火成岩储层测井评价方法研究
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摘要
随着石油勘探的发展,国内外发现的火成岩油气藏愈来愈多。国内外勘探表明,火成岩可以成为良好的油气储集层。火成岩作为一种特殊的油藏类型,正在引起越来越大的关注。火成岩储层测井评价研究是继砂岩、碳酸盐岩等储层测井评价的另一重要领域。
火成岩这类复杂储层测井评价的难点主要有三个:一是储层的非均质性,使得应用建立在均质基础上的方法难以定量计算储层的孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度等参数;二是火山岩气藏受构造、烃源岩、相带等多种因素控制,具有多个气水系统,不同的火山机构或同一火山机构不同井之间具有各自的气水系统,区分气水层很难;三是常规测井技术难以定量确定储层的孔隙结构、裂缝宽度、孔隙度及发育程度等。
以往在解释火成岩储层时,建立的多是岩石模型、双矿物模型或多矿物解释模型,对于含气饱和度的确定,主要是根据阿尔奇公式或采用基质孔隙与裂缝的“双重孔隙”模型计算含水饱和度,且没有考虑火成岩蚀变产生的粘土的影响。为解决火成岩储层测井评价的问题,本文采取了以下工作方法:
①进行岩性的判别,以确定骨架参数;
②应用混合骨架体积模型,采用自适应遗传优化算法计算总孔隙度、骨架含量和粘土含量;
③建立由基质孔隙、裂缝和非连通孔洞组成的三重孔隙模型;
④在上述计算出总孔隙度的基础上,计算出裂缝孔隙度、基质孔隙度和非连通孔洞孔隙度,然后应用三重孔隙模型计算出孔隙度指数m;
⑤建立包含粘土影响的含水饱和度方程,根据含水饱和度方程计算出含水饱和度;
⑥根据偶极横波等资料定性判别储层流体性质;
⑦根据以上结果进行储层综合评价,确定出油气水层。
在前人已有研究成果的基础上,研究过程中提出了一些新的见解和具有创新性的处理方法。创新之处主要包括以下几个方面:
①运用线性降维映射方法识别火成岩岩性;
②建立了评价火成岩储层的混合骨架体积模型;
③采用自适应遗传优化算法计算总孔隙度、混合矿物骨架百分比和粘土含量;
④首次将三重孔隙模型用于火成岩储层测井评价中;
⑤建立了包含粘土影响的含水饱和度方程;
取得的最终成果主要有:
①提出了评价火成岩储层的混合骨架体积模型,即将岩石体积简化成三部分:孔隙、粘土和混合骨架。
②根据火成岩储集空间特点,建立了由基质,裂缝和非连通孔洞组成的三重孔隙模型。三重孔隙模型能用于基质孔隙、裂缝和不连通孔洞的不同组合。
③建立了包含蚀变产生的粘土影响的含水饱和度方程;
④遗传算法最优化测井处理为综合利用各种测井资料,评价火成岩这类复杂岩性油气藏开辟了一条新的有效途径。
⑤在现有的测井、测试资料基础上,采用定性和定量的方法寻找火成岩气层。
At the moment, with the increase of the world demand on hydrocarbon resources, and the difficulty advancement of exploration and development, it is difficult for the clastic rock and carbonate rock to meet the demand on the energy in the future. It is very important to find reservoir of new type, and this is a general trend. The exploration in home and abroad indicates that igneous rock can become good reservoir. Under suitable conditions, igneous rock can become good reservoir if it combines well with hydrocarbon mother rock and capping formation.
With the development of oil exploration, more and more igneous rock reservoirs are found. Igneous rock reservoirs are found in Cuba, Japan, Argentina, America and former Soviet Union during the end of 19 century and the early of 20 century. Igneous reservoirs are also found in many areas of China.
As a particular reservoir type, igneous reservoir is attracting more and more concern. The study on evaluating igneous reservoir is another important field in reservoir evaluation by logging after sandstone and carbonate reservoir evaluation. As nonhomogeneity reservoir, the relationship between the rock and the electric property of igneous reservoir is more complicated than that of sandstone and carbonate reservoir, which arises difficulty in reservoir evaluation by logging. The complicate lithology and pore type, and the poor physical property are the bottleneck problem of logging evaluation. How to establish the evaluation model of igneous rock is the important task in the future.
There are three main difficulties when evaluating the igneous rock by logging. First, due to the anisotropism of the reservoir, it is difficult to evaluate quantitatively using the methods based on the isotrope. Second, igneous rock reservoirs are controlled by structure, hydrocarbon mother rock and phase belt, so they have more gas and water system, and different volcanic edifice or the different well of the same volcanic edifice each have its gas and water system. Third, it is very difficult to define the pore configuration, fracture width and development degree.
The exsiting methods on evaluating igneous rock are mainly about summing up the log response feature, identifying the lithology and simply computing the parameters. There are not many references which specially deal with the theory and method on evaluating igneous rock by logging. It can be seen that the log features of igneous rock have zonality, the lithology of different area have big difference which are arised by the complex of igneous rock. The interpretation models are established on analytical data of special area, and many equations are defined according to experience, they are different in different area. The exsiting models mainly are two-mineral model ,rock mineral or multi-mineral model when igneous rock are interpreted .It is dependant on Archie’s equations to derive water saturation. In order to well evaluating igneous rock, this thesis aims at establishing appropriate mixed matrix model and porosity model,then defining the water saturation , forming the theory and method, finally applying to reality by systematically researching the method and theory of evaluating igneous rock. The main research contents include:
①summing up the log response features
Referred to the log response features in the references home and abroad, and combined the log response features of igneous rock in north Songliao basin, the log response features of different lithology are summing up and log response laws are understood.
②research on the methods of identifying igneous rock lithology
The relationships between lithology and log curves are studied and the close or distant relationships between different lithology are evaluated by using factor analysis method, and the favorable curves which are used to identify lithology are selected .The main methods used to identify lithology are:R-factor analysis method, fuzzy clustering method, nerve network method, TAS method and linear dimension-reducing mapping method.
③Identify fracture and quantitatively evaluate the extent of fracture development
This paper studies the extent of fracture development and computes the fracture porosity, fracture openness and fracture permeability by using the conventional logging data. In view of the complexity of igneous rock, this paper analyzes the effectiveness from the two resources by comparing the fracture porosity computed with the fracture parameter derived from FMI.
④Mixed matrix model and porosity model which are appropriate for evaluating igneous rock are established.
⑤The water saturation equation is defined.
⑥The methods of qualitatively identifying the fluid property in igneous rock are researched.
⑦Optimization algorithm which is used to compute reservoir relevant parameter are dealt with.
⑧The methods of quantitatively identifying the fluid property in igneous rock are researched.
Referring to the characteristic of igneous rock, this paper tries to resolve the problems in evaluating igneous rock. On the basis of summing up the log response of igneous rock in various areas and the existing research outcomes of predecessors, this paper proposed some new ideas and processing methods which have innovation. The innovations include:
①Linear dimension-reducing mapping method is used to identify igneous rock lithology.
②Mixed matrix model is established to evaluate igneous reservoir;
③Triple porosity model is used to evaluate igneous reservoir first;
④Self adaptive genetic optimization algorithm is used to compute total porosity, mixed mineral and shale content.
⑤The methods of qualitatively identifying the fluid property in igneous rock are researched.
⑥The water saturation equation is defined.
⑦The methods of quantitatively identifying the fluid property in igneous rock are researched.
After finishing above research, the following awarenesses are achieved:
①on identifying lithology of igneous rock
The relationships between the development extent of igneous reservoir and rock type are not very obvious. Basic basalt, mediosilicic andesite, acidic rhyolite and volcaniclastic rock all can become reservoir rock. The first work of evaluating igneous rock is to identify lithology. Identifying the lithology accurately is the foundation of accurately computing porosity and water saturation.
The methods of identifying lithology include: the method of crossplot, the method of facotr analysis, the method of fuzzy clustering , the method of nerve network, the method of TAS. This paper newly proposed the method of linear dimension-reducing mapping.
②on mixed mineral model
According to mixed mineral model, the rock volume can simplify into porosity, shale and mixed matrix, big differences of physical property are existed among them. Therefore, the discriminability of the model is advanced, and it is easy to accurately compute the entire parameters, which raised the accuracy of the reservoir parameters. Moreover, under the restrictions of matrix content, the relative contents of the minerals which make up of the igneous rock can be computed, so the geology lithological profile like ELAN can be achieved .In short, the mixed mineral model protruded the main contradiction, dissolved less important contradiction.
③on triple porosity model
Igneous reservoir is classified into fractured reservoir, and its pore space has many types, including: pore, fracture, dissolved pore (vug) and fracture-pore, fracture-dissolved pore (vug), dissolved cavern-fracture due to their coupling. The pore space of fractured reservoir is far more complex than that of porous reservoir. Fracture, dissolved pore, dissolved cavern, matrix pore and chicken wire pattern system due to their connection are main pore spaces of igneous reservoir.
The triple porosity model which is built in this paper based on matrix, natural fracture and non-connected vug is suitable to the characteristic of igneous rock. Triple porosity model is suitable for all combinations of matrix, fracture and non-connected vug porosities. Moreover, it has significant directing sense for the reservoir evaluation of carbonate and metamorphic reservoir. The definition of porosity of each type is the key to use the triple porosity model. If nuclear magnetic resonance, micro-resistivity imaging logs and a variety of sonic imaging logs which permit reasonable estimates of some rock properties in complex reservoir are available, it will be easy to define porosity of each type. But, if they are not available, this paper tried to solve it by traditional logs.
④on genetic optimization log interpretation
Optimization log interpretation does not directly use limited log information and response equations to compute reservoir parameters, whereas according to generalized inversion theory of geophysics, it comprehensively uses all kinds of log information and relevant geology information, and utilize optimization mathematical approach, statistics probability, error theory and the technique of quality control to resolve geologic parameter and evaluate formation. Those parameters can reflect the original appearance of complex lithology formation.
Genetic algorithm is a robust search algorithm which can be used to optimization computation in complex system. It has many merits.
⑤on identifying fluid property
The geologic condition that igneous reservoir is formed is complex, and it has powerful anisotropism. First, the log responses vary a lot between different lithology, so it is very difficult to analyze the gas zone by using the same standard; Secondly, borehole wall collapse of igneous rock is serious, which makes the readings of density log curve less low and the readings of neutron log curve higher. Moreover, due to the different sensibility of igneous reservoir to logging suite, it is very difficult to directly establish the relationship between gas surveying data and gas-bearing reservoir. Therefore, on the basis of the existing logging and test data, it is a effective way to find gas-bearing reservoir in igneous rock by using qualitative and quantitative methods at the same time. The qualitative method is simple and audio-visual, but it requires good borehole. It accords with the geologic conditions of igneous rock when the qualitative method combined with the quantitative method.
火成岩这类复杂储层测井评价的难点主要有三个:一是储层的非均质性,使得应用建立在均质基础上的方法难以定量计算储层的孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度等参数;二是火山岩气藏受构造、烃源岩、相带等多种因素控制,具有多个气水系统,不同的火山机构或同一火山机构不同井之间具有各自的气水系统,区分气水层很难;三是常规测井技术难以定量确定储层的孔隙结构、裂缝宽度、孔隙度及发育程度等。
以往在解释火成岩储层时,建立的多是岩石模型、双矿物模型或多矿物解释模型,对于含气饱和度的确定,主要是根据阿尔奇公式或采用基质孔隙与裂缝的“双重孔隙”模型计算含水饱和度,且没有考虑火成岩蚀变产生的粘土的影响。为解决火成岩储层测井评价的问题,本文采取了以下工作方法:
①进行岩性的判别,以确定骨架参数;
②应用混合骨架体积模型,采用自适应遗传优化算法计算总孔隙度、骨架含量和粘土含量;
③建立由基质孔隙、裂缝和非连通孔洞组成的三重孔隙模型;
④在上述计算出总孔隙度的基础上,计算出裂缝孔隙度、基质孔隙度和非连通孔洞孔隙度,然后应用三重孔隙模型计算出孔隙度指数m;
⑤建立包含粘土影响的含水饱和度方程,根据含水饱和度方程计算出含水饱和度;
⑥根据偶极横波等资料定性判别储层流体性质;
⑦根据以上结果进行储层综合评价,确定出油气水层。
在前人已有研究成果的基础上,研究过程中提出了一些新的见解和具有创新性的处理方法。创新之处主要包括以下几个方面:
①运用线性降维映射方法识别火成岩岩性;
②建立了评价火成岩储层的混合骨架体积模型;
③采用自适应遗传优化算法计算总孔隙度、混合矿物骨架百分比和粘土含量;
④首次将三重孔隙模型用于火成岩储层测井评价中;
⑤建立了包含粘土影响的含水饱和度方程;
取得的最终成果主要有:
①提出了评价火成岩储层的混合骨架体积模型,即将岩石体积简化成三部分:孔隙、粘土和混合骨架。
②根据火成岩储集空间特点,建立了由基质,裂缝和非连通孔洞组成的三重孔隙模型。三重孔隙模型能用于基质孔隙、裂缝和不连通孔洞的不同组合。
③建立了包含蚀变产生的粘土影响的含水饱和度方程;
④遗传算法最优化测井处理为综合利用各种测井资料,评价火成岩这类复杂岩性油气藏开辟了一条新的有效途径。
⑤在现有的测井、测试资料基础上,采用定性和定量的方法寻找火成岩气层。
At the moment, with the increase of the world demand on hydrocarbon resources, and the difficulty advancement of exploration and development, it is difficult for the clastic rock and carbonate rock to meet the demand on the energy in the future. It is very important to find reservoir of new type, and this is a general trend. The exploration in home and abroad indicates that igneous rock can become good reservoir. Under suitable conditions, igneous rock can become good reservoir if it combines well with hydrocarbon mother rock and capping formation.
With the development of oil exploration, more and more igneous rock reservoirs are found. Igneous rock reservoirs are found in Cuba, Japan, Argentina, America and former Soviet Union during the end of 19 century and the early of 20 century. Igneous reservoirs are also found in many areas of China.
As a particular reservoir type, igneous reservoir is attracting more and more concern. The study on evaluating igneous reservoir is another important field in reservoir evaluation by logging after sandstone and carbonate reservoir evaluation. As nonhomogeneity reservoir, the relationship between the rock and the electric property of igneous reservoir is more complicated than that of sandstone and carbonate reservoir, which arises difficulty in reservoir evaluation by logging. The complicate lithology and pore type, and the poor physical property are the bottleneck problem of logging evaluation. How to establish the evaluation model of igneous rock is the important task in the future.
There are three main difficulties when evaluating the igneous rock by logging. First, due to the anisotropism of the reservoir, it is difficult to evaluate quantitatively using the methods based on the isotrope. Second, igneous rock reservoirs are controlled by structure, hydrocarbon mother rock and phase belt, so they have more gas and water system, and different volcanic edifice or the different well of the same volcanic edifice each have its gas and water system. Third, it is very difficult to define the pore configuration, fracture width and development degree.
The exsiting methods on evaluating igneous rock are mainly about summing up the log response feature, identifying the lithology and simply computing the parameters. There are not many references which specially deal with the theory and method on evaluating igneous rock by logging. It can be seen that the log features of igneous rock have zonality, the lithology of different area have big difference which are arised by the complex of igneous rock. The interpretation models are established on analytical data of special area, and many equations are defined according to experience, they are different in different area. The exsiting models mainly are two-mineral model ,rock mineral or multi-mineral model when igneous rock are interpreted .It is dependant on Archie’s equations to derive water saturation. In order to well evaluating igneous rock, this thesis aims at establishing appropriate mixed matrix model and porosity model,then defining the water saturation , forming the theory and method, finally applying to reality by systematically researching the method and theory of evaluating igneous rock. The main research contents include:
①summing up the log response features
Referred to the log response features in the references home and abroad, and combined the log response features of igneous rock in north Songliao basin, the log response features of different lithology are summing up and log response laws are understood.
②research on the methods of identifying igneous rock lithology
The relationships between lithology and log curves are studied and the close or distant relationships between different lithology are evaluated by using factor analysis method, and the favorable curves which are used to identify lithology are selected .The main methods used to identify lithology are:R-factor analysis method, fuzzy clustering method, nerve network method, TAS method and linear dimension-reducing mapping method.
③Identify fracture and quantitatively evaluate the extent of fracture development
This paper studies the extent of fracture development and computes the fracture porosity, fracture openness and fracture permeability by using the conventional logging data. In view of the complexity of igneous rock, this paper analyzes the effectiveness from the two resources by comparing the fracture porosity computed with the fracture parameter derived from FMI.
④Mixed matrix model and porosity model which are appropriate for evaluating igneous rock are established.
⑤The water saturation equation is defined.
⑥The methods of qualitatively identifying the fluid property in igneous rock are researched.
⑦Optimization algorithm which is used to compute reservoir relevant parameter are dealt with.
⑧The methods of quantitatively identifying the fluid property in igneous rock are researched.
Referring to the characteristic of igneous rock, this paper tries to resolve the problems in evaluating igneous rock. On the basis of summing up the log response of igneous rock in various areas and the existing research outcomes of predecessors, this paper proposed some new ideas and processing methods which have innovation. The innovations include:
①Linear dimension-reducing mapping method is used to identify igneous rock lithology.
②Mixed matrix model is established to evaluate igneous reservoir;
③Triple porosity model is used to evaluate igneous reservoir first;
④Self adaptive genetic optimization algorithm is used to compute total porosity, mixed mineral and shale content.
⑤The methods of qualitatively identifying the fluid property in igneous rock are researched.
⑥The water saturation equation is defined.
⑦The methods of quantitatively identifying the fluid property in igneous rock are researched.
After finishing above research, the following awarenesses are achieved:
①on identifying lithology of igneous rock
The relationships between the development extent of igneous reservoir and rock type are not very obvious. Basic basalt, mediosilicic andesite, acidic rhyolite and volcaniclastic rock all can become reservoir rock. The first work of evaluating igneous rock is to identify lithology. Identifying the lithology accurately is the foundation of accurately computing porosity and water saturation.
The methods of identifying lithology include: the method of crossplot, the method of facotr analysis, the method of fuzzy clustering , the method of nerve network, the method of TAS. This paper newly proposed the method of linear dimension-reducing mapping.
②on mixed mineral model
According to mixed mineral model, the rock volume can simplify into porosity, shale and mixed matrix, big differences of physical property are existed among them. Therefore, the discriminability of the model is advanced, and it is easy to accurately compute the entire parameters, which raised the accuracy of the reservoir parameters. Moreover, under the restrictions of matrix content, the relative contents of the minerals which make up of the igneous rock can be computed, so the geology lithological profile like ELAN can be achieved .In short, the mixed mineral model protruded the main contradiction, dissolved less important contradiction.
③on triple porosity model
Igneous reservoir is classified into fractured reservoir, and its pore space has many types, including: pore, fracture, dissolved pore (vug) and fracture-pore, fracture-dissolved pore (vug), dissolved cavern-fracture due to their coupling. The pore space of fractured reservoir is far more complex than that of porous reservoir. Fracture, dissolved pore, dissolved cavern, matrix pore and chicken wire pattern system due to their connection are main pore spaces of igneous reservoir.
The triple porosity model which is built in this paper based on matrix, natural fracture and non-connected vug is suitable to the characteristic of igneous rock. Triple porosity model is suitable for all combinations of matrix, fracture and non-connected vug porosities. Moreover, it has significant directing sense for the reservoir evaluation of carbonate and metamorphic reservoir. The definition of porosity of each type is the key to use the triple porosity model. If nuclear magnetic resonance, micro-resistivity imaging logs and a variety of sonic imaging logs which permit reasonable estimates of some rock properties in complex reservoir are available, it will be easy to define porosity of each type. But, if they are not available, this paper tried to solve it by traditional logs.
④on genetic optimization log interpretation
Optimization log interpretation does not directly use limited log information and response equations to compute reservoir parameters, whereas according to generalized inversion theory of geophysics, it comprehensively uses all kinds of log information and relevant geology information, and utilize optimization mathematical approach, statistics probability, error theory and the technique of quality control to resolve geologic parameter and evaluate formation. Those parameters can reflect the original appearance of complex lithology formation.
Genetic algorithm is a robust search algorithm which can be used to optimization computation in complex system. It has many merits.
⑤on identifying fluid property
The geologic condition that igneous reservoir is formed is complex, and it has powerful anisotropism. First, the log responses vary a lot between different lithology, so it is very difficult to analyze the gas zone by using the same standard; Secondly, borehole wall collapse of igneous rock is serious, which makes the readings of density log curve less low and the readings of neutron log curve higher. Moreover, due to the different sensibility of igneous reservoir to logging suite, it is very difficult to directly establish the relationship between gas surveying data and gas-bearing reservoir. Therefore, on the basis of the existing logging and test data, it is a effective way to find gas-bearing reservoir in igneous rock by using qualitative and quantitative methods at the same time. The qualitative method is simple and audio-visual, but it requires good borehole. It accords with the geologic conditions of igneous rock when the qualitative method combined with the quantitative method.
引文
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