基于社会网络的知识创新对集群企业竞争优势的影响研究
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摘要
知识创新是产业集群持续发展的动力和竞争优势的源泉,而集群网络特征包括网络结构和网络关系影响着集群企业的资源配置和知识创新,进而决定着企业的竞争优势。在理论上,本文以知识创新、竞争优势、网络结构和网络关系为基本研究要素,基于社会网络理论、知识创新理论和竞争优势理论构建了集群网络的微观理论模型,并对要素本身及要素之间的作用机理进行了研究和论述;在实证上,采用规范的实证分析过程,运用社会网络分析方法,验证了理论模型及所提出的假设,并对假设结果进行了讨论,揭示出其理论价值及对实践的指导意义。
本文首先对竞争优势、知识创新、社会网络的相关文献进行了综述,在此基础上归纳出本文的研究要素,明确各要素之间的逻辑关系;其次,对研究要素进行界定,提出要素的研究维度;第三,在理论推导的基础上,构建网络特征、知识创新及竞争优势之间的关系模型,并提出24条假设;最后,通过对长春汽车产业集群中85家企业的问卷调研数据进行实证分析,结果显示其中18条假设通过验证,对于验证结果,本文结合长春汽车产业集群实际情况给出了相应的合理解释,进一步明确了研究的理论价值和现实意义。
From the 1980s, Industrial Cluster promptly became the hotspot of Economic Geography, Regional Economics, Management Science and Economic Sociology etc. At present, Industrial Cluster has been a popular geographically-economics phenomenon in the developed or developing economic bodies. Porter’s study of the Industrial Cluster in developed countries and regions has proved explicitly the great contributions of Clusters to economic growth.
The key reason for Industrial Cluster being absorbed the focus of the academic circle or policy-makers are its sustainable competitive advantage. Knowledge, however, is the center of economic development, which means the knowledge innovation is the core driver for the emergence of sustainable competitive advantage, especially in the New-Economic times. As Druker’s findings in his“Post-Capitalist Society”knowledge Production is becoming one of the determinant factors input for an industry, a company and even a country, therefore, knowledge innovation and its efficiency are key ingredients for the competition of a company and region. In practice, the strongly sustainable competitive advantage and the momentum of rapid growth of Industrial Cluster are both based on the Sustained competitive advantage of the companies which embedded into the specific Industrial Cluster. Moreover, the Sustained competitive advantage of the companies is come from the knowledge renovation of the clustering companies.
By the 21st century, although scholars from both China and abroad had changed their study perspectives, from the macro-level competitive advantage of Industrial Cluster to evolutionary mechanism, and to itself structure. Totally speaking, the present study theories are taking a wholly viewpoints towards the cluster’s competitive advantage and the main content of this study is the source and characteristic of this advantage, that’s say, they takes cluster as a‘black box’, did not unfold it to explore its core mechanism. Moreover, most of the studies are based on the hypothesis that all the companies in the cluster are homogenous, all the nodes in the cluster structure are the same, the reciprocal control forces are equal (Boari,2001) . Under this hypothesis, different type of corporations have the same effect on the cluster’s growth, also the relationship in the corporation-network are no different, if it’s true, it will be not necessary for a company to choose the collaborators consciously, and the network’s construct will be also not complicated. These studies seldom analyze the inner network structure of the cluster, its content and the network efficiency. in other words, it’s just as“diamond”and“black lead”, although they are all composed of carbon element, their characteristic and exhibition are extremely different due to the different constitution, so the study of the inner network structure has a root exploring function for both the exhibition of clustered network efficiency and the entire cluster’s competitive advantage. The former investigations are mainly focus on the entire cluster’s competitive advantage, mainly compared with the outside industries, which regard the inner industries are the same functions, but practice tells us that the competitive advantages are different for all the industries in a same cluster, the central and the marginal industries show great differences in their competitive advantages. So this paper tries to explain the different competitive advantages among industries in the same cluster by studying their network structure and relationships.
Donald thought that the collaboration between big corporations needs no participation of other organizations and institutions, the intervention emphasis is the small-and-medium-sized industrial clusters, therefore, the concept of cluster is always mean the cluster composed of small and medium sized industries if without specific reference. Affected by this, Chinese scholars seldom do systemic study on the large-scale manufacturing industrial clusters; the current strands area always centered on new booming industrial areas such as Yangzi River Delta area and Zhujiang River Delta. The large-scale manufacturing industrial clusters in old areas got few attentions. The large-scale manufacturing industrial clusters with big corporation center show much different focuses as the traditional small industrial clusters in Yangzi River Delta. Among the big manufacturing industrial clusters, the old northeastern industrial base shows characteristic of strong strength, large scale, focusing predominantly. Thus, this paper choose the representative automobile industry cluster as object of study to investigate the effect of cluster network on cluster competitive advantages.
Based on the former theories, this paper proposes three questions:
1. What’s the key factor of the industrial cluster’s competitive advantages?
2. How is the course of the knowledge renovation in the industrial cluster? How does it affect the industrial cluster advantages?
3. What kind of characters of network is more optimal for knowledge renovation of industrial clusters?
We make positive study of Changchun automobile industrial cluster with network-knowledge renovation-competitive advantage model. Firstly,from realistic background and theory background,research problems, research purpose, research contents, research approach and research technological route are put forward. Sencondly,the theoretical foundation are expounded, including the competition advantage theory, knowledge innovation theory and social network theory, put the relation between every theory in order; and then differentiate the current situation of study on each theory and research process to summarize, thus propose the research visual angle herein.Thirdly,define target and variable that this paper needs studying at first, pass the retrospect of the literature correctly, draw lessons from forefathers' result of study, is linked degree and divides the key element variable, put forward the conceptual model herein finally.Fourthly,according to the conceptual model above, divide into two parts and propose supposing, the assumptions of the cluster network and knowledge innovation, knowledge innovation and competing for the assumption of the advantage.Fifthly,design each research scale which study the variable, design and arrange the research questionnaire, sample scheme, distribution to analyze sample, data analytical method adopted to plan make explanations to research finally.Sixthly,summary the selected sample and make a statistical description of the collected data, then test the reliability and validity and examine the proposed assumptions by correlation and regression analysis.
Finally,this paper takes the automobile industry cluster in Changchun as an example and analyzes the relationship among network structure, network relations, knowledge innovation and competitive advantage. According to Kendall's tau_b nonlinear parameter analysis, it is found that network structure has positive impact on knowledge innovation, network relations has positive impact on knowledge innovation, network structure has relative positive impact on enterprise competitive advantage, network relations has relative prominent impact on enterprise competitive advantage and knowledge innovation has impact on enterprise competitive advantage very obviously. That is to say the logic of the concept model proposed in the paper is reasonable and realistic. Because the geographical centralization creates favorable environment for knowledge innovation, we can suppose that the relationship between geographical centralization and the knowledge innovation output are mutually positive, and more, the industrial network character has great influence on the competitive advantage.
And then, twenty-four assumptions are proposed in the paper and examined using correlation and linear regression analysis. The result indicates that four assumptions about the relationship between the network variables and knowledge innovation fail to pass to the test, which reflects the automobile industry cluster in Changchun is not very rational on network structure and some adjustments are necessary; two assumptions about the relationship between knowledge innovation and competitive advantage fail to pass the test, because the reginal fragmentation left by history is serious and the auto parts industries produce respectively, the problem of duplicate manufacture exists in enterprises, which deeply impact the resources allocation and knowledge innovation. It indicates that the commen value idea hasn’t formed among enterprises, and then the degree of social embeddedness is lower, which becomes the bottleneck restricting knowledge innovation, and therefore the competitive advantages can’t appear; the other eighteen assumptions pass the test, which illuminates network structure and network ties influence the enterprise competitive advantage respectively on diverse degree according to knowledge innovation. That is the resource distribution and competitive advantage of the industrial cluster member has great differences on position and relation.
本文首先对竞争优势、知识创新、社会网络的相关文献进行了综述,在此基础上归纳出本文的研究要素,明确各要素之间的逻辑关系;其次,对研究要素进行界定,提出要素的研究维度;第三,在理论推导的基础上,构建网络特征、知识创新及竞争优势之间的关系模型,并提出24条假设;最后,通过对长春汽车产业集群中85家企业的问卷调研数据进行实证分析,结果显示其中18条假设通过验证,对于验证结果,本文结合长春汽车产业集群实际情况给出了相应的合理解释,进一步明确了研究的理论价值和现实意义。
From the 1980s, Industrial Cluster promptly became the hotspot of Economic Geography, Regional Economics, Management Science and Economic Sociology etc. At present, Industrial Cluster has been a popular geographically-economics phenomenon in the developed or developing economic bodies. Porter’s study of the Industrial Cluster in developed countries and regions has proved explicitly the great contributions of Clusters to economic growth.
The key reason for Industrial Cluster being absorbed the focus of the academic circle or policy-makers are its sustainable competitive advantage. Knowledge, however, is the center of economic development, which means the knowledge innovation is the core driver for the emergence of sustainable competitive advantage, especially in the New-Economic times. As Druker’s findings in his“Post-Capitalist Society”knowledge Production is becoming one of the determinant factors input for an industry, a company and even a country, therefore, knowledge innovation and its efficiency are key ingredients for the competition of a company and region. In practice, the strongly sustainable competitive advantage and the momentum of rapid growth of Industrial Cluster are both based on the Sustained competitive advantage of the companies which embedded into the specific Industrial Cluster. Moreover, the Sustained competitive advantage of the companies is come from the knowledge renovation of the clustering companies.
By the 21st century, although scholars from both China and abroad had changed their study perspectives, from the macro-level competitive advantage of Industrial Cluster to evolutionary mechanism, and to itself structure. Totally speaking, the present study theories are taking a wholly viewpoints towards the cluster’s competitive advantage and the main content of this study is the source and characteristic of this advantage, that’s say, they takes cluster as a‘black box’, did not unfold it to explore its core mechanism. Moreover, most of the studies are based on the hypothesis that all the companies in the cluster are homogenous, all the nodes in the cluster structure are the same, the reciprocal control forces are equal (Boari,2001) . Under this hypothesis, different type of corporations have the same effect on the cluster’s growth, also the relationship in the corporation-network are no different, if it’s true, it will be not necessary for a company to choose the collaborators consciously, and the network’s construct will be also not complicated. These studies seldom analyze the inner network structure of the cluster, its content and the network efficiency. in other words, it’s just as“diamond”and“black lead”, although they are all composed of carbon element, their characteristic and exhibition are extremely different due to the different constitution, so the study of the inner network structure has a root exploring function for both the exhibition of clustered network efficiency and the entire cluster’s competitive advantage. The former investigations are mainly focus on the entire cluster’s competitive advantage, mainly compared with the outside industries, which regard the inner industries are the same functions, but practice tells us that the competitive advantages are different for all the industries in a same cluster, the central and the marginal industries show great differences in their competitive advantages. So this paper tries to explain the different competitive advantages among industries in the same cluster by studying their network structure and relationships.
Donald thought that the collaboration between big corporations needs no participation of other organizations and institutions, the intervention emphasis is the small-and-medium-sized industrial clusters, therefore, the concept of cluster is always mean the cluster composed of small and medium sized industries if without specific reference. Affected by this, Chinese scholars seldom do systemic study on the large-scale manufacturing industrial clusters; the current strands area always centered on new booming industrial areas such as Yangzi River Delta area and Zhujiang River Delta. The large-scale manufacturing industrial clusters in old areas got few attentions. The large-scale manufacturing industrial clusters with big corporation center show much different focuses as the traditional small industrial clusters in Yangzi River Delta. Among the big manufacturing industrial clusters, the old northeastern industrial base shows characteristic of strong strength, large scale, focusing predominantly. Thus, this paper choose the representative automobile industry cluster as object of study to investigate the effect of cluster network on cluster competitive advantages.
Based on the former theories, this paper proposes three questions:
1. What’s the key factor of the industrial cluster’s competitive advantages?
2. How is the course of the knowledge renovation in the industrial cluster? How does it affect the industrial cluster advantages?
3. What kind of characters of network is more optimal for knowledge renovation of industrial clusters?
We make positive study of Changchun automobile industrial cluster with network-knowledge renovation-competitive advantage model. Firstly,from realistic background and theory background,research problems, research purpose, research contents, research approach and research technological route are put forward. Sencondly,the theoretical foundation are expounded, including the competition advantage theory, knowledge innovation theory and social network theory, put the relation between every theory in order; and then differentiate the current situation of study on each theory and research process to summarize, thus propose the research visual angle herein.Thirdly,define target and variable that this paper needs studying at first, pass the retrospect of the literature correctly, draw lessons from forefathers' result of study, is linked degree and divides the key element variable, put forward the conceptual model herein finally.Fourthly,according to the conceptual model above, divide into two parts and propose supposing, the assumptions of the cluster network and knowledge innovation, knowledge innovation and competing for the assumption of the advantage.Fifthly,design each research scale which study the variable, design and arrange the research questionnaire, sample scheme, distribution to analyze sample, data analytical method adopted to plan make explanations to research finally.Sixthly,summary the selected sample and make a statistical description of the collected data, then test the reliability and validity and examine the proposed assumptions by correlation and regression analysis.
Finally,this paper takes the automobile industry cluster in Changchun as an example and analyzes the relationship among network structure, network relations, knowledge innovation and competitive advantage. According to Kendall's tau_b nonlinear parameter analysis, it is found that network structure has positive impact on knowledge innovation, network relations has positive impact on knowledge innovation, network structure has relative positive impact on enterprise competitive advantage, network relations has relative prominent impact on enterprise competitive advantage and knowledge innovation has impact on enterprise competitive advantage very obviously. That is to say the logic of the concept model proposed in the paper is reasonable and realistic. Because the geographical centralization creates favorable environment for knowledge innovation, we can suppose that the relationship between geographical centralization and the knowledge innovation output are mutually positive, and more, the industrial network character has great influence on the competitive advantage.
And then, twenty-four assumptions are proposed in the paper and examined using correlation and linear regression analysis. The result indicates that four assumptions about the relationship between the network variables and knowledge innovation fail to pass to the test, which reflects the automobile industry cluster in Changchun is not very rational on network structure and some adjustments are necessary; two assumptions about the relationship between knowledge innovation and competitive advantage fail to pass the test, because the reginal fragmentation left by history is serious and the auto parts industries produce respectively, the problem of duplicate manufacture exists in enterprises, which deeply impact the resources allocation and knowledge innovation. It indicates that the commen value idea hasn’t formed among enterprises, and then the degree of social embeddedness is lower, which becomes the bottleneck restricting knowledge innovation, and therefore the competitive advantages can’t appear; the other eighteen assumptions pass the test, which illuminates network structure and network ties influence the enterprise competitive advantage respectively on diverse degree according to knowledge innovation. That is the resource distribution and competitive advantage of the industrial cluster member has great differences on position and relation.
引文
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