不同形貌TiO_2纳米材料的合成及其光电性质研究
摘要
TiO_2纳米材料作为一种重要的宽禁带半导体材料,由于其在太阳能转换,光催化,气体传感,以及制备光诱导亲疏水表面和光至变色器件等方面的应用,受到了各国科学家的广泛关注。为了满足上述应用的要求,发展合成不同形貌及尺寸的TiO_2纳米材料的方法是十分必要的。另外,大多数的应用本质上都是基于TiO_2纳米材料的光电过程,因此,深入了解其微观的光生电荷迁移行为对于提高基于这些材料制备的器件的性能是非常有益的。
本论文发展了一种相对环保的反应体系,合成了三种形貌的TiO_2纳米材料:不同晶型(锐钛矿型,锐钛矿/金红石混晶,金红石型)的TiO_2一维纳米线,锐钛矿型TiO_2纳米晶(2 ~ 4 nm),以及金掺杂的单分散TiO_2微球(392 nm -587 nm可调),并系统的研究了这些材料的光电性质。研究发现,1.当TiO_2纳米线的晶型逐渐由锐钛矿向金红石转变时,纳米线的表面态密度逐渐减小,并且对于不同晶型的TiO_2纳米线来说,光生电子的迁移速率有着明显的差别。2.紫外光照射下,锐钛矿型TiO_2纳米晶在室温条件下表现出对氧气极高的气敏性质。3. Au掺杂的锐钛矿型TiO_2微球中,Au纳米颗粒同TiO_2具有较强的相互作用,并在紫外光和可见光照射下,Au纳米颗粒表现出完全不同的电学性质:可见光照射下,做为电子给体,将电子注入TiO_2中;紫外光照射下,做为电子受体,接收TiO_2中产生的电子。这些研究内容,为TiO_2纳米材料的应用提供了必要的实验依据和理论基础。
As a common wide-band gap semiconductor, Titanium dioxide (TiO_2) materials have been applied in many aspects, such as solar energy conversion, photodegradation of organic pollutants, and fabricating photovaltaic devices, et al. In the past few years, more and more new physical or chemical properties and applications of TiO_2 nanomaterials were observed and developed, as the continuous breakthroughs made in its preparation of different sizes and shapes. In addition to the well-known size confinement effect, TiO_2 nanomaterials were also found to have size, morphology and structure dependent optical and photoelectronic properties, meanwhile, we found that for all the applications of TiO_2 nanomaterials, such as photocatalyst, solar energy conversion and photovoltaic devices, their operating principles are all in fact correlated with the charge transfer properties in TiO_2 nanomaterials after its absorption of light. Thus, it is necessary to further understand the photo-induced charge transfer properties of TiO_2 nanomaterials of different morphologies, which is significantly important for its applications.
Based on above analysis, in this thesis, we developed a new relatively environmentally friendly reaction system, in which the ethylene glycol (EG) was used to manipulate the hydrolysis rates of the titanium alkoxides, to synthesize TiO_2 based nanomaterials with different of morphologies, and further studied the photovoltaic properties of the as-synthesized TiO_2 nanomaterials through the Surface Photovoltage (SPV) and Surface Photocurrent (SPC) techniques. The information providing in this thesis should be beneficial for understanding the photocatalyst process and fabricating photovoltaic devices.
The main contents are as follows:
1. Synthesized TiO_2 one-dimensional nanowires with different types of crystalline phases via sol-gel method: Anatase, Anatase/Rutile mixed phase, and Rutile. Systematically studied the photovoltaic properties of these samples through the SPC, SPV and TPV techniques. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The surface of the anatase TiO_2 nanowires has more active sites, and the amount of the active sites gradually decrease as the change of the crystalline phase from anatase to rutile. 2. The mobility of the photo-induced electrons is significantly different for different types of TiO_2 nanowires, and found that the electrons move faster in anatase TiO_2 nanowires than that of rutile sample. The results should be beneficial for fabricating TiO_2 nanowires based photovoltaic devices.
2. Developed a facile method to synthesis high-crystallinity anatase TiO_2 nanocrystals under mild conditions. Found that EG played the role to both control the hydrolysis and condensation rates of titanium isopropoxide, and H2O is the key reagent for the anatase formation, and the amount of H2O has been demonstrated to be an important parameter for the fast anatase phase formation. The simplicity (only three reagents are involved) and reproducibility of this method makes this route be possibly large-scaled. Besides, found that the surfactant used in the reaction system has significant effect on the photovoltaic properties of the nanocrystals. Meanwhile, it has been found that the nanocrystals exhibit the fast response to oxygen under the UV illumination at room temperature.
3. Developed a facile method to synthesize monodisperse gold-doped titania spheres under high concentration of titanium precursor simply by introducing trace amount of CA into the reaction system, and the size of the spheres can be easily tuned between 392 and 587 nm through the changing of the amount of CA added. The detailed growth mechanism has been discussed where it was found that CA acts as the stabilizing agent in the reaction. Anatase titania spheres with gold nanodots (-7 nm) on its surface has been synthesized by the heating treatment. SPC and SPV investigations show that the gold nanodots have dual roles in the gold-doped anatase titania spheres: one is as the electron acceptor in the UV region, while the other is as the electron donor when it was illuminated by the visible light. TPV measurement indicates that the decay time of the injected plasmon-induced electrons is in the millisecond timescales and gradually increased as the increasing of the amount of gold doped. The information providing here should be beneficial for further understanding the charge transfer properties in the Au-TiO_2 system under the illumination of different wavelengths of light, synthesizing high efficient visible light catalysts and fabricating photovoltaic devices with higher performance.
本论文发展了一种相对环保的反应体系,合成了三种形貌的TiO_2纳米材料:不同晶型(锐钛矿型,锐钛矿/金红石混晶,金红石型)的TiO_2一维纳米线,锐钛矿型TiO_2纳米晶(2 ~ 4 nm),以及金掺杂的单分散TiO_2微球(392 nm -587 nm可调),并系统的研究了这些材料的光电性质。研究发现,1.当TiO_2纳米线的晶型逐渐由锐钛矿向金红石转变时,纳米线的表面态密度逐渐减小,并且对于不同晶型的TiO_2纳米线来说,光生电子的迁移速率有着明显的差别。2.紫外光照射下,锐钛矿型TiO_2纳米晶在室温条件下表现出对氧气极高的气敏性质。3. Au掺杂的锐钛矿型TiO_2微球中,Au纳米颗粒同TiO_2具有较强的相互作用,并在紫外光和可见光照射下,Au纳米颗粒表现出完全不同的电学性质:可见光照射下,做为电子给体,将电子注入TiO_2中;紫外光照射下,做为电子受体,接收TiO_2中产生的电子。这些研究内容,为TiO_2纳米材料的应用提供了必要的实验依据和理论基础。
As a common wide-band gap semiconductor, Titanium dioxide (TiO_2) materials have been applied in many aspects, such as solar energy conversion, photodegradation of organic pollutants, and fabricating photovaltaic devices, et al. In the past few years, more and more new physical or chemical properties and applications of TiO_2 nanomaterials were observed and developed, as the continuous breakthroughs made in its preparation of different sizes and shapes. In addition to the well-known size confinement effect, TiO_2 nanomaterials were also found to have size, morphology and structure dependent optical and photoelectronic properties, meanwhile, we found that for all the applications of TiO_2 nanomaterials, such as photocatalyst, solar energy conversion and photovoltaic devices, their operating principles are all in fact correlated with the charge transfer properties in TiO_2 nanomaterials after its absorption of light. Thus, it is necessary to further understand the photo-induced charge transfer properties of TiO_2 nanomaterials of different morphologies, which is significantly important for its applications.
Based on above analysis, in this thesis, we developed a new relatively environmentally friendly reaction system, in which the ethylene glycol (EG) was used to manipulate the hydrolysis rates of the titanium alkoxides, to synthesize TiO_2 based nanomaterials with different of morphologies, and further studied the photovoltaic properties of the as-synthesized TiO_2 nanomaterials through the Surface Photovoltage (SPV) and Surface Photocurrent (SPC) techniques. The information providing in this thesis should be beneficial for understanding the photocatalyst process and fabricating photovoltaic devices.
The main contents are as follows:
1. Synthesized TiO_2 one-dimensional nanowires with different types of crystalline phases via sol-gel method: Anatase, Anatase/Rutile mixed phase, and Rutile. Systematically studied the photovoltaic properties of these samples through the SPC, SPV and TPV techniques. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The surface of the anatase TiO_2 nanowires has more active sites, and the amount of the active sites gradually decrease as the change of the crystalline phase from anatase to rutile. 2. The mobility of the photo-induced electrons is significantly different for different types of TiO_2 nanowires, and found that the electrons move faster in anatase TiO_2 nanowires than that of rutile sample. The results should be beneficial for fabricating TiO_2 nanowires based photovoltaic devices.
2. Developed a facile method to synthesis high-crystallinity anatase TiO_2 nanocrystals under mild conditions. Found that EG played the role to both control the hydrolysis and condensation rates of titanium isopropoxide, and H2O is the key reagent for the anatase formation, and the amount of H2O has been demonstrated to be an important parameter for the fast anatase phase formation. The simplicity (only three reagents are involved) and reproducibility of this method makes this route be possibly large-scaled. Besides, found that the surfactant used in the reaction system has significant effect on the photovoltaic properties of the nanocrystals. Meanwhile, it has been found that the nanocrystals exhibit the fast response to oxygen under the UV illumination at room temperature.
3. Developed a facile method to synthesize monodisperse gold-doped titania spheres under high concentration of titanium precursor simply by introducing trace amount of CA into the reaction system, and the size of the spheres can be easily tuned between 392 and 587 nm through the changing of the amount of CA added. The detailed growth mechanism has been discussed where it was found that CA acts as the stabilizing agent in the reaction. Anatase titania spheres with gold nanodots (-7 nm) on its surface has been synthesized by the heating treatment. SPC and SPV investigations show that the gold nanodots have dual roles in the gold-doped anatase titania spheres: one is as the electron acceptor in the UV region, while the other is as the electron donor when it was illuminated by the visible light. TPV measurement indicates that the decay time of the injected plasmon-induced electrons is in the millisecond timescales and gradually increased as the increasing of the amount of gold doped. The information providing here should be beneficial for further understanding the charge transfer properties in the Au-TiO_2 system under the illumination of different wavelengths of light, synthesizing high efficient visible light catalysts and fabricating photovoltaic devices with higher performance.
引文
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