拟得出了常规和激光平地时不同畦田规格的最佳田面坡度,根据模拟结果建议畦长控制在45~60m,畦宽小于10m。
(4)对ISAREG模型所需的各项参数进行了验证,并对作物的实际灌溉制度进行了评价,在此基础上设计了不同作物的多种灌溉制度方案,根据模拟结果得出了灌水日期不受黄河来水日期约束时和现状供水状况下的小麦畦灌优化灌溉制度,考虑灌水技术制约的番茄畦灌和沟灌以及辣椒沟灌和隔沟灌优化灌溉制度,考虑种植模式的小麦间作葵花和小麦间作玉米的优化灌溉制度。
(5)根据SIRMOD和ISAREG模型各参数的优化结果,采用SADREG模型对小麦畦田灌溉的13个方案进行多目标分析评价,通过对不同方案效益、成本和环境效应的各性能指标的对比分析,并以总效用函数值为标准,评价得出了方案10 (畦长45.0m、畦宽7.5m)为较理想的畦田规格,通过组合其对应的优化田面参数和灌溉制度,得到小麦最佳灌溉决策方案。
The surface irrigation technology is used in percentage of 95 irrigated area in the whole world, and the traditional surface irrigation is main in HeTao irrigation district in Inner Mongolian, so it’s important to study on key technology of border water-saving re-building and irrigation decision-making with increasing contradiction of water resources supply and demand, continuous readjustment of planting mode and structure in this region.
Aiming at above question, SIRMOD model simulating surface irrigation was intro-duced in this paper, and the critical parameters such as soil infiltration parameters, surface parameters, border sizes, and so on were studied through this model; ISAREG model with function of evaluation and optimization was used to research on irrigation schedules of food crops under different planting mode and cash crops considering irrigation technology condition; SADREG model with function of decision support system was used to research on irrigation decision-making. Main research findings including:
(1) The soil infiltration parameters of wheat and maize border are separately calcu-lated by SIRMOD, Maheshwari, Esfandiari, non-linear return and linear return model, the results indicating: the precision of SIRMOD and non-linear return model is higher with less observation data and few work; the soil infiltration parameters are gradually reducing with increasing irrigation times, in which the influence of first irrigation to infiltration parame-ters is most greatest, the infiltration coefficient of second irrigation is lower approximately 5.0%~11.0% than first irrigation and infiltration index reduced about 5.0%~15.0%, infiltra-tion capability is gradually stabilizing in third irrigation, and the influence of irrigation to silt is larger than silty loam.
(2) The irrigation efficiency is separately calculated by SIRMOD, SRFR model and field measurement method in wheat and maize border sizes, the results indicating: the pre-cision of the SIRMOD model is highest; The crop yield and efficiency of water application increase by improving irrigation efficiency under the same border sizes and irrigation quota, However, irrigation efficiency improvement isn’t obvious with border wide enlarging and irrigation quota increasing, and the water use efficiency reduce obviously, therefore it is necessary to reduce the sizes of larger border; According to the comparison results of irri-gation efficiency, it can be suggested that the border sizeⅠ(length is 45.0m and wide is 5.0m)andⅡ(length is 45.0m and wide is 7.5m)should be adopted, while considering pre-sent farming level, the application of 1.0mu border(length is 45.0m and wide is 15.0m) should be decreased, and 1.5mu or lager border should be restricted.
(3) The simulation results of SIRMOD model for various factors of influencing to ir-rigation efficiency indicates: land leveling precision is obviously influencing to water movement and regression, and lower leveling precision can obtain better irrigation effect, so the laser controlled land level should be advocated; the land roughness’s influence on process of water movement and regression are larger, and the course of water movement and regression of lower land roughness is more perfecter. With increasing of land rough-ness, process of water movement and regression change into scraggly curve and irrigation efficiency has dramatic decline; irrigation quantity and flux per width also influenced on the irrigation effect significantly, irrigation uniformity can be improved by increasing irri-gation quantity, meanwhile, irrigation efficiency decrease, and irrigation efficiency can be reformed through enlarging flux per unit width. However, it’s not that the more lager flux per, the more higher irrigation efficiency, but different conditions is corresponding to dif-ferent flux per width; different irrigation factors and field parameters are corresponding to different optimum field surface slope, so the better irrigation efficiency can be obtained along with appropriate slope, The optimum slopes of different field sizes on condition of the conventional and laser- controlled land technology can be concluded by the SIRMOD model simulation. According to the simulation results, it is suggested that length of border should be controlled between 45~60m and the width less than 10m.
(4) In this paper, several parameters which ISAREG model needs were verified and the actual irrigation schedules of crops were evaluated, then multi- irrigation schemes were designed for various crops. According to the simulation results, wheat’s optimizational ir-rigation schedule in border irrigation under condition of present water supply and irrigation dates without constraint to Yellow River incoming water, tomato’s in border and furrow irrigation and pepper’s in furrow and separate furrow irrigation considering constraints of surface irrigation technology and the wheat interplanting sunflower’s and the wheat inter-planting maize’s considering planting mode was concluded.
(5)According to the optimizational results of various parameters based on SIRMOD and ISAREG model, Multi-objective analysis and evaluation were made for thirteen schemes of wheat border irrigation by employing SADREG model, and it can be concluded the tenth(length is 45.0m and wide is 7.5m) was the most perfect through comparing and analyzing the performance indexes of benefit, cost and environmental effect and taking the total utility function value as the standard, and the optimally irrigation decision-making scheme of wheat can be obtained by combining with optimized surface parameters and ir-rigation schedule of a correspondence.
(1)分别采用SIRMOD、Maheshwari、Esfandiari、非线性回归和线性回归模型估算了小麦、玉米畦田的土壤入渗参数,研究结果表明:不管是对均一土质还是分层土壤,SIRMOD模型和非线性回归模型估算土壤入渗参数的精度较高,需要的观测数据相对较少、计算工作量较小;入渗参数随着灌水次数的增加逐渐减小,其中第1次灌水对入渗参数的影响最大,第2次灌水时的入渗系数比第1次灌水时降低约5.0%~11.0%,入渗指数降低约5.0%~15.0%,第3次灌水时土壤的入渗性能逐渐趋于稳定,并且灌水对粉土密实性的影响比粉壤土大。
(2)采用SIRMOD模型、SRFR模型和田间实测法分别对小麦、玉米不同规格畦田的灌水质量评价结果表明:SIRMOD模型模拟畦田灌水质量的效果较好;同规格的畦田在灌水量相同的条件下,改善灌水质量可以提高作物产量和水分利用效率,而不同规格的畦田随着畦宽的增大,在增加较大灌水量的情况下,灌水质量改善不明显,而水分利用效率明显降低,因此对较大规格畦田进行缩块改造十分必要;根据灌水质量的对比结果,建议灌区采用畦田规格Ⅱ(畦长45m、畦宽7.5m,约为0.5亩),考虑到当前的农业耕作水平,应减少使用面积1.0亩(畦长45m、畦宽15.0m)的畦田,限制使用面积1.5亩及以上的畦田。
(3)SIRMOD模型对影响灌水质量各因素的模拟结果表明:田面平整精度对水流的推进与消退过程具有显著影响,较低的平整精度值(较佳的田面状况)可获得较好的灌水效果,为此则需实施激光控制精细土地平整;田面糙率对水流的推进与消退过程影响较大,较小的田面糙率其水流推进和消退过程较理想,随着田面糙率的增大,水流推进和消退过程变为凹凸不平的曲线,灌水效率明显下降;灌水量和单宽流量对灌水效果的影响也非常明显,增大灌水量可以提高灌水均匀度,同时降低了灌水效率,增大单宽流量,可以明显改善灌水质量,但并不是单宽流量越大灌水质量越高,不同条件对应不同的适宜单宽流量;不同灌水要素和田面参数条件下有不同的最佳田面坡度,选定适宜的田面坡度可以获得较佳的灌水效果,模拟得出了常规和激光平地时不同畦田规格的最佳田面坡度,根据模拟结果建议畦长控制在45~60m,畦宽小于10m。
(4)对ISAREG模型所需的各项参数进行了验证,并对作物的实际灌溉制度进行了评价,在此基础上设计了不同作物的多种灌溉制度方案,根据模拟结果得出了灌水日期不受黄河来水日期约束时和现状供水状况下的小麦畦灌优化灌溉制度,考虑灌水技术制约的番茄畦灌和沟灌以及辣椒沟灌和隔沟灌优化灌溉制度,考虑种植模式的小麦间作葵花和小麦间作玉米的优化灌溉制度。
(5)根据SIRMOD和ISAREG模型各参数的优化结果,采用SADREG模型对小麦畦田灌溉的13个方案进行多目标分析评价,通过对不同方案效益、成本和环境效应的各性能指标的对比分析,并以总效用函数值为标准,评价得出了方案10 (畦长45.0m、畦宽7.5m)为较理想的畦田规格,通过组合其对应的优化田面参数和灌溉制度,得到小麦最佳灌溉决策方案。
The surface irrigation technology is used in percentage of 95 irrigated area in the whole world, and the traditional surface irrigation is main in HeTao irrigation district in Inner Mongolian, so it’s important to study on key technology of border water-saving re-building and irrigation decision-making with increasing contradiction of water resources supply and demand, continuous readjustment of planting mode and structure in this region.
Aiming at above question, SIRMOD model simulating surface irrigation was intro-duced in this paper, and the critical parameters such as soil infiltration parameters, surface parameters, border sizes, and so on were studied through this model; ISAREG model with function of evaluation and optimization was used to research on irrigation schedules of food crops under different planting mode and cash crops considering irrigation technology condition; SADREG model with function of decision support system was used to research on irrigation decision-making. Main research findings including:
(1) The soil infiltration parameters of wheat and maize border are separately calcu-lated by SIRMOD, Maheshwari, Esfandiari, non-linear return and linear return model, the results indicating: the precision of SIRMOD and non-linear return model is higher with less observation data and few work; the soil infiltration parameters are gradually reducing with increasing irrigation times, in which the influence of first irrigation to infiltration parame-ters is most greatest, the infiltration coefficient of second irrigation is lower approximately 5.0%~11.0% than first irrigation and infiltration index reduced about 5.0%~15.0%, infiltra-tion capability is gradually stabilizing in third irrigation, and the influence of irrigation to silt is larger than silty loam.
(2) The irrigation efficiency is separately calculated by SIRMOD, SRFR model and field measurement method in wheat and maize border sizes, the results indicating: the pre-cision of the SIRMOD model is highest; The crop yield and efficiency of water application increase by improving irrigation efficiency under the same border sizes and irrigation quota, However, irrigation efficiency improvement isn’t obvious with border wide enlarging and irrigation quota increasing, and the water use efficiency reduce obviously, therefore it is necessary to reduce the sizes of larger border; According to the comparison results of irri-gation efficiency, it can be suggested that the border sizeⅠ(length is 45.0m and wide is 5.0m)andⅡ(length is 45.0m and wide is 7.5m)should be adopted, while considering pre-sent farming level, the application of 1.0mu border(length is 45.0m and wide is 15.0m) should be decreased, and 1.5mu or lager border should be restricted.
(3) The simulation results of SIRMOD model for various factors of influencing to ir-rigation efficiency indicates: land leveling precision is obviously influencing to water movement and regression, and lower leveling precision can obtain better irrigation effect, so the laser controlled land level should be advocated; the land roughness’s influence on process of water movement and regression are larger, and the course of water movement and regression of lower land roughness is more perfecter. With increasing of land rough-ness, process of water movement and regression change into scraggly curve and irrigation efficiency has dramatic decline; irrigation quantity and flux per width also influenced on the irrigation effect significantly, irrigation uniformity can be improved by increasing irri-gation quantity, meanwhile, irrigation efficiency decrease, and irrigation efficiency can be reformed through enlarging flux per unit width. However, it’s not that the more lager flux per, the more higher irrigation efficiency, but different conditions is corresponding to dif-ferent flux per width; different irrigation factors and field parameters are corresponding to different optimum field surface slope, so the better irrigation efficiency can be obtained along with appropriate slope, The optimum slopes of different field sizes on condition of the conventional and laser- controlled land technology can be concluded by the SIRMOD model simulation. According to the simulation results, it is suggested that length of border should be controlled between 45~60m and the width less than 10m.
(4) In this paper, several parameters which ISAREG model needs were verified and the actual irrigation schedules of crops were evaluated, then multi- irrigation schemes were designed for various crops. According to the simulation results, wheat’s optimizational ir-rigation schedule in border irrigation under condition of present water supply and irrigation dates without constraint to Yellow River incoming water, tomato’s in border and furrow irrigation and pepper’s in furrow and separate furrow irrigation considering constraints of surface irrigation technology and the wheat interplanting sunflower’s and the wheat inter-planting maize’s considering planting mode was concluded.
(5)According to the optimizational results of various parameters based on SIRMOD and ISAREG model, Multi-objective analysis and evaluation were made for thirteen schemes of wheat border irrigation by employing SADREG model, and it can be concluded the tenth(length is 45.0m and wide is 7.5m) was the most perfect through comparing and analyzing the performance indexes of benefit, cost and environmental effect and taking the total utility function value as the standard, and the optimally irrigation decision-making scheme of wheat can be obtained by combining with optimized surface parameters and ir-rigation schedule of a correspondence.
引文
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