蒙古莸生殖生物学研究
|
摘要
蒙古莸(Caryopteris mongolica Bunge)为马鞭草科莸属的一种旱生灌木,主要分布在我国的河北、山西、陕西、内蒙古、甘肃这几个省区以及蒙古国的部分地区,具有药用、观赏、提取芳香油等较高的经济价值,抗性强,可用于水土保持和园林绿化。本文以内蒙古林木良种繁育中心的蒙古莸人工种群和呼和浩特大青山的自然种群作为研究对象,首次从胚胎学、开花物候、繁育系统、传粉生物学、结实结籽格局、种子萌发和染色体核型这几个方面对蒙古莸生殖生物学进行系统研究,得出以下结论:
1.蒙古莸成熟花药具4个小孢子囊,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层构成,发育类型为双子叶型;绒毡层腺质型;小孢子四分体多见四面体型,偶见左右对称型,胞质分裂为同时型;成熟花粉粒2细胞型,具3个萌发沟。
蒙古莸雌蕊具2心皮,子房4室,每室具1枚倒生胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心,大孢子四分体直线排列,合点端功能大孢子发育为蓼型胚囊;珠被绒毡层在大孢子四分体时期分化完成,直到球形胚前解体。
蒙古莸胚胎发生为柳叶菜型,成熟胚直立型,由子叶、胚芽、胚轴、胚根组成;胚乳发育为核型;成熟种子无胚乳。
2.蒙古莸花期在7月末至9月中旬,人工种群开花物候明显早于自然种群。同一种群的开花物候不同年度间尽管在日期上有所差异,但是在各个年度间能够保持相近的开花物候进程。蒙古莸的开花模式属于“集中开花模式”,个体间具有较高的开花同步性,不同种群蒙古莸植株的开花同步性指数均大于0.80。晴好天气,绝大多数花朵都集中在上午10:00以前开放,阴雨天则延迟开放或者不开放。
3.蒙古莸的花为鲜艳的蓝紫色,有香味,且可分泌蜜汁,这些花部综合特征能够招引昆虫。在开花过程中,柱头与花药有一定的空间间隔,但是二者的成熟时间没有明显的间隔,且花药散粉与柱头可授期有一定程度的重叠。花粉-胚珠比(P/O)值和杂交指数(OCI)值的测定及套袋实验结果表明:蒙古莸不存在无融合生殖,具有自交和异交兼有的混合交配系统,需要传粉媒介。
4.自然条件下,蒙古莸借助风散播花粉的有效距离约为10cm,由于自然情况下植株间的距离通常大于2m,因此,风因子导致的异株异花授粉作用忽略不计。单花花期内蒙古莸的平均泌蜜量呈单峰曲线,花后10h,单花平均泌蜜量可达1.44±0.43μl,且开花当天的泌蜜量最大,以后逐渐减少。
蒙古莸的传粉昆虫种类比较少,有蜂类、蝇类和蝶类的一些种,其中无垫蜂属的一种、长尾管牙蝇及熊蜂属的一种为主要传粉昆虫。由于同花期其它植物对蒙古莸传粉者的竞争和气象因子的限制,使得昆虫访花频率较低,最高为14.7蜂次/(花序·h-1),由此所导致的传粉者限制和花粉限制在一定程度上影响蒙古莸生殖成功。
5.不同种群蒙古莸的结实特性表现出一定程度的差异。人工栽培种群植株的结实率和种子大小及种子千粒重均高于自然种群,单果水平种子败育率则显著低于自然种群。两个种群的结实率在空间上的垂直分布表现出相同的规律,均为枝条中部>基部>顶部,种子大小和种子千粒重则表现为枝条基部>中部>顶部。蒙古莸的同一果序中,不同位置单果结实数表现为从果序中间向两端降低,呈现出选择性败育格局。单个果实内,种子非线性排列,而是排列在同一个平面上,败育种子发生的位置和数目不固定。
6.适宜温度和水分条件下,蒙古莸种子的发芽周期短,一般在置种后7～8d完成。当年成熟的种子萌发率较高,可达90%以上。
蒙古莸种子以4℃恒温冷藏为宜,种子萌发的最适温度为20℃～25℃,低温和高温对种子萌发均具有明显的抑制作用;蒙古莸种子在含水量为7%～20%的土壤中具有较高的出苗率,其中以15%最为合适;在5mm左右覆土厚度下出苗率最高。
蒙古莸种子具有极强的抵抗干燥、高温胁迫的能力,105℃干热处理8h后,种子发芽率仍然在46.67%左右。在高温(40℃和45℃)、高湿(100%相对湿度)的环境中经人工加速老化处理后,蒙古莸种子活力急剧下降。
7 .蒙古莸染色体数目为26 ,核型为“2B”型,核型公式为:2n=2x=26=22m+4sm;染色体相对长度指数I.R.L.= 6L+6M2+8M1+6S,核型不对称系数As.K%为58.48;未观察到次缢痕和随体。
Caryopteris mongolica Bunge is a type of subshrubs belonging to Verbenaceae, Caryopteris. It is mainly found in provinces of Hebei, Shanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu in China and some areas in Mongolia. C. mongolica is able to survive under severe environmental conditions; therefore, it has been widely planted for soil and water conservation in arid and semi-arid regions. C. mongolica is also used for purposes of gardening and Chinese medicine. In this thesis, reproductive biology of C. mongolica was studied, as the first time, in details by using artificial populations and natural populations. The research focuses on embryology, flowering phenology, breeding system, pollination biology, patterns of fruit and seed set, seeds germination, and karyotype analysis. Main conclusions are presented as follows.
1. It was observed that the anther of C. mongolica has 4 microsporangiums. The wall of a mature anther is composed of epidermis, endothecium (1 layer), middle layer (1 layer) and glandular tapetum (1 layer). Its development follows the dicotyledonous type. Cytokinesis are carried on simultaneously by microspore mother cells meiosis. Tetrads are mostly tetrahedral, but occasionally isobilateral. The mature pollen grain is a two-celled type with three colpates. After the microspore tetrad is formed, some forms of the microspore are under developed, and lose protoplasm. Therefore, sterile pollens are about 4.74% of the mature pollen grains.
C. mongolica has 2 carpels in pistil, and 4 locules in ovary. Each locule has 1 ovule, and axile placenta. The ovule is anatropous, unintegmic, and tenuinucellatae. The megaspore tetrads are linear and the chalazal megaspore is functional. The embryo sacs consists of 7 cells with 8 nucleus, and belongs to Polygonum type. The differentiation and development of integumentary tapetum are accomplished during the megaspore tetrads stage. The disintegration comes before the formation of globular embryo.
The embryo development is of the onagrad type. The erect mature embryo consists of cotyledon, germ, hypocotyl and radicle. The development of endosperm is a nuclear type and the primary endosperm nucleus divides earlier than the zygote. Mature seeds are exendospermous.
2. There are significant differences in flowering phenology of C. mongolica between aretificial and natural populations. The dates of flowering phenology are also different in the same population in different years, but the flowering processes are in similar model of“Mass-flowering pattern”. The synchronous index of both populations are more than 0.80. Most flowers opened before 10:00AM in sunny days and delayed or non-flowering in cloudy or rainy days.
3. Flowers of C. mongolica are fragrant and nectariferous. Petals are in blue purple color. Such floral characteristics could attract insects. The stigma and anthers are not at the same height and separate in space during the flowering process, while both of them matured simultanousely. The pollen vigor and the stigma viability are temporally overlapped to a great degree. The values of P/O, OCI and bagging tests indicated that there is no apomixes in C. mongolica; the breeding system of the species is mixed with self-compatible and outcrossing; and the pollinators are required during the pollination process.
4. The results of gravity slide experiment showed that the wind pollination is in a short distance and the outcrossing of wind pollination can be ignored. During flowering process, average amounts of nectar secretion follow the normal distribution. The average nectar secretion reached 1.44±0.43μl after flowered for 10h. Maximium nectar secretion was observed in the first day of blooming, and gradually decreased afterwards.
Pollinators of C. mongolica include bees, flies and butterflies. One species of Amegilla, one of Bombus and Eristalis tenax Linnaeus were observed as main pollinators. Because of influences of pollination competitors and climatic and environmental factors, the pollinator visiting frequencies were always lower than 15 insect times/ inflorescence/h, which result in limited pollinators and pollen deficiency. These limiting factors have great influence on the reproductive success and probably make the flowers produce“few fruits”.
5. There are certain degrees of differences in seed setting of C. mongolica in different populations. All of the seed setting percentage, seed size and thousand-seed weight of the artificial populations are higher than the natural one. However, the seed set rates of different populations exhibited the same regulation on branches, manifested as the middle part>basal part>top part, while the seed size and thousand-seed weight in different populations manifested as the basal part>middle part>top part. The number of abortive seeds in single fruit of the artificial populations is significantly less than that of the natural populations.
The percentage of abortive nutlets increases from the intermediate part to the edges in a single infructescence. The arrangement of seeds in single fruit is nonlinear and the numbers and positions of abortive seeds are uncertain.
6. The seeds of C. mongolica germinate in a short period under optimum temperature and humidity, usually within 7-8 days. The seed germination rates of C. mongolica were found more than 90% in both artificial and natural populations in the current year.
When kept at 4℃, the seeds vigor are higher than those kept in indoors and outdoors. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 20-25℃and the optimum soil water content is 7-20%. A layer of 2-5mm covering soil leads to the best of seed germination.
The seeds of C. mongolica have resistant ability to heat and drought stress, but their vigor are greatly reduced under high temperature (40-45℃) and high humidity (100% relative humidity).
7. The study results indicated that C. mongolica has chromosome number of 2n=26 and base number of x=13. The index relative length (I.R.L.) is 6L+6M2+8M1+6S. The karyogram fits well to the formula of 2n=2x=26=22m+4sm, and the karyotype belongs to the type of“2B”. Its karyotype asymmetry index As.K% is equal to 58.48. Secondary constriction and satellite were not found.
1.蒙古莸成熟花药具4个小孢子囊,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层构成,发育类型为双子叶型;绒毡层腺质型;小孢子四分体多见四面体型,偶见左右对称型,胞质分裂为同时型;成熟花粉粒2细胞型,具3个萌发沟。
蒙古莸雌蕊具2心皮,子房4室,每室具1枚倒生胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心,大孢子四分体直线排列,合点端功能大孢子发育为蓼型胚囊;珠被绒毡层在大孢子四分体时期分化完成,直到球形胚前解体。
蒙古莸胚胎发生为柳叶菜型,成熟胚直立型,由子叶、胚芽、胚轴、胚根组成;胚乳发育为核型;成熟种子无胚乳。
2.蒙古莸花期在7月末至9月中旬,人工种群开花物候明显早于自然种群。同一种群的开花物候不同年度间尽管在日期上有所差异,但是在各个年度间能够保持相近的开花物候进程。蒙古莸的开花模式属于“集中开花模式”,个体间具有较高的开花同步性,不同种群蒙古莸植株的开花同步性指数均大于0.80。晴好天气,绝大多数花朵都集中在上午10:00以前开放,阴雨天则延迟开放或者不开放。
3.蒙古莸的花为鲜艳的蓝紫色,有香味,且可分泌蜜汁,这些花部综合特征能够招引昆虫。在开花过程中,柱头与花药有一定的空间间隔,但是二者的成熟时间没有明显的间隔,且花药散粉与柱头可授期有一定程度的重叠。花粉-胚珠比(P/O)值和杂交指数(OCI)值的测定及套袋实验结果表明:蒙古莸不存在无融合生殖,具有自交和异交兼有的混合交配系统,需要传粉媒介。
4.自然条件下,蒙古莸借助风散播花粉的有效距离约为10cm,由于自然情况下植株间的距离通常大于2m,因此,风因子导致的异株异花授粉作用忽略不计。单花花期内蒙古莸的平均泌蜜量呈单峰曲线,花后10h,单花平均泌蜜量可达1.44±0.43μl,且开花当天的泌蜜量最大,以后逐渐减少。
蒙古莸的传粉昆虫种类比较少,有蜂类、蝇类和蝶类的一些种,其中无垫蜂属的一种、长尾管牙蝇及熊蜂属的一种为主要传粉昆虫。由于同花期其它植物对蒙古莸传粉者的竞争和气象因子的限制,使得昆虫访花频率较低,最高为14.7蜂次/(花序·h-1),由此所导致的传粉者限制和花粉限制在一定程度上影响蒙古莸生殖成功。
5.不同种群蒙古莸的结实特性表现出一定程度的差异。人工栽培种群植株的结实率和种子大小及种子千粒重均高于自然种群,单果水平种子败育率则显著低于自然种群。两个种群的结实率在空间上的垂直分布表现出相同的规律,均为枝条中部>基部>顶部,种子大小和种子千粒重则表现为枝条基部>中部>顶部。蒙古莸的同一果序中,不同位置单果结实数表现为从果序中间向两端降低,呈现出选择性败育格局。单个果实内,种子非线性排列,而是排列在同一个平面上,败育种子发生的位置和数目不固定。
6.适宜温度和水分条件下,蒙古莸种子的发芽周期短,一般在置种后7～8d完成。当年成熟的种子萌发率较高,可达90%以上。
蒙古莸种子以4℃恒温冷藏为宜,种子萌发的最适温度为20℃～25℃,低温和高温对种子萌发均具有明显的抑制作用;蒙古莸种子在含水量为7%～20%的土壤中具有较高的出苗率,其中以15%最为合适;在5mm左右覆土厚度下出苗率最高。
蒙古莸种子具有极强的抵抗干燥、高温胁迫的能力,105℃干热处理8h后,种子发芽率仍然在46.67%左右。在高温(40℃和45℃)、高湿(100%相对湿度)的环境中经人工加速老化处理后,蒙古莸种子活力急剧下降。
7 .蒙古莸染色体数目为26 ,核型为“2B”型,核型公式为:2n=2x=26=22m+4sm;染色体相对长度指数I.R.L.= 6L+6M2+8M1+6S,核型不对称系数As.K%为58.48;未观察到次缢痕和随体。
Caryopteris mongolica Bunge is a type of subshrubs belonging to Verbenaceae, Caryopteris. It is mainly found in provinces of Hebei, Shanxi, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu in China and some areas in Mongolia. C. mongolica is able to survive under severe environmental conditions; therefore, it has been widely planted for soil and water conservation in arid and semi-arid regions. C. mongolica is also used for purposes of gardening and Chinese medicine. In this thesis, reproductive biology of C. mongolica was studied, as the first time, in details by using artificial populations and natural populations. The research focuses on embryology, flowering phenology, breeding system, pollination biology, patterns of fruit and seed set, seeds germination, and karyotype analysis. Main conclusions are presented as follows.
1. It was observed that the anther of C. mongolica has 4 microsporangiums. The wall of a mature anther is composed of epidermis, endothecium (1 layer), middle layer (1 layer) and glandular tapetum (1 layer). Its development follows the dicotyledonous type. Cytokinesis are carried on simultaneously by microspore mother cells meiosis. Tetrads are mostly tetrahedral, but occasionally isobilateral. The mature pollen grain is a two-celled type with three colpates. After the microspore tetrad is formed, some forms of the microspore are under developed, and lose protoplasm. Therefore, sterile pollens are about 4.74% of the mature pollen grains.
C. mongolica has 2 carpels in pistil, and 4 locules in ovary. Each locule has 1 ovule, and axile placenta. The ovule is anatropous, unintegmic, and tenuinucellatae. The megaspore tetrads are linear and the chalazal megaspore is functional. The embryo sacs consists of 7 cells with 8 nucleus, and belongs to Polygonum type. The differentiation and development of integumentary tapetum are accomplished during the megaspore tetrads stage. The disintegration comes before the formation of globular embryo.
The embryo development is of the onagrad type. The erect mature embryo consists of cotyledon, germ, hypocotyl and radicle. The development of endosperm is a nuclear type and the primary endosperm nucleus divides earlier than the zygote. Mature seeds are exendospermous.
2. There are significant differences in flowering phenology of C. mongolica between aretificial and natural populations. The dates of flowering phenology are also different in the same population in different years, but the flowering processes are in similar model of“Mass-flowering pattern”. The synchronous index of both populations are more than 0.80. Most flowers opened before 10:00AM in sunny days and delayed or non-flowering in cloudy or rainy days.
3. Flowers of C. mongolica are fragrant and nectariferous. Petals are in blue purple color. Such floral characteristics could attract insects. The stigma and anthers are not at the same height and separate in space during the flowering process, while both of them matured simultanousely. The pollen vigor and the stigma viability are temporally overlapped to a great degree. The values of P/O, OCI and bagging tests indicated that there is no apomixes in C. mongolica; the breeding system of the species is mixed with self-compatible and outcrossing; and the pollinators are required during the pollination process.
4. The results of gravity slide experiment showed that the wind pollination is in a short distance and the outcrossing of wind pollination can be ignored. During flowering process, average amounts of nectar secretion follow the normal distribution. The average nectar secretion reached 1.44±0.43μl after flowered for 10h. Maximium nectar secretion was observed in the first day of blooming, and gradually decreased afterwards.
Pollinators of C. mongolica include bees, flies and butterflies. One species of Amegilla, one of Bombus and Eristalis tenax Linnaeus were observed as main pollinators. Because of influences of pollination competitors and climatic and environmental factors, the pollinator visiting frequencies were always lower than 15 insect times/ inflorescence/h, which result in limited pollinators and pollen deficiency. These limiting factors have great influence on the reproductive success and probably make the flowers produce“few fruits”.
5. There are certain degrees of differences in seed setting of C. mongolica in different populations. All of the seed setting percentage, seed size and thousand-seed weight of the artificial populations are higher than the natural one. However, the seed set rates of different populations exhibited the same regulation on branches, manifested as the middle part>basal part>top part, while the seed size and thousand-seed weight in different populations manifested as the basal part>middle part>top part. The number of abortive seeds in single fruit of the artificial populations is significantly less than that of the natural populations.
The percentage of abortive nutlets increases from the intermediate part to the edges in a single infructescence. The arrangement of seeds in single fruit is nonlinear and the numbers and positions of abortive seeds are uncertain.
6. The seeds of C. mongolica germinate in a short period under optimum temperature and humidity, usually within 7-8 days. The seed germination rates of C. mongolica were found more than 90% in both artificial and natural populations in the current year.
When kept at 4℃, the seeds vigor are higher than those kept in indoors and outdoors. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 20-25℃and the optimum soil water content is 7-20%. A layer of 2-5mm covering soil leads to the best of seed germination.
The seeds of C. mongolica have resistant ability to heat and drought stress, but their vigor are greatly reduced under high temperature (40-45℃) and high humidity (100% relative humidity).
7. The study results indicated that C. mongolica has chromosome number of 2n=26 and base number of x=13. The index relative length (I.R.L.) is 6L+6M2+8M1+6S. The karyogram fits well to the formula of 2n=2x=26=22m+4sm, and the karyotype belongs to the type of“2B”. Its karyotype asymmetry index As.K% is equal to 58.48. Secondary constriction and satellite were not found.
引文
1魏晓慧.风箱果繁育特性及繁殖体系研究[D].东北林业大学,2006
2杨弘远.序——植物生殖生物学的来龙去脉[J].植物学通报,2007,24(3):272-274
3张志毅,于雪松.杨树生殖生物学研究进展[J].北京林业大学学报,2000,11(6):69-74
4肖宜安.濒危植物长柄双花木(Disanthus cercidifolius var.longipes)繁殖生态学与光合适应性研究[D].西南师范大学,2005
5方炎明.植物生殖生态学[M].济南:山东大学出版社,1996.158-162
6胡适宜.被子植物胚胎学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1982
7胡适宜.植物胚胎学在中国的发展[J].植物学报,2002,44(9):1022-1042
8邹琦.紫锻(Tilia amurensis)胚胎学的初步研究[D].东北林业大学,2007
9王伏雄,陈祖铿,胡玉熹等.裸子植物胚胎学和解剖学[EB/OL].中国科学院植物研究所科研成果,http://www.ibcas.ac.cn/old/resource/kycg/huojiang/jiang17.htm,2008-12-10
10夏国华.山核桃生殖生物学研究[D].南京林业大学,2006
11竺可桢,宛敏渭.物候学[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,1999
12 Ollerton J,Lack A.Flowering phenology:an example of relaxation of natural selection[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1992,7:274-276
13 Bawa K S,Kang H,Grayum M H.Relationships among time,frequency,and duration of flowering in tropical rain forest trees[J].American Journal of Botany,2003,90:877-887
14 Rathcke B,Lacey E P.Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1985,6:179-214
15 Ollerton J,Lack A.Correlation between flowering phenology,plant size and reproductive success in Lotus corniculatus(Fabaceae)[J].Plant Ecology,1998, 139:35-47
16 Abe T.Flowering phenology,display size,and fruit set in an understory dioecious shrub,Aucuba japonica(Cornaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,2001,88:455-461
17 Bronstein J L.The plant-pollinator landscape[M].In:Hanssos L,Fahrig L,Merriam G.Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes.London:Chapman & HalL Press,1995.256-288
18 Primack R B,Longevity of individual flowers[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1985,16:15-37
19 Widén B.Environmental and genetic influences on phenology and plant size in aperennial herb.Senecio integriflorus[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1991,69:209-217
20 Dieringer G.Variation in individual flowering time and reproductive success of Agalinis Strictifolia (Scrophulariaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1991,78:497-503
21 Galen C,Stanton M L.Consequences of emergence phenology for reproductive success in Ranunculus adoneus(Ranunculaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1991,78:978-988
22 Ollerton J,Diaz A.Evdence for stabilizing selection acting on flowering time in Arum maculatum(Araceae):the influence of phylogeny on adaptation[J]. Oecologia,1999,119:340-348
23 Primack R B.Variation in the phenology of natural populations of montane shrubs in New Zealand[J].Journal of Ecology,1980,68:849-962
24 Bolmgren K.The use of synchronization measures in studies of plant reproductive phenology[J].Oikos,1998,82:411-415
25汪小凡.中国泽泻科四属的花部综合特征及其对传粉机制的适应性[J].武汉大学学报(理学版),2001:47(4):485-492
26何田华,葛颂.植物种群交配系统、亲本分析以及基因流动研究[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(2):144-154
27黄双全,郭友好.传粉生物学的研究进展[J].科学通报,2000,45(3):225-237
28刘林德,祝宁,申家恒,赵惠勋.刺五加、短梗五加的开花动态及繁育系统的比较研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(7):1041-1048
29金彪.琼花生殖生物学与繁殖技术研究[D].南京林业大学,2006
30吴疆 .印楝繁育系统的研究[D].中国林业科学研究院,2007
31刘占林,宋颐,李珊,赵桂仿.华山新麦草开花物候期观测和自然种群基因流的间接估测[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(4):426-430
32李新蓉.沙冬青属植物繁殖生物学研究[D].新疆农业大学,2006
33陈波,达良俊,宋永昌.常绿阔叶树种栲树开花物候动态及花的空间配置[J].植物生态学报2003,27(2):249-255
34马文宝,施翔,张道远,尹林克.准噶尔无叶豆的开花物候与生殖特征[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(4):760-767
35张文标.濒危植物夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)繁殖生态与遗传分化研究[D].西南大学,2007
36 Thórhallsdóttir T E.Flowering phenology in the central highland of iceland and implications for climatic warming in the Arctic Oecologia[J].1998,114(1):43-49
37 Domnguez C A,Dirzo R.Rainfall and flowering synchrony in a tropical shrub: variable selection on the flowering time of Erythroxylum havanense [J].Evolutionary Ecology,1995,9(2):204-216
38 Fuchs E J,Lobo J A,Quesada M.Effects of forest fragmentation and flowering phenology on the reproductive success and mating patterns of the tropical dry forest tree Pachira quinata[J].Conservation Biology,2003,17(1):149-157
39 Herreras-diego Y,Quesada M,Stoner K E et al.Effects of forest fragmentation on phenological patterns and reproductive success of the tropical dry forest tree Ceiba aesculifolia[J].Conservation Biology,2006,20(4):1111-1120
40 Allard R W.The mating system and microevolution[J].Genetics,1975,79:115-126
41 Schemske D W,Lande R.The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in plants.Ⅱ.Empirical observations[J].Evolution,1985,39:41-52
42 Heywood V H.Plant Taxonomy[M].柯植芬译,植物分类学,Beijing:Science Press,1979
43 Wyatt R.Pollinator-plant interactions and the evolution of breeding systems[M]. In:Real L.Pollination biology.Florida:Academy Press,1983
44何亚平,刘建全.植物繁育系统研究的最新进展和评述[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(2):151-163
45周世良,洪德元.传粉生物学的最新进展和发展趋势[M].见:李承森.植物科学进展(第一卷),北京:高等教育出版社,1998
46 Barrett S C H,Harder L D.Ecology and evolution of plant mating[J].Trends in Evolution and Ecology,1996,11:73-79
47 Proctor M,Yeo P,Lack A.The natural history of pollination[M].London: HarperCollins,1996
48 Real L.Pollination biology[M].Florida:Academic Press,1983
49 Darwin C.The effects of cross and self fertilization in the vegetable kingdom [M].London:Murray,1876
50 Lloyd D G,Barrett S C H.Floral biology[M].New York: Chapman & Hall press,1996
51 Lloyd D G.Self-fertilization and cross-fertilization in plants.2.The selection of self-fertilization[J].International Journal of Plant Sciences,1992,153:370-380
52 Barrett S C H.Mating strategies in flowering plants:the outcrossing-selfing paradigm and beyond[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences,2003,385:991-1004
53 Holsinger K E.Pollination biology and the evolution of mating systems in flowering plants[J].Evolutionary Biology,1996,29:107-149
54 Holsinger K E.Feldman M W,Christiansen F B.The evolution of self-fertilization in plants:a population genetic model[J].American Naturalist,1984,124:446-453
55张大勇,姜新华.植物交配系统的进化、资源分配对策与遗传多样性[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(2):130-143
56 Barren S C H.Sexual interference of the floral kind[J].Heredity,2002b,88:154-159
57马书荣.长春花(Catharanthus roseus)传粉生物学的研究[D].东北林业大学,2005
58葛颂.植物群体遗传结构研究的回顾和展望[M].见:李承森.植物科学进展(第一卷),北京:高等教育出版社,1998,1-15
59张仁波,窦全丽,何平等.濒危植物缙云卫矛繁育系统研究[J].广西植物,2006,26(3):308-312
60宋志平,郭友好,黄双全.黄花蔺的繁育系统研究[J].植物分类学报,2000,38(1):53-63
61李鹂,党承林.短葶飞蓬(Erigeron breviscapus)的花部综合特征与繁育系统[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):571-578
62张大勇.植物生活史进化及繁殖生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.155
63 Mcintosh M E.Flowering phenology and reproductive output in two sister species of Ferocactus(Cactaceae)[J].Plant Ecology,2002,159:1-13
64郭友好,黄双全,陈家宽.水生被子植物的繁育系统与进化[J].水生生物学报,1998, 22(1):79-85
65王崇云,党承林.植物的交配系统及其进化机制与种群适应[J].武汉植物学研究,1999,17(2):163-172
66刘林德,王仲礼,祝宁.传粉生物学研究简史[J].生物学通报,2003,38(5):59-61
67郭友好.传粉生物学与植物的进化[M].见:陈家宽,杨继.植物进化生物学,武汉:武汉大学出版社,1994
68李庆军,许再富,夏永梅,张玲,邓晓宝,高江云.山姜属植物花柱卷曲性传粉机制的研究[J].植物学报,2001,43(4):364-369
69 Ashman T L,Schoen D J.How long should flowers live? [J].Nature,1994,371:788-791
70 Bingham R A,Orthner A R.Efficient pollination of alpine plants[J].Nature,1998,391:238-239
71黄双全,靳宝锋,王青锋,郭友好.慈姑花的开放式样及其花粉流[J].植物学报,1999,41(7):726-730
72 Biernaskie J M,Cartar R V.Variation in rate of nectar production depends on floral display size:a pollinator manipulation hypothesis[J].Functional ecology,2004,18:125-129
73 Jones C E,Cruzan M B.Floral morphological changes and reproductive success in Deer weed(Lotus scoparius,Fabaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1999,86(2):273-277
74 Dafni A.Pollination Ecology[M].New York:Oxford Univ Press,1992.1-57
75 Inouye D W,Gill D E,Dudash M R,et al.A model and lexicon for pollen fate [J].American Journal of Botany,1994,81(12):1517-1530
76 Cruden R W,Lloyd R M.Embryophytes have equivalent sexual phenotypes and breeding systems:why not a common terminology to describe them[J].American Journal of Botany,1995,82(6):816-825
77 Waser N M,Chittka L,Price M V,et al.Generalization in pollination systems,and why it matters[J].Ecology,1996,77(4):1043-1060
78中国植物学会编.中国植物学史[M].北京:科学出版社,1994
79王乾,李朝銮.攀枝花苏铁传粉生物学研究[J].植物学报,1997,39(2):156-163
80奇文清,尤瑞麟,陈晓麟.濒危植物南川升麻传粉生物学的研究[J].植物学报,1998,40(8):688-694
81罗毅波,裴颜龙,潘开玉,洪德元.矮牡丹传粉生物学的初步研究[J].植物分类学报,1998,36(2):134-144
82刘林德,王仲礼,田国伟,申家恒.刺五加花的形态学及雄蕊异长现象的观察[J].植物分类学报1997,36(1):1-6
83黄双全,郭友好,潘明清,陈家宽.鹅掌楸的花部综合特征与虫媒传粉[J].植物学报,1999,41(3):241-248
84黄双全,郭友好.鹅掌楸的传粉环境与性配置[J].生态学报,2000,20(1):49-52
85祖元刚,张文辉.濒危植物裂叶沙参保护生物学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999
86窦全丽.濒危植物缙云卫矛(Euonymus chloranthoides Yang)生殖生态李研究[D].西南师范大学,2005
87潘春柳.珍稀濒危植物单性木兰生殖生态学研究[D].广西大学,2007
88红雨.芍药传粉生物学研究[D].内蒙古师范大学,2003
89 Steven D D.Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession:seedling emergence[J].Ecology,1991a,72:1066-1075
90谢宗强,陈伟烈,胡东,朱日光.濒危植物银杉的结实特性及动物对果实的危害性[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(4):319-326
91 Sutherland S,Delph L F.On the importance of male fitness in plants:patterns of fruit set[J].Ecology,1984,65:1039-1104
92王迎春.内蒙古西鄂尔多斯古老残遗物种生活史适应机制的比较研究[D].内蒙古大学,2000
93 Schemske D W.Floral ecology and hummingbird pollination of Combretum farinosium in Costa Rica[J].Biotropica,1980,12:169-181
94 Aker C K,Udovic D.Oviposition and pollination behavior of the Yucca moth ,Tegeticula maculata,and its relationship to the reproductive biology of Yucca whipplei [J].Oecologia,1981,49:96-101
95 Guitian J.Why Prunus mahaleb(Rosaceae)produce more flowers than fruits[J]. American Journal of Botany,1993,80:1305-1309
96 Stephenson A G,The regulation of maternal investments in an indeterminate flowering plant(Lotus corniculatus)[J].Ecology,1984,65:113-121
97 Stephenson A G.Flower and fruit abortion:Proximate causes and ultimate functions [J].Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,1981,12:253-279
98赵学杰,谭敦炎.种子植物的选择性败育及其进化生态意义[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(6):1007-1018
99 Vaughton G.Nonrandom patterns of fruit set in Banksia spinulosa(Proteaceae): interovary competition within and among inflorescences[J].International Journal of Plant Sciences,1993,154:306-313
100 Arathi H S,Ganeshaiah K N,Uma Shaanker R,Hegde S G.Seed abortion in Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1999,86:659-662
101 Arathi H S,Ganeshaiah K N,Uma Shaanker R,Hegde S G.Factors affecting embryo in Syzygium cuminii(L.)Skeels(Myrtaceae)[J].International Journal of Plant Sciences,1996,157:49-52
102 Moody-Weis J M,Heywood J S.Pollination limitation to reproductive success in the Missouri evening primrose,Oenothera macrocarpa(Onagraceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,2001,88:1615-1622
103 Casper B B,Head S B,Apanius V.Ecological correlates of single-seededness in a woody tropical flora[J].Oecologia,1992,90:212-217
104 Casper B B.On the evolution of embryo abortion in the herbaceous perennial Cryptantha flava [J].Evolution,1984,38:1337-1349
105 Nicholls M S.Spatial pattern of ovule maturation in the inflorescence of Echium vulgare:demography,resource allocation and the constraints of architecture[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,1987,31:247-256
106 Berry P E,Calvo R N.Pollinator limitation and position dpendent fruit set in the high Andean orchid Myrosmodes cochlea(Orchidaceae)[J].Plant Systematics and Evolution,1991,174,93-101
107 Susko D J,Lovett-Doust L.Variable patterns of seed maturation and abortion in Alliaria petiolata(Brassicaceae)[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1998,76:1677-1686
108 Wesselingh R A,Arnold M L.A top-down hierarchy in fruit set on inflorescences in Iris fulva(Iridaceae)[J].Plant Biology,2003,5:651-660
109 Mena-AliJI,Rocha O J.Selective seed abortion affects the performance of the off spring in Bauhinia ungulata[J].Annals of Botany,2005b,95:1017-1023
110 Bawa K S,Buckley D P.Seed:ovule ratios,selective seed abortion,and mating systems in Leguminosae[J].Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden,1989,29:243-262
111 Rocha O J,Stephenson A G.Effect of ovule position on seed production,seed weight,and progeny performance in Phaseolus coccineus L.(Leguminosae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1990,77:1320-1329
112 Hossaert M,Valēro M.Effect of ovule position in the pod on patterns of seed formation in two species of Lathyrus(Leguminosae:Papilionoideae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1988,75:1714-1731
113 Marshall D L,Ellstrand N C.Effective mate choice in wild radish:evidence for selective seed abortion and its mechanism[J].American Naturalist,1988,131,739-756
114 Casper B B.Evidence for selective embryo abortion in Cryptantha flava[J]. American Naturalist,1988,132:318-326
115 Guitian J.Selective fruit abortion in Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1994,81:1555-1558
116 Medrano M,Guitián P,Guitián J.Patterns of fruit and seed set within inflorescences of Pancratium maritimum(Amaryllidaceae):nonuniform pollination,resource limitation,or architectural effects? [J].American Journal of Botany,2000,87:493-501
117 Lee T D,Bazzaz F A.Maternal regulation of fecundity:nonrandom ovule abortion in Cassia fasciculate Michx[J].Oecologia,1986,68:459-465
118 RaspéO,Guillaume P,Jacquemart A L.Inbreeding depression and biased paternity after mixed-pollination in Vaccinium myrtillus L.(Ericaceae)[J].International Journal of Plant Sciences,2004,165:765-771
119 Niesenbaum R A.Linking herbivory and pollination:defoliation and selective fruit abortion in Lindera benzoin [J].Ecology,1996,77:2324-2331
120 Niesenbaum R A.The effects of pollen load size and donor diversity on pollen performance , selective abortion , and progeny vigor in Mirabilis jalapa(Nyctaginaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1999,86:261-268
121 Stephenson A G.Fruit set,herbivory,fruit reduction and fruiting strategy of Catalpa speciosa(Bignoniaceae )[J].Ecology,1980,61:57-64
122徐秀丽.冷藏和温度对高寒草甸两类常见植物种子萌发特性的影响[D].兰州大学,2007
123颜启传.种子学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001
124黄文达.三种荒漠植物种子萌发的水热响应[D].兰州大学,2007
125 Holland J N,Bronstein J L,DeAngelis D L.Testing hypotheses for excess flower production and low fruit-to-flower ratios in a pollinating seed-consuming mutualism[J].Oikos,2004,105:633-640
126丁琼,王华,贾桂霞,郝玉光.沙冬青种子萌发及幼苗生长特性[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(4):633-639
127郑光华,史忠礼,赵同芳等.实用种子生理学[M].北京:农业出版社,1990
128张树新,邹受益,杨美霞.梭梭种子发芽特性试验研究[J].内蒙古林学院学报,1995,17(2):56-63
129黄振英,张新时,Yitzchak GUTTERMAN,郑光华.光照、温度和盐分对梭梭种子萌发的影响[J].植物生理学报,2001,27(3):275-280
130余玲.虎尾草种子萌发特性的研究[J].草业科学,1999,16(3):51-54
131 Gul B,Weber D J.Effect of salinity,light,and temperature on germination in Allenrolfea occidentalis[J].Canadian Journal of botany,1999,77:240-246
132 Gulzar S , Khan M A . Seed germination of a Halopytic grass , Aeluropus lagopoides[J].Annuals of botany,2001,87:319-324
133宋松泉,程红众,龙春林,姜孝成.种子生物学研究指南[M].北京:科学出版社,2005
134藤伊正.植物的休眠与发芽[M].北京:科学出版社,1980
135文彬,兰芹英,何惠英.光、温度和土壤水分对坡垒种子萌发的影响[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2002,10(3):258-262
136苏珮,山仑.水分胁迫条件下高粱种子的吸水机制及其可溶性糖代谢的变化[J].西北植物学报,1996,16(3):203-207
137曾彦军,王彦荣,萨仁,田雪梅.几种旱生灌木种子萌发对干旱胁迫的响应[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(8):953-956
138边才苗,金则新,张俊会,金敬顶.云锦杜鹃种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应[J].植物研究,2006,26(6):718-721
139吴文.吸湿-回干及磁处理对马尾松种子活力的影响[D].南京林业大学,2003
140黄振英,Gutterman Y.油蒿与中国和以色列沙漠中的两种蒿属植物种子萌发策略的比较[J].植物学报,2000,42(1):71-80
141杨慧玲,曹志平,董鸣,叶永忠,黄振英.沙埋对无芒雀麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2438-2443
142 Huang Z Y,Gutterman Y.白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究Ⅰ.粘液瘦果的结构和功能[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(1):22-28
143卜海燕.青藏高原东部高寒草甸植物种子的萌发与休眠研究[D].兰州大学,2007
144崔秀萍.浑善达克沙地黄柳生理生态适应性研究[D].内蒙古农业大学,2007
145王学敏,易津.驼绒藜属植物种子萌发条件及其生理特性的研究[J].草地学报,2003,11(2):96-102
146邢福,郭继勋,王彦红.狼毒种子萌发特性与种群更新机制的研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(11):1851-1854
147黄振英,Gutterman Y,胡正海,张新时.白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究II.环境因素的影响[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(2):240-246
148杨利平,孙满珍,张晶.光照和温度对百合属6种植物种子萌发的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报,2000,9(4):14-18
149曾彦军,王彦荣,张宝林,李保尔.红砂和猫头刺种子萌发生态适应性的研究[J].草业学报,2000,9(3):36-42
150张德明,陈章和.不同光强下南亚热带森林乔木的种子萌发和幼苗生长的观察[J].生态科学,1996,15(4):6-12
151闫兴富,曹敏.不同光照对望天树种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,7,18(1):23-29
152刘志民,蒋德明,高红瑛,常学礼.植物生活史繁殖对策与干扰关系的研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(3):418-422
153赵一之.蒙古莸的植物区系地理分布研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),1995,26(2):195-197
154 Cantino P D.Evidence for a polyphyletic origin of the Labiatae[J].Ann Missouri Bot Garden,1992,79:361-379
155 Wagstaff S J,Olmstead R G.Phylogeny of Labiatae and Verbenaceae inferred from rbcL sequences[J].Systematic Botany,1997,22:165-179
156 Raj B.A contribution to the pollen morphology of Verbenaceae[J].Rev.Palaeobot.& Playnol,1983,39:343-422
157刘炳仑.中国马鞭草科植物的花粉形态[J].植物研究,1985,5(4):23-62
158朱栗琼,招礼军,陶世红,彭琼.马鞭草科9种植物叶表皮特征及其分类学意义[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(23):7057-7058,7061
159梁汉兴,李璐,彭华.广义马鞭草科花器官发生的研究[J].植物学报,2001,43(7):673-679
160 Reddy T B,Reddi C S.Pollination ecology of Vitex negundo(Verbenaceae) [J].Proceedings of the Indian Natural Science Academy,Part B,Biological sciences,1994,60:57-66
161 Reddy T B,Reddi C S.Butterfly pollination of Clerodendrum infortunatum (Verbenaceae)[J].Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,1995,92:166-173
162 Reddy T B,Reddi C S.Pollination ecology of Duranta repens(Verbenaceae)[J].Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,1996,93:193-201
163 Reddi C S,Das R K,Aluri R J S,Aluri J B.Sexual system and pollination ecology of Gmelina asiatica L.(Verbenaceae)[J].Journal Palynology,1996,32:41-50
164 Ivana de F B,Sebasti?o L,Maria Christina de A,Elynton Alves do N.Barbo Floral biology of Stachytarpheta maximiliani Scham.(Verbenaceae) and its floral visitors [J].Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 2006,50(4):498-504
165 Schemske D W . Pollinator specificity in Lantana camara and L . trifolia (Verbenaceae)[J].Biotropica,1976,8:260 264
166方建新.安徽马鞭草科药用植物资源及开发利用[J].中国林副特产,2006,4:80-82
167程家寿.黄山马鞭草科种质资源调查及园林用途研究[J].江苏林业科技,2006,33(3):20-24
168韦龙宾,陈丛瑾,朱栗琼,陶世红,黄宝优,黄辉东.马鞭草科一些植物鲜叶提取物清除DPPH自由基活性的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(20):6011-6012
169 C.Y.Wu.分布在中国的莸属植物[J].Flora of China,1994,17:43-47
170李玉俊,李新荣.芳香植物——蒙古犹的生态生理特性及其栽培技术[J].中国沙漠, 1991,11(3):50-56
171袁涛,苏雪痕.彩叶木本花卉金叶莸的引种与栽培[J].园艺学报,2004,31(1):112-114
172蒲自莲,时铱,杨玉成,张坚,吕义长.中国莸属植物挥发油化学成分的研究I.兰香草、毛球莸、灰毛莸和小叶灰毛莸烯烃部分的气-质分析[J].化学学报,1984,48:1103-1105
173吕义长,杨玉成,金燕军,蒲自莲,时铱.光果莸和粘叶莸挥发油烯烃部分化学成分的研究[J].植物学报,1985(3):290-294
174周印锁,李兆琳,朱加亮,陈宁,苏怡兵.三花莸挥发油化学成分的研究[J].植物研究,1993(4):394-398
175王明奎,丁立生,吴凤锷.毛球莸和小叶灰毛莸的化学成分[J].天然产物研究与开发,1994(3):17-20
176张永红,汪汉卿,郭新华,芦志刚.光果莸的化学成分研究[J].中草药,2001,32(12):1069-1070
177张永红,程东亮.蒙古莸的化学成分研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(5):69-71
178张永红,陈革林,陈崇宏,彭丽彰,汪汉卿.三花莸的化学成分研究[J].中草药,2005(4):501-502
179顾文毅,魏海斌,张文林.野生地被植物在园林中的应用[J].青海农林科技,2006(4):48-50
180 Cantino P D,Wagstaff S J,Olmstead R G.Caryopteris(Lamiaceae)and the conflict between phylogenetic and paragmatic considerations in botanical nomenclature [J].Systematic Botany 1999,23(3):369-386
181 Rimpler H , Winterhalter C , Falk U . Cladistic analysis of the Subfamily Caryopteridoideae Briq.and related taxa of Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae using morphological and chemical characters [M].In:Harley,R M;Reynolds,T.Advance in Labiate science eds.Kew,England:Royal Botanic Gardens,1992.39-54
182 Mones S A,Cantino P D,Nowicke J W,et al,Systematic implications of pollen morphology in Caryopteris(Labiatae)[J].1993,Syst Bot,18(3):502-515
183冷肖荀.唐古特莸的容器育苗和造林技术[J].林业实用技术,2006(9):28-29
184贾秀荣,马世明.合理开发利用野生花灌木——蒙古莸[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,2000 (2):47-48
185王蓉,龚莉萍.金叶莸组培快繁技术初探[J].新疆农业职业技术学院学报,2006(1):37-38
186龚莉萍,王蓉,杨贵泉,张金枝.金叶莸组培快繁技术研究[J].干旱区研究,2007(2):223-226
187白永强,于卫平,赵健,杨红梅,黄占明,龚桂芳.优良沙旱生植物工厂化快繁技术[J].林业科学研究,2004,17(增刊):72-77
188马毓泉.内蒙古植物志[M].第四卷(第二版),呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1993.186-187
189任常胜.蒙古莸的形态组织鉴定[J].1996,中药材,19(7):343-344
190张源润,董仁才,麦硕,梅曙光.耐旱灌木蒙古莸花的资源及保护利用[J].干旱区资源与环境,1999,13(1):91-94
191李爱平.蒙古莸落户“塞外青城”[J].植物杂志,2001,2:20
192符亚儒,麻保林,王子玲,杨伟.陕北风沙区4种乡土树种适应干旱环境的特性及利用前景[J].中国沙漠,25(3):387-390
193王晓江,李爱平,宁明世,张纪刚.生态灌木蒙古莸的生物生态学特性及其经济价值评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(2):191-194
194李义明.保护生物学研究进展和趋势[C].见:中国科学院生物多样性委员会,林业部野生动物和森林植物保护司.生物多样性研究进展:首届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995
195罗彦平,刘俊倡,陈文汇.中国野生植物保护利用的现状及管理政策研究[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,5(3):73-77
196许再富.稀有濒危植物迁地保护的原理与方法[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,1988
197 Davis G L.Systematic embryology of the angiosperms[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons Inc,1966
198 Johri B M.Embryology of angiosperms[M].Berlin:Springer Verlag,1984
199 Rudall P J,Clark L.The megagametophyte in Labiatae[M].In:Harley R M,Regnolds T eds,Advances in Labiatae Science.Kew:Royal Botanic Gardens,1992.65-84
200王仲礼,孔冬瑞,王磊.单叶蔓荆小孢子发生和雄配子体的发育[J].植物研究,2007,27(6):664-668
201 Johri B M,AmbegaokarK B.Comparative embryology of angiosperms[M].Berlin:SpringerVerlag,1992.533-538
202尹立辉.水曲柳大小孢子发生、配子体发育及受精的研究[D].东北林业大学,2004
203郭延平,潘开玉,葛颂.濒危植物裂叶沙参的大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育[J].植物分类学报,1997,35(4):293-296
204孙红军.新疆紫草生殖生物学研究[D].新疆农业大学,2001
205刘林德,王仲礼,田国伟,申家恒.刺五加大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的观察[J].植物分类学报,1998,36(4):289-297
206赵兴峰,孙卫邦,杨华斌,李万成.极度濒危植物西畴含笑的大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育[J].云南植物研究,2008,30(5):549-556
207 Kapil R N,Tiwari S C.The integumentary tapetum[J].Bot Rev,1978,44:457-490
208韩淼,田国伟,申家恒.桔梗胚乳吸器结构研究[J].西北植物学报,1995,17:147-152
209刘林德,王仲礼,田国伟,申家恒.刺五加胚和胚乳发育的研究[J].植物分类学报,1998,36(4):298-304
210丁惠宾,周向军,张梅平,王耀芝.红花胚珠和雌配子体发育[J].西北植物学报1998,18(3):352-355
211谭敦炎,于喜凤,田允温.短命植物蝎尾菊的胚胎学研究Ⅰ.大孢子发生、雌配子体发育及多糖动态[J].新疆农业大学学报,1996,19(1):8-14
212 Russell S D.Fine structure of megagametophyte development in Zea mays[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany,1979,57:1093-1110
213 Yeung E C,Meinke D W.Embryogenesis in angiosperm development of the suspensor[J]. Plant Cell,1993,5:371-381
214席湘媛.菘兰胚和胚乳的发育及营养物质的组织化学[J].植物学报,1993,35(1):35-43
215席湘媛,叶宝兴.薏苡胚发育及贮藏营养物质积累的研究[J].植物学报,1994,36(8):573-580
216 Herrera J.Flowering and fruiting phenology in the coastal shrublands of Donana,south Spain[J].Vegetatio,1986,689-198
217 Newstrom L E,Frankie G W,Baker H G,Colwell R K.Diversity of long-term flowering patterns[M].In:McDade L A,Bawa K S,Hespenheide H A,Hartshorn G S.(eds).La Selva: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest. Chicago University Press,1994.142-160
218 Neil K,Wu J G.Effects of urbanization on Plant flowering Phenology:A review[J]. Urban Ecosyst,2006,9(3):243-257
219 Augspurger C K.Phenology,flowering synchrony,and fruit set of six neotropical shrubs[J].Biotropical,1983,15:257-267
220 Gentry A H.Flowering phenology and diversity in tropical Bignomiaceae[J]. Biotropica,1974,6:64-68
221 Buide M L,Diaz-Peromingo J A,Guitian J.Flowering phenology and female reproductive success in Silene acutifolia Link ex Rohrb[J].Plant Ecology,2002,163:93-103
222 Domfnguez C A,Dirzo R.Rainfall and flowering synchrony in a tropical shrub:variable selection on the flowering time of Erythroxylum havanense[J].Evoluti- onary Ecology,1995,9(2):204-216
223胡适宜.植物胚胎学实验方法(一),花粉生活力的测定[J].植物学通报,1993,10(2):60-62
224张志良,翟伟菁.植物生理学实验指导(第3版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004
225 Cruden R W. Pollen-ovule ratios:a conservative indicator of breeding system inflowering plants[J].Evolution,1977,31:32-46
226 Fahn A.Secretory tissue in plants[M].London:New York and san Francisco,Academic Press,1979.51-113
227曹玉芳,初庆刚,辛华,陶世蓉,吕瑞云.荆条花蜜腺发育解剖学研究[J].武汉植物学研究,2000,18(5):363-367
228滕红梅,胡正海.紫苏花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(7):1288-1291
229 Durkee L D,Geal D J,Reisner W H.The floral and extra-floral nectaries of PassifloraⅠ.The floral nectary[J].Amer Bot,1981,68:453-462
230 Annigeri B G,Rudramuniyappa C K.Distribution and cellular localization of some histochemical substances in the cyathial nectary of Euphorbia[J].Beitr.Biol. pflanzen,1983,58(3):393-401
231邓彦斌,景汝勤,胡正海.党参花内蜜腺的显微结构和超显微结构研究[J].西北植物学报,1990,10(2):111-116
232辛华,胡正海.烟草花蜜腺发育的解剖学研究[J].广西植物,2001,21(3):236-238
233 Preston R E.Pollen-ovule ratios in the Cruciferae[J].American Journal of Botany,1986,73:1732-1740
234 Wyatt R,Steven B B,Sara R L.Polen-ovule ratios in milkweeds(Asclepiadaceae):an exception that probes the rule[J].Systematic Botany,2000,25:171-180
235 Queller D C.Pollen-ovule ratios and hermaphrodite sexual allocation strategies [J].Evolution,1984,38:1148-1151
236 Barrett S C H.The evolution of mating strategies in flowering plants[J].Trends in Plant Science,1998,3:335-341
237 Gomez J M.Self-pollination in Euphrasia willkommii Freyn(Scrophulariaceae),an endemic species from the alpine of the Sierra Nevada(Spain)[J].Plant Systematics and Evolution,2002,232:63-71
238 Barrett S C H.The evolution of plant sexual diversity [J].Nature Reviews Genetics,2002,3:274-284
239 Takebayashi N,Morrell P L.Is self-fertilization an evolutionary dead end? Revisiting an old hypothesis with genetic theories and a macro evolutionary approach[J].American Journal of Botany,2001,88:1143-1150
240胡适宜.检查花粉在柱头上萌发和花粉管在花柱中生长的制片法[J].植物学通报,1994,11:58-60
241 Harder L D,Thomson J D.Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispersal of animal-pollinated plants[J].The American Naturalist,1989,133:323-344
242陆婷,谭敦炎.动物传粉植物花粉呈现时序的进化意义[J].生物多样性2007,15(6):673-679
243谢宗强,李庆梅.濒危植物银杉种子特性的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24 (1):82-86
244郭永清.北美鹅掌楸种子休眠机理及老化特性研究[D].南京林业大学,2004
245苏延桂,李新荣,贾荣亮,冯丽.沙埋对六种沙生植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].中国沙漠,2007,27 (6):968-971
246郑明清,郑元润,姜联合.毛乌素沙地4种沙生植物种子萌发及出苗对沙埋及单次供水的响应[J].生态学报,2006,26 (8):2474-2483
247陈修斌.黄瓜种子干热处理对生长发育及产量的影响[J].北方园艺,2002,(2):33
248张百俊.干热处理对番茄种子活力的影响[J].长江蔬菜,1996,(11):29-31
249唐九友,江玲,王春明等.水稻种子休眠性QTL定位及其对干热处理的响应[J].中国农业科学,2004,12:1791-1796
250孟淑春,孔祥辉.76℃干热处理对萝卜种子活力的影响[J].种子世界,1999,7:14-16
251李懋学,陈瑞阳.关于植物核型分析的标准化问题[J].武汉植物学研究,1985,3(4):297-302
252 Stebbins G L.Chromosomal evolution in higher plant [M].London:Edward Arnold Ltd(Publishers),1971.85-104
253 Kuo S R.Karyotype analysis of some Formosan gymnosperms[J].Taiwania,1972,17(1):66-80
254金飚,房荣春,汪琼等.琼花染色体核型分析[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2007,28(1):92-94
255牛西午,田如霞,李贵全,畅志坚.锦鸡儿属植物染色体制片与3个种的核型分析[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(5):1043-1047
256李璐,梁汉兴,潘跃芝,彭华.锥花莸的核型研究[J].云南植物研究,2001,23(3):328-330
257 Goldblatt P,Johnson E D.Index to plant chromosome numbers [M].Volumes for 1975-1978,1979-1981,1984-1985,1990-1991.St.Louis:Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden,1981,1984,1988,1994
258 Arano H.Cytological studies in subfamily Carduoideae (Compositae) of Japan [J].Bot.Mag.Tokyo,1963,76:32-39
2杨弘远.序——植物生殖生物学的来龙去脉[J].植物学通报,2007,24(3):272-274
3张志毅,于雪松.杨树生殖生物学研究进展[J].北京林业大学学报,2000,11(6):69-74
4肖宜安.濒危植物长柄双花木(Disanthus cercidifolius var.longipes)繁殖生态学与光合适应性研究[D].西南师范大学,2005
5方炎明.植物生殖生态学[M].济南:山东大学出版社,1996.158-162
6胡适宜.被子植物胚胎学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1982
7胡适宜.植物胚胎学在中国的发展[J].植物学报,2002,44(9):1022-1042
8邹琦.紫锻(Tilia amurensis)胚胎学的初步研究[D].东北林业大学,2007
9王伏雄,陈祖铿,胡玉熹等.裸子植物胚胎学和解剖学[EB/OL].中国科学院植物研究所科研成果,http://www.ibcas.ac.cn/old/resource/kycg/huojiang/jiang17.htm,2008-12-10
10夏国华.山核桃生殖生物学研究[D].南京林业大学,2006
11竺可桢,宛敏渭.物候学[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,1999
12 Ollerton J,Lack A.Flowering phenology:an example of relaxation of natural selection[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1992,7:274-276
13 Bawa K S,Kang H,Grayum M H.Relationships among time,frequency,and duration of flowering in tropical rain forest trees[J].American Journal of Botany,2003,90:877-887
14 Rathcke B,Lacey E P.Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1985,6:179-214
15 Ollerton J,Lack A.Correlation between flowering phenology,plant size and reproductive success in Lotus corniculatus(Fabaceae)[J].Plant Ecology,1998, 139:35-47
16 Abe T.Flowering phenology,display size,and fruit set in an understory dioecious shrub,Aucuba japonica(Cornaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,2001,88:455-461
17 Bronstein J L.The plant-pollinator landscape[M].In:Hanssos L,Fahrig L,Merriam G.Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes.London:Chapman & HalL Press,1995.256-288
18 Primack R B,Longevity of individual flowers[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1985,16:15-37
19 Widén B.Environmental and genetic influences on phenology and plant size in aperennial herb.Senecio integriflorus[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1991,69:209-217
20 Dieringer G.Variation in individual flowering time and reproductive success of Agalinis Strictifolia (Scrophulariaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1991,78:497-503
21 Galen C,Stanton M L.Consequences of emergence phenology for reproductive success in Ranunculus adoneus(Ranunculaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1991,78:978-988
22 Ollerton J,Diaz A.Evdence for stabilizing selection acting on flowering time in Arum maculatum(Araceae):the influence of phylogeny on adaptation[J]. Oecologia,1999,119:340-348
23 Primack R B.Variation in the phenology of natural populations of montane shrubs in New Zealand[J].Journal of Ecology,1980,68:849-962
24 Bolmgren K.The use of synchronization measures in studies of plant reproductive phenology[J].Oikos,1998,82:411-415
25汪小凡.中国泽泻科四属的花部综合特征及其对传粉机制的适应性[J].武汉大学学报(理学版),2001:47(4):485-492
26何田华,葛颂.植物种群交配系统、亲本分析以及基因流动研究[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(2):144-154
27黄双全,郭友好.传粉生物学的研究进展[J].科学通报,2000,45(3):225-237
28刘林德,祝宁,申家恒,赵惠勋.刺五加、短梗五加的开花动态及繁育系统的比较研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(7):1041-1048
29金彪.琼花生殖生物学与繁殖技术研究[D].南京林业大学,2006
30吴疆 .印楝繁育系统的研究[D].中国林业科学研究院,2007
31刘占林,宋颐,李珊,赵桂仿.华山新麦草开花物候期观测和自然种群基因流的间接估测[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(4):426-430
32李新蓉.沙冬青属植物繁殖生物学研究[D].新疆农业大学,2006
33陈波,达良俊,宋永昌.常绿阔叶树种栲树开花物候动态及花的空间配置[J].植物生态学报2003,27(2):249-255
34马文宝,施翔,张道远,尹林克.准噶尔无叶豆的开花物候与生殖特征[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(4):760-767
35张文标.濒危植物夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)繁殖生态与遗传分化研究[D].西南大学,2007
36 Thórhallsdóttir T E.Flowering phenology in the central highland of iceland and implications for climatic warming in the Arctic Oecologia[J].1998,114(1):43-49
37 Domnguez C A,Dirzo R.Rainfall and flowering synchrony in a tropical shrub: variable selection on the flowering time of Erythroxylum havanense [J].Evolutionary Ecology,1995,9(2):204-216
38 Fuchs E J,Lobo J A,Quesada M.Effects of forest fragmentation and flowering phenology on the reproductive success and mating patterns of the tropical dry forest tree Pachira quinata[J].Conservation Biology,2003,17(1):149-157
39 Herreras-diego Y,Quesada M,Stoner K E et al.Effects of forest fragmentation on phenological patterns and reproductive success of the tropical dry forest tree Ceiba aesculifolia[J].Conservation Biology,2006,20(4):1111-1120
40 Allard R W.The mating system and microevolution[J].Genetics,1975,79:115-126
41 Schemske D W,Lande R.The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in plants.Ⅱ.Empirical observations[J].Evolution,1985,39:41-52
42 Heywood V H.Plant Taxonomy[M].柯植芬译,植物分类学,Beijing:Science Press,1979
43 Wyatt R.Pollinator-plant interactions and the evolution of breeding systems[M]. In:Real L.Pollination biology.Florida:Academy Press,1983
44何亚平,刘建全.植物繁育系统研究的最新进展和评述[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(2):151-163
45周世良,洪德元.传粉生物学的最新进展和发展趋势[M].见:李承森.植物科学进展(第一卷),北京:高等教育出版社,1998
46 Barrett S C H,Harder L D.Ecology and evolution of plant mating[J].Trends in Evolution and Ecology,1996,11:73-79
47 Proctor M,Yeo P,Lack A.The natural history of pollination[M].London: HarperCollins,1996
48 Real L.Pollination biology[M].Florida:Academic Press,1983
49 Darwin C.The effects of cross and self fertilization in the vegetable kingdom [M].London:Murray,1876
50 Lloyd D G,Barrett S C H.Floral biology[M].New York: Chapman & Hall press,1996
51 Lloyd D G.Self-fertilization and cross-fertilization in plants.2.The selection of self-fertilization[J].International Journal of Plant Sciences,1992,153:370-380
52 Barrett S C H.Mating strategies in flowering plants:the outcrossing-selfing paradigm and beyond[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences,2003,385:991-1004
53 Holsinger K E.Pollination biology and the evolution of mating systems in flowering plants[J].Evolutionary Biology,1996,29:107-149
54 Holsinger K E.Feldman M W,Christiansen F B.The evolution of self-fertilization in plants:a population genetic model[J].American Naturalist,1984,124:446-453
55张大勇,姜新华.植物交配系统的进化、资源分配对策与遗传多样性[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(2):130-143
56 Barren S C H.Sexual interference of the floral kind[J].Heredity,2002b,88:154-159
57马书荣.长春花(Catharanthus roseus)传粉生物学的研究[D].东北林业大学,2005
58葛颂.植物群体遗传结构研究的回顾和展望[M].见:李承森.植物科学进展(第一卷),北京:高等教育出版社,1998,1-15
59张仁波,窦全丽,何平等.濒危植物缙云卫矛繁育系统研究[J].广西植物,2006,26(3):308-312
60宋志平,郭友好,黄双全.黄花蔺的繁育系统研究[J].植物分类学报,2000,38(1):53-63
61李鹂,党承林.短葶飞蓬(Erigeron breviscapus)的花部综合特征与繁育系统[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):571-578
62张大勇.植物生活史进化及繁殖生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.155
63 Mcintosh M E.Flowering phenology and reproductive output in two sister species of Ferocactus(Cactaceae)[J].Plant Ecology,2002,159:1-13
64郭友好,黄双全,陈家宽.水生被子植物的繁育系统与进化[J].水生生物学报,1998, 22(1):79-85
65王崇云,党承林.植物的交配系统及其进化机制与种群适应[J].武汉植物学研究,1999,17(2):163-172
66刘林德,王仲礼,祝宁.传粉生物学研究简史[J].生物学通报,2003,38(5):59-61
67郭友好.传粉生物学与植物的进化[M].见:陈家宽,杨继.植物进化生物学,武汉:武汉大学出版社,1994
68李庆军,许再富,夏永梅,张玲,邓晓宝,高江云.山姜属植物花柱卷曲性传粉机制的研究[J].植物学报,2001,43(4):364-369
69 Ashman T L,Schoen D J.How long should flowers live? [J].Nature,1994,371:788-791
70 Bingham R A,Orthner A R.Efficient pollination of alpine plants[J].Nature,1998,391:238-239
71黄双全,靳宝锋,王青锋,郭友好.慈姑花的开放式样及其花粉流[J].植物学报,1999,41(7):726-730
72 Biernaskie J M,Cartar R V.Variation in rate of nectar production depends on floral display size:a pollinator manipulation hypothesis[J].Functional ecology,2004,18:125-129
73 Jones C E,Cruzan M B.Floral morphological changes and reproductive success in Deer weed(Lotus scoparius,Fabaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1999,86(2):273-277
74 Dafni A.Pollination Ecology[M].New York:Oxford Univ Press,1992.1-57
75 Inouye D W,Gill D E,Dudash M R,et al.A model and lexicon for pollen fate [J].American Journal of Botany,1994,81(12):1517-1530
76 Cruden R W,Lloyd R M.Embryophytes have equivalent sexual phenotypes and breeding systems:why not a common terminology to describe them[J].American Journal of Botany,1995,82(6):816-825
77 Waser N M,Chittka L,Price M V,et al.Generalization in pollination systems,and why it matters[J].Ecology,1996,77(4):1043-1060
78中国植物学会编.中国植物学史[M].北京:科学出版社,1994
79王乾,李朝銮.攀枝花苏铁传粉生物学研究[J].植物学报,1997,39(2):156-163
80奇文清,尤瑞麟,陈晓麟.濒危植物南川升麻传粉生物学的研究[J].植物学报,1998,40(8):688-694
81罗毅波,裴颜龙,潘开玉,洪德元.矮牡丹传粉生物学的初步研究[J].植物分类学报,1998,36(2):134-144
82刘林德,王仲礼,田国伟,申家恒.刺五加花的形态学及雄蕊异长现象的观察[J].植物分类学报1997,36(1):1-6
83黄双全,郭友好,潘明清,陈家宽.鹅掌楸的花部综合特征与虫媒传粉[J].植物学报,1999,41(3):241-248
84黄双全,郭友好.鹅掌楸的传粉环境与性配置[J].生态学报,2000,20(1):49-52
85祖元刚,张文辉.濒危植物裂叶沙参保护生物学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999
86窦全丽.濒危植物缙云卫矛(Euonymus chloranthoides Yang)生殖生态李研究[D].西南师范大学,2005
87潘春柳.珍稀濒危植物单性木兰生殖生态学研究[D].广西大学,2007
88红雨.芍药传粉生物学研究[D].内蒙古师范大学,2003
89 Steven D D.Experiments on mechanisms of tree establishment in old-field succession:seedling emergence[J].Ecology,1991a,72:1066-1075
90谢宗强,陈伟烈,胡东,朱日光.濒危植物银杉的结实特性及动物对果实的危害性[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(4):319-326
91 Sutherland S,Delph L F.On the importance of male fitness in plants:patterns of fruit set[J].Ecology,1984,65:1039-1104
92王迎春.内蒙古西鄂尔多斯古老残遗物种生活史适应机制的比较研究[D].内蒙古大学,2000
93 Schemske D W.Floral ecology and hummingbird pollination of Combretum farinosium in Costa Rica[J].Biotropica,1980,12:169-181
94 Aker C K,Udovic D.Oviposition and pollination behavior of the Yucca moth ,Tegeticula maculata,and its relationship to the reproductive biology of Yucca whipplei [J].Oecologia,1981,49:96-101
95 Guitian J.Why Prunus mahaleb(Rosaceae)produce more flowers than fruits[J]. American Journal of Botany,1993,80:1305-1309
96 Stephenson A G,The regulation of maternal investments in an indeterminate flowering plant(Lotus corniculatus)[J].Ecology,1984,65:113-121
97 Stephenson A G.Flower and fruit abortion:Proximate causes and ultimate functions [J].Annual Review of Ecology,Evolution,and Systematics,1981,12:253-279
98赵学杰,谭敦炎.种子植物的选择性败育及其进化生态意义[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(6):1007-1018
99 Vaughton G.Nonrandom patterns of fruit set in Banksia spinulosa(Proteaceae): interovary competition within and among inflorescences[J].International Journal of Plant Sciences,1993,154:306-313
100 Arathi H S,Ganeshaiah K N,Uma Shaanker R,Hegde S G.Seed abortion in Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1999,86:659-662
101 Arathi H S,Ganeshaiah K N,Uma Shaanker R,Hegde S G.Factors affecting embryo in Syzygium cuminii(L.)Skeels(Myrtaceae)[J].International Journal of Plant Sciences,1996,157:49-52
102 Moody-Weis J M,Heywood J S.Pollination limitation to reproductive success in the Missouri evening primrose,Oenothera macrocarpa(Onagraceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,2001,88:1615-1622
103 Casper B B,Head S B,Apanius V.Ecological correlates of single-seededness in a woody tropical flora[J].Oecologia,1992,90:212-217
104 Casper B B.On the evolution of embryo abortion in the herbaceous perennial Cryptantha flava [J].Evolution,1984,38:1337-1349
105 Nicholls M S.Spatial pattern of ovule maturation in the inflorescence of Echium vulgare:demography,resource allocation and the constraints of architecture[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,1987,31:247-256
106 Berry P E,Calvo R N.Pollinator limitation and position dpendent fruit set in the high Andean orchid Myrosmodes cochlea(Orchidaceae)[J].Plant Systematics and Evolution,1991,174,93-101
107 Susko D J,Lovett-Doust L.Variable patterns of seed maturation and abortion in Alliaria petiolata(Brassicaceae)[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1998,76:1677-1686
108 Wesselingh R A,Arnold M L.A top-down hierarchy in fruit set on inflorescences in Iris fulva(Iridaceae)[J].Plant Biology,2003,5:651-660
109 Mena-AliJI,Rocha O J.Selective seed abortion affects the performance of the off spring in Bauhinia ungulata[J].Annals of Botany,2005b,95:1017-1023
110 Bawa K S,Buckley D P.Seed:ovule ratios,selective seed abortion,and mating systems in Leguminosae[J].Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden,1989,29:243-262
111 Rocha O J,Stephenson A G.Effect of ovule position on seed production,seed weight,and progeny performance in Phaseolus coccineus L.(Leguminosae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1990,77:1320-1329
112 Hossaert M,Valēro M.Effect of ovule position in the pod on patterns of seed formation in two species of Lathyrus(Leguminosae:Papilionoideae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1988,75:1714-1731
113 Marshall D L,Ellstrand N C.Effective mate choice in wild radish:evidence for selective seed abortion and its mechanism[J].American Naturalist,1988,131,739-756
114 Casper B B.Evidence for selective embryo abortion in Cryptantha flava[J]. American Naturalist,1988,132:318-326
115 Guitian J.Selective fruit abortion in Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1994,81:1555-1558
116 Medrano M,Guitián P,Guitián J.Patterns of fruit and seed set within inflorescences of Pancratium maritimum(Amaryllidaceae):nonuniform pollination,resource limitation,or architectural effects? [J].American Journal of Botany,2000,87:493-501
117 Lee T D,Bazzaz F A.Maternal regulation of fecundity:nonrandom ovule abortion in Cassia fasciculate Michx[J].Oecologia,1986,68:459-465
118 RaspéO,Guillaume P,Jacquemart A L.Inbreeding depression and biased paternity after mixed-pollination in Vaccinium myrtillus L.(Ericaceae)[J].International Journal of Plant Sciences,2004,165:765-771
119 Niesenbaum R A.Linking herbivory and pollination:defoliation and selective fruit abortion in Lindera benzoin [J].Ecology,1996,77:2324-2331
120 Niesenbaum R A.The effects of pollen load size and donor diversity on pollen performance , selective abortion , and progeny vigor in Mirabilis jalapa(Nyctaginaceae)[J].American Journal of Botany,1999,86:261-268
121 Stephenson A G.Fruit set,herbivory,fruit reduction and fruiting strategy of Catalpa speciosa(Bignoniaceae )[J].Ecology,1980,61:57-64
122徐秀丽.冷藏和温度对高寒草甸两类常见植物种子萌发特性的影响[D].兰州大学,2007
123颜启传.种子学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001
124黄文达.三种荒漠植物种子萌发的水热响应[D].兰州大学,2007
125 Holland J N,Bronstein J L,DeAngelis D L.Testing hypotheses for excess flower production and low fruit-to-flower ratios in a pollinating seed-consuming mutualism[J].Oikos,2004,105:633-640
126丁琼,王华,贾桂霞,郝玉光.沙冬青种子萌发及幼苗生长特性[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(4):633-639
127郑光华,史忠礼,赵同芳等.实用种子生理学[M].北京:农业出版社,1990
128张树新,邹受益,杨美霞.梭梭种子发芽特性试验研究[J].内蒙古林学院学报,1995,17(2):56-63
129黄振英,张新时,Yitzchak GUTTERMAN,郑光华.光照、温度和盐分对梭梭种子萌发的影响[J].植物生理学报,2001,27(3):275-280
130余玲.虎尾草种子萌发特性的研究[J].草业科学,1999,16(3):51-54
131 Gul B,Weber D J.Effect of salinity,light,and temperature on germination in Allenrolfea occidentalis[J].Canadian Journal of botany,1999,77:240-246
132 Gulzar S , Khan M A . Seed germination of a Halopytic grass , Aeluropus lagopoides[J].Annuals of botany,2001,87:319-324
133宋松泉,程红众,龙春林,姜孝成.种子生物学研究指南[M].北京:科学出版社,2005
134藤伊正.植物的休眠与发芽[M].北京:科学出版社,1980
135文彬,兰芹英,何惠英.光、温度和土壤水分对坡垒种子萌发的影响[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2002,10(3):258-262
136苏珮,山仑.水分胁迫条件下高粱种子的吸水机制及其可溶性糖代谢的变化[J].西北植物学报,1996,16(3):203-207
137曾彦军,王彦荣,萨仁,田雪梅.几种旱生灌木种子萌发对干旱胁迫的响应[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(8):953-956
138边才苗,金则新,张俊会,金敬顶.云锦杜鹃种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应[J].植物研究,2006,26(6):718-721
139吴文.吸湿-回干及磁处理对马尾松种子活力的影响[D].南京林业大学,2003
140黄振英,Gutterman Y.油蒿与中国和以色列沙漠中的两种蒿属植物种子萌发策略的比较[J].植物学报,2000,42(1):71-80
141杨慧玲,曹志平,董鸣,叶永忠,黄振英.沙埋对无芒雀麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2438-2443
142 Huang Z Y,Gutterman Y.白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究Ⅰ.粘液瘦果的结构和功能[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(1):22-28
143卜海燕.青藏高原东部高寒草甸植物种子的萌发与休眠研究[D].兰州大学,2007
144崔秀萍.浑善达克沙地黄柳生理生态适应性研究[D].内蒙古农业大学,2007
145王学敏,易津.驼绒藜属植物种子萌发条件及其生理特性的研究[J].草地学报,2003,11(2):96-102
146邢福,郭继勋,王彦红.狼毒种子萌发特性与种群更新机制的研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(11):1851-1854
147黄振英,Gutterman Y,胡正海,张新时.白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究II.环境因素的影响[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(2):240-246
148杨利平,孙满珍,张晶.光照和温度对百合属6种植物种子萌发的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报,2000,9(4):14-18
149曾彦军,王彦荣,张宝林,李保尔.红砂和猫头刺种子萌发生态适应性的研究[J].草业学报,2000,9(3):36-42
150张德明,陈章和.不同光强下南亚热带森林乔木的种子萌发和幼苗生长的观察[J].生态科学,1996,15(4):6-12
151闫兴富,曹敏.不同光照对望天树种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,7,18(1):23-29
152刘志民,蒋德明,高红瑛,常学礼.植物生活史繁殖对策与干扰关系的研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(3):418-422
153赵一之.蒙古莸的植物区系地理分布研究[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),1995,26(2):195-197
154 Cantino P D.Evidence for a polyphyletic origin of the Labiatae[J].Ann Missouri Bot Garden,1992,79:361-379
155 Wagstaff S J,Olmstead R G.Phylogeny of Labiatae and Verbenaceae inferred from rbcL sequences[J].Systematic Botany,1997,22:165-179
156 Raj B.A contribution to the pollen morphology of Verbenaceae[J].Rev.Palaeobot.& Playnol,1983,39:343-422
157刘炳仑.中国马鞭草科植物的花粉形态[J].植物研究,1985,5(4):23-62
158朱栗琼,招礼军,陶世红,彭琼.马鞭草科9种植物叶表皮特征及其分类学意义[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(23):7057-7058,7061
159梁汉兴,李璐,彭华.广义马鞭草科花器官发生的研究[J].植物学报,2001,43(7):673-679
160 Reddy T B,Reddi C S.Pollination ecology of Vitex negundo(Verbenaceae) [J].Proceedings of the Indian Natural Science Academy,Part B,Biological sciences,1994,60:57-66
161 Reddy T B,Reddi C S.Butterfly pollination of Clerodendrum infortunatum (Verbenaceae)[J].Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,1995,92:166-173
162 Reddy T B,Reddi C S.Pollination ecology of Duranta repens(Verbenaceae)[J].Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,1996,93:193-201
163 Reddi C S,Das R K,Aluri R J S,Aluri J B.Sexual system and pollination ecology of Gmelina asiatica L.(Verbenaceae)[J].Journal Palynology,1996,32:41-50
164 Ivana de F B,Sebasti?o L,Maria Christina de A,Elynton Alves do N.Barbo Floral biology of Stachytarpheta maximiliani Scham.(Verbenaceae) and its floral visitors [J].Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 2006,50(4):498-504
165 Schemske D W . Pollinator specificity in Lantana camara and L . trifolia (Verbenaceae)[J].Biotropica,1976,8:260 264
166方建新.安徽马鞭草科药用植物资源及开发利用[J].中国林副特产,2006,4:80-82
167程家寿.黄山马鞭草科种质资源调查及园林用途研究[J].江苏林业科技,2006,33(3):20-24
168韦龙宾,陈丛瑾,朱栗琼,陶世红,黄宝优,黄辉东.马鞭草科一些植物鲜叶提取物清除DPPH自由基活性的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(20):6011-6012
169 C.Y.Wu.分布在中国的莸属植物[J].Flora of China,1994,17:43-47
170李玉俊,李新荣.芳香植物——蒙古犹的生态生理特性及其栽培技术[J].中国沙漠, 1991,11(3):50-56
171袁涛,苏雪痕.彩叶木本花卉金叶莸的引种与栽培[J].园艺学报,2004,31(1):112-114
172蒲自莲,时铱,杨玉成,张坚,吕义长.中国莸属植物挥发油化学成分的研究I.兰香草、毛球莸、灰毛莸和小叶灰毛莸烯烃部分的气-质分析[J].化学学报,1984,48:1103-1105
173吕义长,杨玉成,金燕军,蒲自莲,时铱.光果莸和粘叶莸挥发油烯烃部分化学成分的研究[J].植物学报,1985(3):290-294
174周印锁,李兆琳,朱加亮,陈宁,苏怡兵.三花莸挥发油化学成分的研究[J].植物研究,1993(4):394-398
175王明奎,丁立生,吴凤锷.毛球莸和小叶灰毛莸的化学成分[J].天然产物研究与开发,1994(3):17-20
176张永红,汪汉卿,郭新华,芦志刚.光果莸的化学成分研究[J].中草药,2001,32(12):1069-1070
177张永红,程东亮.蒙古莸的化学成分研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(5):69-71
178张永红,陈革林,陈崇宏,彭丽彰,汪汉卿.三花莸的化学成分研究[J].中草药,2005(4):501-502
179顾文毅,魏海斌,张文林.野生地被植物在园林中的应用[J].青海农林科技,2006(4):48-50
180 Cantino P D,Wagstaff S J,Olmstead R G.Caryopteris(Lamiaceae)and the conflict between phylogenetic and paragmatic considerations in botanical nomenclature [J].Systematic Botany 1999,23(3):369-386
181 Rimpler H , Winterhalter C , Falk U . Cladistic analysis of the Subfamily Caryopteridoideae Briq.and related taxa of Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae using morphological and chemical characters [M].In:Harley,R M;Reynolds,T.Advance in Labiate science eds.Kew,England:Royal Botanic Gardens,1992.39-54
182 Mones S A,Cantino P D,Nowicke J W,et al,Systematic implications of pollen morphology in Caryopteris(Labiatae)[J].1993,Syst Bot,18(3):502-515
183冷肖荀.唐古特莸的容器育苗和造林技术[J].林业实用技术,2006(9):28-29
184贾秀荣,马世明.合理开发利用野生花灌木——蒙古莸[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,2000 (2):47-48
185王蓉,龚莉萍.金叶莸组培快繁技术初探[J].新疆农业职业技术学院学报,2006(1):37-38
186龚莉萍,王蓉,杨贵泉,张金枝.金叶莸组培快繁技术研究[J].干旱区研究,2007(2):223-226
187白永强,于卫平,赵健,杨红梅,黄占明,龚桂芳.优良沙旱生植物工厂化快繁技术[J].林业科学研究,2004,17(增刊):72-77
188马毓泉.内蒙古植物志[M].第四卷(第二版),呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1993.186-187
189任常胜.蒙古莸的形态组织鉴定[J].1996,中药材,19(7):343-344
190张源润,董仁才,麦硕,梅曙光.耐旱灌木蒙古莸花的资源及保护利用[J].干旱区资源与环境,1999,13(1):91-94
191李爱平.蒙古莸落户“塞外青城”[J].植物杂志,2001,2:20
192符亚儒,麻保林,王子玲,杨伟.陕北风沙区4种乡土树种适应干旱环境的特性及利用前景[J].中国沙漠,25(3):387-390
193王晓江,李爱平,宁明世,张纪刚.生态灌木蒙古莸的生物生态学特性及其经济价值评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(2):191-194
194李义明.保护生物学研究进展和趋势[C].见:中国科学院生物多样性委员会,林业部野生动物和森林植物保护司.生物多样性研究进展:首届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995
195罗彦平,刘俊倡,陈文汇.中国野生植物保护利用的现状及管理政策研究[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2006,5(3):73-77
196许再富.稀有濒危植物迁地保护的原理与方法[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,1988
197 Davis G L.Systematic embryology of the angiosperms[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons Inc,1966
198 Johri B M.Embryology of angiosperms[M].Berlin:Springer Verlag,1984
199 Rudall P J,Clark L.The megagametophyte in Labiatae[M].In:Harley R M,Regnolds T eds,Advances in Labiatae Science.Kew:Royal Botanic Gardens,1992.65-84
200王仲礼,孔冬瑞,王磊.单叶蔓荆小孢子发生和雄配子体的发育[J].植物研究,2007,27(6):664-668
201 Johri B M,AmbegaokarK B.Comparative embryology of angiosperms[M].Berlin:SpringerVerlag,1992.533-538
202尹立辉.水曲柳大小孢子发生、配子体发育及受精的研究[D].东北林业大学,2004
203郭延平,潘开玉,葛颂.濒危植物裂叶沙参的大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育[J].植物分类学报,1997,35(4):293-296
204孙红军.新疆紫草生殖生物学研究[D].新疆农业大学,2001
205刘林德,王仲礼,田国伟,申家恒.刺五加大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的观察[J].植物分类学报,1998,36(4):289-297
206赵兴峰,孙卫邦,杨华斌,李万成.极度濒危植物西畴含笑的大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育[J].云南植物研究,2008,30(5):549-556
207 Kapil R N,Tiwari S C.The integumentary tapetum[J].Bot Rev,1978,44:457-490
208韩淼,田国伟,申家恒.桔梗胚乳吸器结构研究[J].西北植物学报,1995,17:147-152
209刘林德,王仲礼,田国伟,申家恒.刺五加胚和胚乳发育的研究[J].植物分类学报,1998,36(4):298-304
210丁惠宾,周向军,张梅平,王耀芝.红花胚珠和雌配子体发育[J].西北植物学报1998,18(3):352-355
211谭敦炎,于喜凤,田允温.短命植物蝎尾菊的胚胎学研究Ⅰ.大孢子发生、雌配子体发育及多糖动态[J].新疆农业大学学报,1996,19(1):8-14
212 Russell S D.Fine structure of megagametophyte development in Zea mays[J]. Canadian Journal of Botany,1979,57:1093-1110
213 Yeung E C,Meinke D W.Embryogenesis in angiosperm development of the suspensor[J]. Plant Cell,1993,5:371-381
214席湘媛.菘兰胚和胚乳的发育及营养物质的组织化学[J].植物学报,1993,35(1):35-43
215席湘媛,叶宝兴.薏苡胚发育及贮藏营养物质积累的研究[J].植物学报,1994,36(8):573-580
216 Herrera J.Flowering and fruiting phenology in the coastal shrublands of Donana,south Spain[J].Vegetatio,1986,689-198
217 Newstrom L E,Frankie G W,Baker H G,Colwell R K.Diversity of long-term flowering patterns[M].In:McDade L A,Bawa K S,Hespenheide H A,Hartshorn G S.(eds).La Selva: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Rain Forest. Chicago University Press,1994.142-160
218 Neil K,Wu J G.Effects of urbanization on Plant flowering Phenology:A review[J]. Urban Ecosyst,2006,9(3):243-257
219 Augspurger C K.Phenology,flowering synchrony,and fruit set of six neotropical shrubs[J].Biotropical,1983,15:257-267
220 Gentry A H.Flowering phenology and diversity in tropical Bignomiaceae[J]. Biotropica,1974,6:64-68
221 Buide M L,Diaz-Peromingo J A,Guitian J.Flowering phenology and female reproductive success in Silene acutifolia Link ex Rohrb[J].Plant Ecology,2002,163:93-103
222 Domfnguez C A,Dirzo R.Rainfall and flowering synchrony in a tropical shrub:variable selection on the flowering time of Erythroxylum havanense[J].Evoluti- onary Ecology,1995,9(2):204-216
223胡适宜.植物胚胎学实验方法(一),花粉生活力的测定[J].植物学通报,1993,10(2):60-62
224张志良,翟伟菁.植物生理学实验指导(第3版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004
225 Cruden R W. Pollen-ovule ratios:a conservative indicator of breeding system inflowering plants[J].Evolution,1977,31:32-46
226 Fahn A.Secretory tissue in plants[M].London:New York and san Francisco,Academic Press,1979.51-113
227曹玉芳,初庆刚,辛华,陶世蓉,吕瑞云.荆条花蜜腺发育解剖学研究[J].武汉植物学研究,2000,18(5):363-367
228滕红梅,胡正海.紫苏花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究[J].西北植物学报,2003,23(7):1288-1291
229 Durkee L D,Geal D J,Reisner W H.The floral and extra-floral nectaries of PassifloraⅠ.The floral nectary[J].Amer Bot,1981,68:453-462
230 Annigeri B G,Rudramuniyappa C K.Distribution and cellular localization of some histochemical substances in the cyathial nectary of Euphorbia[J].Beitr.Biol. pflanzen,1983,58(3):393-401
231邓彦斌,景汝勤,胡正海.党参花内蜜腺的显微结构和超显微结构研究[J].西北植物学报,1990,10(2):111-116
232辛华,胡正海.烟草花蜜腺发育的解剖学研究[J].广西植物,2001,21(3):236-238
233 Preston R E.Pollen-ovule ratios in the Cruciferae[J].American Journal of Botany,1986,73:1732-1740
234 Wyatt R,Steven B B,Sara R L.Polen-ovule ratios in milkweeds(Asclepiadaceae):an exception that probes the rule[J].Systematic Botany,2000,25:171-180
235 Queller D C.Pollen-ovule ratios and hermaphrodite sexual allocation strategies [J].Evolution,1984,38:1148-1151
236 Barrett S C H.The evolution of mating strategies in flowering plants[J].Trends in Plant Science,1998,3:335-341
237 Gomez J M.Self-pollination in Euphrasia willkommii Freyn(Scrophulariaceae),an endemic species from the alpine of the Sierra Nevada(Spain)[J].Plant Systematics and Evolution,2002,232:63-71
238 Barrett S C H.The evolution of plant sexual diversity [J].Nature Reviews Genetics,2002,3:274-284
239 Takebayashi N,Morrell P L.Is self-fertilization an evolutionary dead end? Revisiting an old hypothesis with genetic theories and a macro evolutionary approach[J].American Journal of Botany,2001,88:1143-1150
240胡适宜.检查花粉在柱头上萌发和花粉管在花柱中生长的制片法[J].植物学通报,1994,11:58-60
241 Harder L D,Thomson J D.Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispersal of animal-pollinated plants[J].The American Naturalist,1989,133:323-344
242陆婷,谭敦炎.动物传粉植物花粉呈现时序的进化意义[J].生物多样性2007,15(6):673-679
243谢宗强,李庆梅.濒危植物银杉种子特性的研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24 (1):82-86
244郭永清.北美鹅掌楸种子休眠机理及老化特性研究[D].南京林业大学,2004
245苏延桂,李新荣,贾荣亮,冯丽.沙埋对六种沙生植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].中国沙漠,2007,27 (6):968-971
246郑明清,郑元润,姜联合.毛乌素沙地4种沙生植物种子萌发及出苗对沙埋及单次供水的响应[J].生态学报,2006,26 (8):2474-2483
247陈修斌.黄瓜种子干热处理对生长发育及产量的影响[J].北方园艺,2002,(2):33
248张百俊.干热处理对番茄种子活力的影响[J].长江蔬菜,1996,(11):29-31
249唐九友,江玲,王春明等.水稻种子休眠性QTL定位及其对干热处理的响应[J].中国农业科学,2004,12:1791-1796
250孟淑春,孔祥辉.76℃干热处理对萝卜种子活力的影响[J].种子世界,1999,7:14-16
251李懋学,陈瑞阳.关于植物核型分析的标准化问题[J].武汉植物学研究,1985,3(4):297-302
252 Stebbins G L.Chromosomal evolution in higher plant [M].London:Edward Arnold Ltd(Publishers),1971.85-104
253 Kuo S R.Karyotype analysis of some Formosan gymnosperms[J].Taiwania,1972,17(1):66-80
254金飚,房荣春,汪琼等.琼花染色体核型分析[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2007,28(1):92-94
255牛西午,田如霞,李贵全,畅志坚.锦鸡儿属植物染色体制片与3个种的核型分析[J].西北植物学报,2006,26(5):1043-1047
256李璐,梁汉兴,潘跃芝,彭华.锥花莸的核型研究[J].云南植物研究,2001,23(3):328-330
257 Goldblatt P,Johnson E D.Index to plant chromosome numbers [M].Volumes for 1975-1978,1979-1981,1984-1985,1990-1991.St.Louis:Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden,1981,1984,1988,1994
258 Arano H.Cytological studies in subfamily Carduoideae (Compositae) of Japan [J].Bot.Mag.Tokyo,1963,76:32-39
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |