珠海水库富营养化现状、浮游植物群落特征与蓝藻水华风险分析
摘要
为了保障城市用水需求,珠海市修建了大量的中、小型调水水库,并通过管网和泵站与河流相连,形成了有特色的河库连通的调水水库系统。因为从珠江下游河道大量调入污染相对较重的河水,加速了水库的富营养化进程。珠海水库的浮游植物群落和蓝藻对富营养化的响应受到多个因子的共同影响:水质退化,水动力条件复杂和亚热带高温多雨的气象因素以及水库之间的相互串联调水。本论文在调查分析珠海城市水库的富营养化特征和调水特征的基础上,分析了浮游植物在这些特殊水体中的季节演替和优势种群的组成特征,利用生存策略模型和CCA方法分析了调水、降雨和营养盐等多个环境因子对浮游植物群落组成和优势种的影响。最后通过stella-Ⅱ动力学模拟工具,构建一维的蓝藻动力学模型,对简单工况下蓝藻细胞数量积累过程进行了模拟,并结合水库富营养化特征与蓝藻水华发生的风险加以分析。
在被调查的19座珠海城市水库中有9座水库达到了富营养水平,多数水库处于中营养水平;4月富营养化程度最高,有5座水库处于富营养水平,蓝藻水华发生的几率较大;12月份水温较低,调水频率少,整体富营养化程度最低。整体上看调水水库的富营养化程度要高于非调水水库。从季节上看,大部分调水水库4月份富营养化最严重,12月份富营养化程度较低;非调水水库并没有固定的动态变化规律。
在水库调查中,共检出浮游植物95个属143个分类单位(包括种、变种、变型和变种变型,下同),隶属于7个门。绿藻门的种类数最多,达39个属66个分类单位;硅藻门的种类数次之,为24个属34个分类单位;再其次为蓝藻门,为21个属28个分类单位;其它各门藻类的种类数较少,有11个属15个分类单位。从浮游植物的优势类群组成上看,所有水库分为5个类群:蓝藻型、蓝藻硅藻混合型、蓝藻甲藻混合型、硅藻甲藻混合型和其它混合型。其中凤凰山、蛇地坑、南屏水库和正坑水库为蓝藻型。
珠海调水水库的浮游植物主要由丝状蓝藻(假鱼腥藻、拟柱孢藻和泽丝藻等)、硅藻门的针杆藻和小环藻以及甲藻门的多甲藻以及在某些季节出现的水华蓝藻——微囊藻所组成。个别调水水库的优势种是绿藻门的鞭毛种类。非调水水库没有外源营养盐输入,大部分处于中营养状态,甲藻是全年的优势种,丰水期以硅藻的优势度较大,枯水期大型绿藻的优势度较大。
珠海市水库中水华和有害蓝藻的主要优势种类有:微囊藻(3个种)、鱼腥藻(2个种)、假鱼腥藻、拟柱孢藻和泽丝藻8个种类。它们在4—10月均可成为水库的绝对优势种。调水水库蓝藻水华风险比非调水水库大,4月份的风险比其它季节大;目前,竹仙洞、南屏、蛇地坑、凤凰山和大镜山这五座水库的蓝藻水华潜在的威胁较大。
浮游植物群落对水库调水与富营养化的响应主要取决于浮游植物的形态大小和相应的适应策略。中等强度的调水和换水率对球形群体蓝藻的水华发生具有一定的抑制作用,R策略的丝状蓝藻占据浮游植物的优势。高频率的调水可以对水库中浮游植物的组成产生很大影响,C策略的浮游植物占据优势。珠海水库分别处于两种富营养化的两种状态:即以蓝藻占优势的状态和以鞭毛藻、C-选择者占优势的状态。调水频率的不同是导致这两种状态相互转换的关键因子。非调水水库中,枯水期个体较大的S策略的甲藻和绿藻占据了较大优势,丰水期则由C—R策略的硅藻占据优势,降雨是引起优势种改变的主要因素。
根据5座水库的CCA分析,pH值、水位库容、正磷和水力滞留时间与浮游植物的分布关系最为直接;而透明度和降雨量对其也有一定的影响。在蛇地坑水库中,总磷、正磷酸盐浓度是影响蓝藻丰度的主要因子,硅藻则与库容和透明度有关。在南屏水库短水力滞留时间期间,硅藻的相对丰度较高;水位较高的丰水期,微小多甲藻的相对丰度较高。竹仙洞水库的绿藻分成两个集群:衣藻、游丝藻等大型绿藻在低温、低水位和较长水力滞留时间的4月份较高;小球藻、栅藻、月牙藻等小型种类则与较高的水位和正磷酸盐浓度呈正相关。南屏水库与竹仙洞水库的浮游植物优势种类相似,蛇地坑水库的优势种则与它们存在较为明显的差异。影响这5座水库浮游植物群落组成的主要因素是水力滞留时间,短水力滞留时间抑制了南屏和竹仙洞水库中的蓝藻成为优势类群。
浮游蓝藻动力学模拟表明,在南屏、竹仙洞和凤凰山水库中,由于凤凰山水库水力滞留时间最长,蓝藻水华发生的风险最大,在25℃时只需一周即可形成一定规模的蓝藻水华。竹仙洞水库的水华风险最小,南屏水库处于两者之间。综合各个水库浮游植物群落中蓝藻的相对丰度和调水情况,凤凰山、大镜山、先锋岭、月坑和大枝园水库处于蓝藻水华发生高风险水平,龙井、南屏、竹仙洞、银坑和蛇地坑水库处于中等风险水平,其它水库蓝藻水华爆发的风险较低。
In order to guarantee the water supply to the Zhuhai City and Macau,many middle and small sized reservoirs have been built and connected by pipes and pumping station to the Pearl Rivers.These pumped storage reservoirs are different from those normally formed by damming rivers.Pumping water from polluted lowland rivers results in eutrophication and algal blooming.
On the basis of investigating eutrophication,we analyzed response of phytoplankton community to eutrophication and water pumping.SRC model of phytoplankton survivorship was applied to the adaptive strategies of phytoplankton dominant species in the special reservoir ecosystems.Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) was used to identify the main environmental factors affecting the abundance of dominant phytoplankton.A simple dynamic modeling system was established with Stellao-Ⅱto simulate the accumulations of cyanobacterial cells under several cases with varying temperature and water retention time.The risk of cyanobacteria bloom was evaluated.
Among the 19 investigated reservoirs,9 of them were eutrophic nearly in the whole year,and the others are mesotrophic.More reservoirs are eutrophicated and at the high risk of cyanobacteria blooming in April just before the wet season is coming. Fewer reservoirs were eutrophic in December.This seasonal variation was regulated by both water pumping and water temperature.In general,the trophic state indices are higher in the pumped storage reservoirs than in the normal reservoirs.
A total of 143 species of phytoplankton from 95 genera in 7 phyla were observed,66 species in Chlorophyta,34 species in Bacillariophyta,21 species in Cyanophyta,5 species in Euglenophyta,4 species of Pyrrophyta and Chrysophyta and 2 species of Cryptophyta.As pumping water from the river enhanced the mixing and nutrient concentration and reduced water transparency,filamentous blue-green algae (Pseudanabaena,Cylindrospermopsis and Limnothrix etc.) and Peridinium in Pyrrophyta were favored in these reservoirs.Synedra and Cyclotella usually dominant in winter and spring.Microcystis blooms occasionally in the warm and low mixing stages.Medium-frequent pumping and flushing could promote the dominant of filamentous blue green algae with R survival strategy,and decrease Microcystis blooming.Very high frequent pumping and flushing could favor the dominant of C survival strategy species(representive as flagellated green algae).The eutrophicated reservoirs are in two states:Cyanobacteria dominant state and flagellated C-strategy dominant state(so called Holotrophic).The frequency of pumping is the key factor triggering the shift between the two states.
Most of non-pumped storage reservoirs are mesotrophic;their phytoplankton was dominant by Peridinium(dinophyta) yearly.Large sized species of green algae such as Staurastrum spp.,Botrycoccus sp.and Cosmarium sp.with S strategy were dominant in the dry season,while diatoms(Cyclotella spp.,Melosira sp., Rhizosolenia sp.) dominated in the flood season.Precipitation determines the shift between two states of communities.
CCA analysis showed that water retention time,pH,water level and phosphate concentration are major environmental variables influencing the structure of phytoplankton community,following by Secchi disk depth and precipitation.There is a markedly positive correlation between high phosphorus concentration and cyanobacteria abundance in April in Shedikeng Reservoir.The abundance of diatom in Zhuxiandong reservoir was correlated with water volume and Secchi Disk depth. Diatom abundance had a negative relationship with water residence time in Nanping reservoir,while the abundance of dinoflagellate peridinium minutum was positively correlated to precipitation.The dominant phytoplankton species such as Chlamydomonas sp.,Planctonema lauterbornii and Cryptomonas sp.were more sensitive to the variation of environmental variables than the other species in Zhuxiandong reservoir.Their relative abundance increased in April with relatively low water temperature,low water level and longer water residence time.Another group- the small unicellular chlorophytes showed positive correlation with high phosphorus concentration and water level in June and August.The large sized species such as Melosira spp.,Nitzschia spp.and Euglena acus prefer to high Secchi depth and precipitation,they have high relative abundance in June,August and December. In Zhuxiandong reservoir,a eutrophic water body,its phytoplankton was characterized with fewer phytoplankton species and but relatively high abundance of green algae,being different from that in most of eutrophic reservoirs in the same region.Flagellated green algae,filamentous green algae and Cyclotella meneghiniana (diatom) were the major contributors for phytoplankton biomass in the reservoirs mentioned above.The structure and dynamics of phytoplankton community was primarily controlled by short water residence time in Zhuxiandong and Nanping reservoir.
In simulation with Stella-Ⅱbased model,the Fenghuangshan Reservoir has the highest risk of Microcystis blooming for its long water retention time Zhuxiandong reservoir has the lowest risk of Microcystis bloom for its short water retention time.
在被调查的19座珠海城市水库中有9座水库达到了富营养水平,多数水库处于中营养水平;4月富营养化程度最高,有5座水库处于富营养水平,蓝藻水华发生的几率较大;12月份水温较低,调水频率少,整体富营养化程度最低。整体上看调水水库的富营养化程度要高于非调水水库。从季节上看,大部分调水水库4月份富营养化最严重,12月份富营养化程度较低;非调水水库并没有固定的动态变化规律。
在水库调查中,共检出浮游植物95个属143个分类单位(包括种、变种、变型和变种变型,下同),隶属于7个门。绿藻门的种类数最多,达39个属66个分类单位;硅藻门的种类数次之,为24个属34个分类单位;再其次为蓝藻门,为21个属28个分类单位;其它各门藻类的种类数较少,有11个属15个分类单位。从浮游植物的优势类群组成上看,所有水库分为5个类群:蓝藻型、蓝藻硅藻混合型、蓝藻甲藻混合型、硅藻甲藻混合型和其它混合型。其中凤凰山、蛇地坑、南屏水库和正坑水库为蓝藻型。
珠海调水水库的浮游植物主要由丝状蓝藻(假鱼腥藻、拟柱孢藻和泽丝藻等)、硅藻门的针杆藻和小环藻以及甲藻门的多甲藻以及在某些季节出现的水华蓝藻——微囊藻所组成。个别调水水库的优势种是绿藻门的鞭毛种类。非调水水库没有外源营养盐输入,大部分处于中营养状态,甲藻是全年的优势种,丰水期以硅藻的优势度较大,枯水期大型绿藻的优势度较大。
珠海市水库中水华和有害蓝藻的主要优势种类有:微囊藻(3个种)、鱼腥藻(2个种)、假鱼腥藻、拟柱孢藻和泽丝藻8个种类。它们在4—10月均可成为水库的绝对优势种。调水水库蓝藻水华风险比非调水水库大,4月份的风险比其它季节大;目前,竹仙洞、南屏、蛇地坑、凤凰山和大镜山这五座水库的蓝藻水华潜在的威胁较大。
浮游植物群落对水库调水与富营养化的响应主要取决于浮游植物的形态大小和相应的适应策略。中等强度的调水和换水率对球形群体蓝藻的水华发生具有一定的抑制作用,R策略的丝状蓝藻占据浮游植物的优势。高频率的调水可以对水库中浮游植物的组成产生很大影响,C策略的浮游植物占据优势。珠海水库分别处于两种富营养化的两种状态:即以蓝藻占优势的状态和以鞭毛藻、C-选择者占优势的状态。调水频率的不同是导致这两种状态相互转换的关键因子。非调水水库中,枯水期个体较大的S策略的甲藻和绿藻占据了较大优势,丰水期则由C—R策略的硅藻占据优势,降雨是引起优势种改变的主要因素。
根据5座水库的CCA分析,pH值、水位库容、正磷和水力滞留时间与浮游植物的分布关系最为直接;而透明度和降雨量对其也有一定的影响。在蛇地坑水库中,总磷、正磷酸盐浓度是影响蓝藻丰度的主要因子,硅藻则与库容和透明度有关。在南屏水库短水力滞留时间期间,硅藻的相对丰度较高;水位较高的丰水期,微小多甲藻的相对丰度较高。竹仙洞水库的绿藻分成两个集群:衣藻、游丝藻等大型绿藻在低温、低水位和较长水力滞留时间的4月份较高;小球藻、栅藻、月牙藻等小型种类则与较高的水位和正磷酸盐浓度呈正相关。南屏水库与竹仙洞水库的浮游植物优势种类相似,蛇地坑水库的优势种则与它们存在较为明显的差异。影响这5座水库浮游植物群落组成的主要因素是水力滞留时间,短水力滞留时间抑制了南屏和竹仙洞水库中的蓝藻成为优势类群。
浮游蓝藻动力学模拟表明,在南屏、竹仙洞和凤凰山水库中,由于凤凰山水库水力滞留时间最长,蓝藻水华发生的风险最大,在25℃时只需一周即可形成一定规模的蓝藻水华。竹仙洞水库的水华风险最小,南屏水库处于两者之间。综合各个水库浮游植物群落中蓝藻的相对丰度和调水情况,凤凰山、大镜山、先锋岭、月坑和大枝园水库处于蓝藻水华发生高风险水平,龙井、南屏、竹仙洞、银坑和蛇地坑水库处于中等风险水平,其它水库蓝藻水华爆发的风险较低。
In order to guarantee the water supply to the Zhuhai City and Macau,many middle and small sized reservoirs have been built and connected by pipes and pumping station to the Pearl Rivers.These pumped storage reservoirs are different from those normally formed by damming rivers.Pumping water from polluted lowland rivers results in eutrophication and algal blooming.
On the basis of investigating eutrophication,we analyzed response of phytoplankton community to eutrophication and water pumping.SRC model of phytoplankton survivorship was applied to the adaptive strategies of phytoplankton dominant species in the special reservoir ecosystems.Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) was used to identify the main environmental factors affecting the abundance of dominant phytoplankton.A simple dynamic modeling system was established with Stellao-Ⅱto simulate the accumulations of cyanobacterial cells under several cases with varying temperature and water retention time.The risk of cyanobacteria bloom was evaluated.
Among the 19 investigated reservoirs,9 of them were eutrophic nearly in the whole year,and the others are mesotrophic.More reservoirs are eutrophicated and at the high risk of cyanobacteria blooming in April just before the wet season is coming. Fewer reservoirs were eutrophic in December.This seasonal variation was regulated by both water pumping and water temperature.In general,the trophic state indices are higher in the pumped storage reservoirs than in the normal reservoirs.
A total of 143 species of phytoplankton from 95 genera in 7 phyla were observed,66 species in Chlorophyta,34 species in Bacillariophyta,21 species in Cyanophyta,5 species in Euglenophyta,4 species of Pyrrophyta and Chrysophyta and 2 species of Cryptophyta.As pumping water from the river enhanced the mixing and nutrient concentration and reduced water transparency,filamentous blue-green algae (Pseudanabaena,Cylindrospermopsis and Limnothrix etc.) and Peridinium in Pyrrophyta were favored in these reservoirs.Synedra and Cyclotella usually dominant in winter and spring.Microcystis blooms occasionally in the warm and low mixing stages.Medium-frequent pumping and flushing could promote the dominant of filamentous blue green algae with R survival strategy,and decrease Microcystis blooming.Very high frequent pumping and flushing could favor the dominant of C survival strategy species(representive as flagellated green algae).The eutrophicated reservoirs are in two states:Cyanobacteria dominant state and flagellated C-strategy dominant state(so called Holotrophic).The frequency of pumping is the key factor triggering the shift between the two states.
Most of non-pumped storage reservoirs are mesotrophic;their phytoplankton was dominant by Peridinium(dinophyta) yearly.Large sized species of green algae such as Staurastrum spp.,Botrycoccus sp.and Cosmarium sp.with S strategy were dominant in the dry season,while diatoms(Cyclotella spp.,Melosira sp., Rhizosolenia sp.) dominated in the flood season.Precipitation determines the shift between two states of communities.
CCA analysis showed that water retention time,pH,water level and phosphate concentration are major environmental variables influencing the structure of phytoplankton community,following by Secchi disk depth and precipitation.There is a markedly positive correlation between high phosphorus concentration and cyanobacteria abundance in April in Shedikeng Reservoir.The abundance of diatom in Zhuxiandong reservoir was correlated with water volume and Secchi Disk depth. Diatom abundance had a negative relationship with water residence time in Nanping reservoir,while the abundance of dinoflagellate peridinium minutum was positively correlated to precipitation.The dominant phytoplankton species such as Chlamydomonas sp.,Planctonema lauterbornii and Cryptomonas sp.were more sensitive to the variation of environmental variables than the other species in Zhuxiandong reservoir.Their relative abundance increased in April with relatively low water temperature,low water level and longer water residence time.Another group- the small unicellular chlorophytes showed positive correlation with high phosphorus concentration and water level in June and August.The large sized species such as Melosira spp.,Nitzschia spp.and Euglena acus prefer to high Secchi depth and precipitation,they have high relative abundance in June,August and December. In Zhuxiandong reservoir,a eutrophic water body,its phytoplankton was characterized with fewer phytoplankton species and but relatively high abundance of green algae,being different from that in most of eutrophic reservoirs in the same region.Flagellated green algae,filamentous green algae and Cyclotella meneghiniana (diatom) were the major contributors for phytoplankton biomass in the reservoirs mentioned above.The structure and dynamics of phytoplankton community was primarily controlled by short water residence time in Zhuxiandong and Nanping reservoir.
In simulation with Stella-Ⅱbased model,the Fenghuangshan Reservoir has the highest risk of Microcystis blooming for its long water retention time Zhuxiandong reservoir has the lowest risk of Microcystis bloom for its short water retention time.
引文
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