香溪河流域土地利用变化径流效应研究
|
摘要
近年来,土地利用变化在区域尺度上的资源与环境效应得到了广泛关注。土地利用变化的重要环境效应之一是以水文效应出现的。针对特定区域,弄清土地利用变化与水文变化之间的联系,成为区域资源问题、环境问题及生态问题上政策效应分析的重要手段。本研究在长江中上游地区选取了香溪河流域作为研究区域进行研究,研究香溪河流域不同土地利用方式的产流效应,研究土地利用变化对河川径流的影响,研究降雨时空分布、森林植被对降雨的调节作用,对于认识其水土资源特点和产流规律,提高对水资源敏感性、脆弱性研究,据以采取相应防治对策具有重要意义。
论文选择使用了分布式水文模型(SWAT)对香溪河流域的径流响应进行模拟研究。基于地理信息系统技术,建立了香溪河流域的空间数据库(包括数字高程模型、土地利用图、土壤类型图等)和属性数据库(包括降雨、气温、风速、相对温度)。根据DEM和水系分布图由模型自动将整个研究区划分为17个子流域,根据子流域内优势土地利用覆被和优势土壤类型,设定土地利用和土壤阈值都为10%,在流域内划分出115个水文响应单元。利用1971～1989年实测水文资料进行了模型参数的校准和验证,年径流校准期和验证期的相关系数分别为0.77和0.83,Nash-Suttcliffe系数分别为0.72和0.67,月径流校准期和验证期的相关系数分别为0.82和0.77,Nash-Suttcliffe系数分别为0.77和0.74,结果表明实测径流和模拟径流的线性回归系数和模型的效率系数满足模型模拟的要求,该模型适用于研究流域。
基于SWAT模型的模拟分析结果,以85年为例,对香溪河流域不同土地利用方式对径流的贡献进行了对比分析,得出坡耕地产生的径流深最大,637.5mm,梯田或平原耕地次之,林地最小,为546.99 mm。最大的坡耕地为最小的林地的1.16倍。
采用固定一个影响因子,来研究另一个影响因子对径流的影响。论文分析了土地利用变化对径流的影响,模拟结果表明,在相同的降雨条件下,90年代的土地利用方式与80年代的土地利用方式相比,径流量减少。
采用情景分析法,分别模拟了不同水文年和不同森林覆盖率条件下的降雨径流关系。结果表明径流量随降雨量的增加而增加,随着森林覆盖率的增加,径流量减少。
In recent years, response of resources and environment to land use change arouses broad attention in region scale. One of responses of environment to land use change is hydrolody response. In given region, making clear the relation of land use change and hydrology change is a main measure, which is used to analyse policy domino offect in region resources, environment and zoology matters. The paper chooses Xiangxi River watershed as the example to study the response of the various landuse to runoff runoff, the influence of land use change to river runoff, space-time distribution of precipitation and adjustment of ruoff by forest cover. The results were of important meaning to understand the characteristics of water and soil resources and the rule of runoff producing and to improve the research on the sensitivity and frangibility of water resourses, according to which to take corresponding measures.
The paper choosed distributed hydrological model SWAT (the Soil and Water Assessment Tool) to simulate and study the hydrologic response in the research area.Based on GIS, the spatial database (integrating DEM, soil, and landusemap et al.) and non-spatial database (integrating climate, and land management data et al.) were established.With the support of SWAT model, the 17 sub-watersheds have been automatically delineated by the DEM and waterstreams. And the model has been calibrated and validated with the real data collected from the study area in the years from 1971 to 1989. In calibration and validation period occurred in years, relative coefficient are 0.77 and 0.83, Nash-Suttcliffe coefficient are 0.72 and 0.67, In calibration and validation period occurred in momths, relative coefficient are 0.82 and 0.77, Nash-Suttcliffe coefficient are 0.77 and 0.74. The results show that SWAT model could be successfully used to model this area.
Based on simulating results, taking Xiangxi River watershed as the example, the paper analysed contribute of various land use to runoff. The result indicated that the runoff depth produced by gradient plantation was the most,(637.5mm), terrace plantation taked second place and woodland was the lest (546.99mm).The most, gradient plantation, was 1.16 times of the least, woodland.
The paper studied another factor by fixupping one factor, which affected runoff. It analyzed the influences of landuse change runoff. The result showed that the sum of runoff was disceased by the change of land use from the circumstance in 1980s to 1990s.
Adopting scenes analyse method to simulate the relationship of precipiotation and runoff under the condition of various precipitation and forest cover.The result showed runoff increased along with prepication increasement and decreased along with forest cover increasement.
论文选择使用了分布式水文模型(SWAT)对香溪河流域的径流响应进行模拟研究。基于地理信息系统技术,建立了香溪河流域的空间数据库(包括数字高程模型、土地利用图、土壤类型图等)和属性数据库(包括降雨、气温、风速、相对温度)。根据DEM和水系分布图由模型自动将整个研究区划分为17个子流域,根据子流域内优势土地利用覆被和优势土壤类型,设定土地利用和土壤阈值都为10%,在流域内划分出115个水文响应单元。利用1971～1989年实测水文资料进行了模型参数的校准和验证,年径流校准期和验证期的相关系数分别为0.77和0.83,Nash-Suttcliffe系数分别为0.72和0.67,月径流校准期和验证期的相关系数分别为0.82和0.77,Nash-Suttcliffe系数分别为0.77和0.74,结果表明实测径流和模拟径流的线性回归系数和模型的效率系数满足模型模拟的要求,该模型适用于研究流域。
基于SWAT模型的模拟分析结果,以85年为例,对香溪河流域不同土地利用方式对径流的贡献进行了对比分析,得出坡耕地产生的径流深最大,637.5mm,梯田或平原耕地次之,林地最小,为546.99 mm。最大的坡耕地为最小的林地的1.16倍。
采用固定一个影响因子,来研究另一个影响因子对径流的影响。论文分析了土地利用变化对径流的影响,模拟结果表明,在相同的降雨条件下,90年代的土地利用方式与80年代的土地利用方式相比,径流量减少。
采用情景分析法,分别模拟了不同水文年和不同森林覆盖率条件下的降雨径流关系。结果表明径流量随降雨量的增加而增加,随着森林覆盖率的增加,径流量减少。
In recent years, response of resources and environment to land use change arouses broad attention in region scale. One of responses of environment to land use change is hydrolody response. In given region, making clear the relation of land use change and hydrology change is a main measure, which is used to analyse policy domino offect in region resources, environment and zoology matters. The paper chooses Xiangxi River watershed as the example to study the response of the various landuse to runoff runoff, the influence of land use change to river runoff, space-time distribution of precipitation and adjustment of ruoff by forest cover. The results were of important meaning to understand the characteristics of water and soil resources and the rule of runoff producing and to improve the research on the sensitivity and frangibility of water resourses, according to which to take corresponding measures.
The paper choosed distributed hydrological model SWAT (the Soil and Water Assessment Tool) to simulate and study the hydrologic response in the research area.Based on GIS, the spatial database (integrating DEM, soil, and landusemap et al.) and non-spatial database (integrating climate, and land management data et al.) were established.With the support of SWAT model, the 17 sub-watersheds have been automatically delineated by the DEM and waterstreams. And the model has been calibrated and validated with the real data collected from the study area in the years from 1971 to 1989. In calibration and validation period occurred in years, relative coefficient are 0.77 and 0.83, Nash-Suttcliffe coefficient are 0.72 and 0.67, In calibration and validation period occurred in momths, relative coefficient are 0.82 and 0.77, Nash-Suttcliffe coefficient are 0.77 and 0.74. The results show that SWAT model could be successfully used to model this area.
Based on simulating results, taking Xiangxi River watershed as the example, the paper analysed contribute of various land use to runoff. The result indicated that the runoff depth produced by gradient plantation was the most,(637.5mm), terrace plantation taked second place and woodland was the lest (546.99mm).The most, gradient plantation, was 1.16 times of the least, woodland.
The paper studied another factor by fixupping one factor, which affected runoff. It analyzed the influences of landuse change runoff. The result showed that the sum of runoff was disceased by the change of land use from the circumstance in 1980s to 1990s.
Adopting scenes analyse method to simulate the relationship of precipiotation and runoff under the condition of various precipitation and forest cover.The result showed runoff increased along with prepication increasement and decreased along with forest cover increasement.
引文
[1]蔡永明,张科利,李双才,不同粒径制间土壤质地资料的转换问题研究.土壤学报.2003,40(4):511-517
[2]陈步峰等,热带山地次生雨林生态系统的水文学过程及养分动态.林业科学研究.1994,7(5):525-530
[3]陈军锋,裴铁瑶等,河流两侧坡面非对称采伐森林对流域暴雨一径流过程的影响,应用生态学报,2000,11(2):210-214.
[4]陈军锋,陈秀万.SWAT模型的水量平衡及其在梭磨河流域的应用.北京大学学报.2004,40(2):265-270.
[5]陈军锋,李秀彬.森林植被变化对流域水文影响的争论.自然资源学报,2001,16(5):474-480.
[6]陈军锋.土地利用变化对流域水文的影响一以长江上游梭磨河流域为例:博士论文.北京:中国科学院研究生院,2002.
[7]陈腊娇,基于SWAT模型的土地利用/覆被变化产流产沙效应模拟-以陇东马莲河流域为例,浙江师范大学学位论文,2006
[8]池宸星,郝振纯,王玲等.黄土区人类活动影响下的产汇流模拟研究.地理科学进展,2005,24(3):101-108.
[9]傅伯杰、陈利顶等,黄土高原小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响。地理学报,1999,54(3):241-246。
[10]郭生练等,基于DEM的分布式流域水文物理模型,武汉水利电力大学学报,2000,33(6)
[11]郝芳华,流域非点源污染分布式模拟研究,北京师范大学博士学位论文,2003
[12]郝振纯,李丽,王加虎等,气候变化对地表水资源的影响,地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2007,32(5):425-431
[13]何固心,美国森林植被对河川径流量影响的研究,地理译报,1986,(1):35-40
[14]贾仰文,王浩,黄河流域分布式水文模型开发和验证,自然资源学报,2005,20(2):300-308
[15]芮孝芳.流域水文模型研究中的若干问题.水科学进展.1997,8(1):94-98.
[16]夏军.水文非线性系统理论与方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社.2002.
[17]左其亭,王中根著.现代水文学[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.
[18]黄平,赵吉国.森林坡地二维分布型水文数学模型的研究.水文.2000(4):1-4
[19]黄忠良等,鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的水文学过程及其氮素动态.植物生态学报.1994,18(2):194-199
[20]姜德娟,洮儿河流域中上游地区气候变化与土地利用/覆被变化的径流效应研究,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士论文,2007
[21]蒋有绪.热带林生态系统研究进展及方法扎记-热带林生物量测定方法.热带林业科技,1986,(3):49-51
[22]金栋梁,森林对水文要素的影响,人民长江,1989,(1):28-35
[23]康文星等,杉木人工林水量平衡和蒸散的研究,植物生态学报与地植物学学报,1992,16(2):187-196
[24]康文星等,杉木人工林蒸散的研究及乱流扩散法应用的探讨,植物生态学报与地植物学学报,1992,16(4):336-345
[25]李海涛,于贵瑞,袁嘉祖.中国现代气候变化的规律及未来情景预测.中国农业气象
[26]李兰等,流域水文数学物理耦合模型,见:朱尔明编.中国水利学会优秀论文集,北京:中国三峡出版社,2000:322-329
[27]李兰等,流域水文分布动态参数反问题模型,见:朱尔明编.中国水利学会优秀论文集,北京:中国三峡出版社,2000:48-54
[27]李莉,王杰,王旭,气候变化对我国水文水资源系统的影响研究,2007,29(5):8-9
[28]李丽娟,姜德娟,李九一等,土地利用变化/覆被变化的水文效应研究进展,自然资源学报,2007:22(2)211-223
[29]李凌浩等,森林降水化学研究综述.水土保持学报.1994,8(1):85-96
[30]刘昌明,于静洁,森林拦蓄洪水的作用--以黄土高原林区为例,中国林学会森林水文与流域治理专业委员会,全国森林水文学术讨论会文集,北京:测绘出版杜,1989,84-90
[31]刘昌明,钟俊襄,黄土高原森林对年径流影响的初步分析,地理学报,1978,33(2):112-126
[32]刘昌明等,水文循环过程理论与方法的研究进展,见:刘昌明等,黄河流域水资源演化规律与可再生性维持机理研究和进展,郑州:黄河水利出版社,2001:22-33
[33]刘世荣等.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律.北京:中国林业出版社.1996
[34]刘文耀,等.滇中常绿阔叶及云南松林水文作用的初步研究.植物生态学与地植物学学报,1991,15(2):159-166
[35]刘向东,苏宁虎等,六盘山森林水文生态功能评价,中国林学会森林水文与流域治理专业委员会,全国森林木文学术讨论会文集,北京,测绘出版社,1989
[36]刘永宏,梁海荣,张文才,森林水文研究综述,内蒙古林业科技,2000增刊:67-73
[37]刘永宏等,森林对降雨再分配及对地表径流影响的研究,内蒙古跨世纪青年林业研究文选,呼和浩特,内蒙古人民出版社,1997
[38]刘云国等,降水中的pH值和金属元素在松柏混交林内的变化动态.植物生态学报,1996,2(3):216-224
[39]刘纪远.中国资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996.
[40]马雪华.珉江上游森林的采伐对河流流量和泥沙悬移质的影响,自然资源,1990,(3):78-87
[41]马雪华.森林水文学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1993
[42]田大伦.森林水文学过程中的水质分析.林业科技通讯,1987,(6):13-15
[43]潘维伟,全国森林水文学术讨论台文集,北京,测绘出版杜,1989
[44]孙阁,森林对河川径流影响及其研究方法的探讨,自然资源研究,1987,(2):67-71
[45]石培礼,李文华,森林植被变化对水文过程和径流的影响效应。自然资源学报,2001,16(5):481-487
[46]孙立达 朱金兆,水土保持林体系综合效益研究与评价,中国科学技术出版社,1995
[47]万洪涛,周成虎,万庆,刘舒,地理信息系统与水文模型集成研究述评,水科学进展,2001,12(4):560-568
[48]王燕生,遥感水文模型及其应用,水文,1989(5):20一24
[49]魏文秋,谢淑琴,遥感资料在SCS模型产流计算中的应用,环境遥感,1992(4):243-250
[50]温远光 刘世荣,我国主要森林生态系统类型降水截持规律的数量分析,林业科学,1995,31(4):289-298
[51]吴长文,北京密云水库水源保护林水土保持效益的研究,北京林业大学博士学位论文,1994
[52]吴东国,密云水库流域土地利用变化水文响应初步研究,北京林业大学博士学位论文,2003
[53]吴险峰,刘昌明,流域水文模型研究的若干进展,地理科学进展,2002,7(4):341-348
[54]徐雨清等,遥感和地理信息系统在半干旱地区降雨--径流关系模拟中的应用,遥感技术与应用,2000
[55]余新晓,程根伟,赵玉涛,张志强,森林流域分布式水文模型研究,中国水土保持科学,2003,3(1):35-40
[56]张炳勋,冯国章,林地拦洪作用及产流特点的分析,水文,1985,(2):37-44
[58]张蕾娜,李秀彬,王兆锋等.一种可用于表征土地利用变化水文效应的水文模型探讨-SWAT模型在云州水库流域的应用研究.水文.2004,24(3):4-8.
张建云等,气候异常对我国水资源及水分循环影响的评估模型研究,国家“九五”重中之重科技攻关项目,2000
[59]张雪松,郝芳华,杨志峰等,基于SWAT模型的中尺度流域产流产沙模拟研究,水土保持研究,2003,10(3):38-42
[60]张雪松,洛河下游流域非点源污染模拟研究,北京师范大学硕士学位论文,2004
郑红星.GIS支持下黄河流域水循环时空演化规律研究:博士论文.北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所.2001.
[61]谢媛媛,黄土高原典型流域土地利用/森林植被变化的水文生态响应研究,北京林业大学硕士论文,2006
[62]中野秀章(李云森译),森林水文学,北京:中国林业出版社,1983
[63]周梅.森林对河川径流影响研究综述.内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版).1995,12(20):9-17
[64]周延辉等.森林对径流的影响,中国林学会森林水文与流域治理专业委员会,全国森林水文学术讨论会义集,北京:测绘出版社,1989,91-98
[65]Abbott M B,Bathurst,J C et al,Anintroduction to the European Hydrology System-Systeme Hydrologique European,"SHE."1:history and philosophy of a physically based distributed modeling system,Journal of Hydrology,1986a,87:45-59
[66]Anderson M G,Burt T P,Modeling Strategies,Anderson M G,Burt T P,Hydrological Forecasting,Chichester:Join Wley&Sons Ltd,1985:1-2,5-8
[67]Arnold J G,Williams J R,Maidment D R,1994.Continues-time Water and sediment-routing model for large basins[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,121(2):171-183.
[68]Bassett R.L.,1997.Chemical modelling on the bare rock or forested watershed scale.Hydrol.Process.,11:695-717
[69]Beven K J,Moore I D,Terrain Analysis and Distributed Modeling in Hydrology,Edited by K J Beven,I D Moore(Chichester:Join Wiley and Sons Ltd),1992:213-226
[70]Beven,K.J.and Kirkby,M.J..1979.A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology.Hydrol.Sci.Bull,24(1):43-69
[71]Boach J M.Treatment effects on annual and dry period stream flow at Cathedral Peak,S.Afr.Fot.J.,1919,108:29-38
[72]Bormann F H,Likens G E,Pattern and Processes in a forested ecosystem,New York:Springer Verlag, 1979, 1-120
[73]Bonell, M., 1993. Progress in the understanding of runoff generation dynamics in forests. J. Hydrol.,150:217-275
[74]Brechtel H.M., 1989. Monitoring wet deposition in forests: quantitative and qualitative aspects.Report No.21 in the Air Pollution Report Series of the Environmental Research Programme of the Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. pp.39-63.
[75]Brechtel,H.M.,and Fuhrer,H.-W.,1994. Importance of forest hydrological 'benchmark-catchments'in connection with the forest decline problem in Europe . Agri. For. Meter. ,72: 81-89
[76]Calder, Land Use Impacts on Water Resources, Land-Water in Rural Watersheds Electronic Workshop, 18 Sept-27 Oct, FAO, 2000
[77]Charbonneau R, Fortin J P, Morin G, The CEQUEAU model: description and examples of its use in Problems related to water resource management, Hydrology Science Bulletin, 1977,22(1/3): 193-202
[78]Clarke R T, A review of some mathematical models used in hydrology, with observation on their calibration and use, journal of Hydrology, 1973,19(1):1
[79]Cook K. E., 1994. An evaluation of water quality and land use in the salmon river watershed,Langley, B. C, Using GIS techniques. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Soil Science, University of Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
[80]DavidR, Maidment 主编,张建云,李纪生 等译,水文学手册,科学出版社, 2002
[81]Devantier B A, Feldman A D, Review of GIS application in hydrologic modeling, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Proceeding of the American Society of Civil Engineering 1993,119: 246-261
[82]Diskin M H, Research approach to watershed modeling, definition of terms, ARS and SCS Watershed Modeling Workshop, Tucson, Ariz, 1970
[83]Dunne, T.. 1978. Field studies of hillslope flow processes, In: Kirkby(editor), Hillslope Hydrology,John Wiley & Sons, pp227-294
[84]Engel B A, 1994.The impact of GIS-derived topographic attributes on the simulation of erosion using AGNPS [J]. American of Society of Agricultural Engineers, 10(4): 561 —566
[85]Fedra K, GIS and Enviromental Modeling, In Enviromental Modeling with GIS, OXford: OXford University Press, 1993: 35-50
[86]Fedra K, Models, GIS and expert system: integated water resources models, in lovar K, Nachtnebel H P(Eds), Application of Geographic Information System in Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Pmc, HydroGIS-93, Vienna 297-308, IAHSPubl, 1993, 211, Wallingford: IAHS Press
[87]Freeze R A, Harlan R L, Blueprint of a Physically-based digitally—simulated hydrological response model, Journal of Hydrology, 1969, 9: 237-258
[88]Gash, J. H. C. et al., 1980. Comparative estimates of interception loss from three coniferous forests in Great Britain, J. Hydrol., 48: 89-150
[89]Hansen, K., 1994. Throughfall nd canopy interactions in spruce forest. Foskningsserien no.8-Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute, Lyngby, Demark
[90]Kelliher, F. M. et. al. 1989. Evaporation and canopy characteristics of coniferous forests and grasslands. Oecologia, 95: 153-163
[91]Kovar K, Nachinebel H P, Application of Geographical Information System in Hydrology and Water Resources management, IANHS Publication 1996, 235 (Wallingford: IAHS)
[92]Mackay D S, Band L E, Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: Dynamic coupling of distributed hydrology and canopy growth, Hydrological Processes, 1997, 11: 1197-1217
[93]Maidment D R, GIS and hydrologic modeling-An assessment of progress, In Environment Modeling with GIS, edited by M F Goodchild, B parks, L Steyaert(Oxford: Oxford University Press),1993, 35-50
[94]McCulloch, J. G., Robinson, M., 1993. History of forest hydrology. J.Hydrol.,150: 189-216
[95]Mitchell D J, The use of vegetation and landuse parameters in modelling catchment sediment yield,In: Thornes J B, Vegetation and erosion, New York: John wiley and sons, 1990, 289-316
[96]Nemani R, Running S W, Band L E, Peterson DL, Regional hydrological simulation system:an illustration of the inlegration of ecosystem models in a GIS, In Environment Modeling with GIS,edited by M F Goodchild, B parks, L Steyaert (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 1993, 297-304
[97]Putuhena, W. M. and Cordery, I. 1996. Estimation of interception capacity of the forest floor, J.Hydrol., 180:283-299
[98]Refsgard J C, Hansen E, A distributed groundwater/surface water modet for the Susa—catchment,Part1——model description, Nordic Hydrology, 1982, 13: 299-310
[99]Richard H M, Willard M S, hydrology modeling: Statistical Methods and Applications, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1986, 3
[100]Romannowiez R, BevenK, Freer J, Moore R, TOPMODEL as an application within WIS, In Application of Geographical Information System in Hydrology and Water Resources Management,IANHS Publication no, 235 (Wallingford: IAHS), 1993: 211-223
[101]Ross M A, Tara P D, Integrated hydrologic Modeling with Geographic information system, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Proceeding of the American Society of Civil Engineering 1993, 119: 129-139
[102]Rutter, A. J. et al., 1971. A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests,l. Derivation of the model from observation in a plantation of Corsican pine. Agr. Met., 9: 367-384
[103]Schaap, M. G and Bouten, W. 1997. Forest floor evaporation in a dense Douglas fir stand, J.Hydrol., 193:97-113
[104]Scott D F, Lesch W, Stream flow responses to afforestation with Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus patula and to felling in the Mokobulaan experiments, South Africa, Journal of Hydrology, 1997, 199:360-377
[105]Sopper, W.E., and H. W. Lull, 1965. The representativeness of small forested experimental water sheds in northeastern United State University, Univ. Intl. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., 66(2):441-456
[106]Sun G., 1997. Application of GIS and modeling into non-point pollution management. In Yu,X.X. eta(editors) Sustainable Development on Mountainous Area, China Forestry Publish House.Pp77-86
[107]Sun Ge, Riekerd H, Comeford N B, Modeling the forest hydrology of wetland-upland ecosystems in Florida, Journal of the American Water Association, 1998, 34(4): 827-840
[108] Swank W. T. et al., 1988. Streamflow changes associated with forest cutting, species conversions,and natural disturbances. In: W. T. Swank and D. A. Crossley, Jr.(editors), Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta. Ecol. Stud.,66:297-312
[109]Teklehaimanot, Z. et al., 1991. Rainfall interception and bound ary conductance in relation to tree spacing, J. Hydrol., 123: 261-278
[110]Tietema, A. et al., 1992. Abiotic factors regulating nitrogen transformations in the organic layer of acid forest soils: moisture and pH. Plant Soil, 147: 69-78
[111]Viville, D. et al., 1993. Interception on a mountainous declining spruce stand in the Strengbach catchment(Voges,France), J. Hydrol., 144: 273-282
[112]Wang L.J., et al., 1997. Changes in chemistry in hydrological processes of the Fushan experimental forest. Q.J.Chin.For., 30(2): 203-215
[113]Warren T. Ford, Glenn H. Beasley, Berni P. Chong, James W. Neely. Preparation of ion exchange resins from carbonaceous adsorbents. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition Volume 20, Issue 5, Date: May 1982, Pages: 1213-1229
[114]Warren T. Ford, Glenn H. Beasley, Berni P. Chong, James W. Neely. Preparation of ion exchange resins from carbonaceous adsorbents. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition Volume 20, Issue 5, Date: May 1982, Pages: 1213-1229
[115]Wernick B. G., Land use and streamwater nitrrate-N dynamics in an urban-rural fringe watershed.Journal of American water resources association 1998, 34(3): 639-650
[116]Young, M.H., Wierenga, P.J., Mancino, C.F., 1997. Monitoring near-surface soil water storage in Turfgrass using time domain reflectometry and weighing lysimetry. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 61:1138—1146
[2]陈步峰等,热带山地次生雨林生态系统的水文学过程及养分动态.林业科学研究.1994,7(5):525-530
[3]陈军锋,裴铁瑶等,河流两侧坡面非对称采伐森林对流域暴雨一径流过程的影响,应用生态学报,2000,11(2):210-214.
[4]陈军锋,陈秀万.SWAT模型的水量平衡及其在梭磨河流域的应用.北京大学学报.2004,40(2):265-270.
[5]陈军锋,李秀彬.森林植被变化对流域水文影响的争论.自然资源学报,2001,16(5):474-480.
[6]陈军锋.土地利用变化对流域水文的影响一以长江上游梭磨河流域为例:博士论文.北京:中国科学院研究生院,2002.
[7]陈腊娇,基于SWAT模型的土地利用/覆被变化产流产沙效应模拟-以陇东马莲河流域为例,浙江师范大学学位论文,2006
[8]池宸星,郝振纯,王玲等.黄土区人类活动影响下的产汇流模拟研究.地理科学进展,2005,24(3):101-108.
[9]傅伯杰、陈利顶等,黄土高原小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响。地理学报,1999,54(3):241-246。
[10]郭生练等,基于DEM的分布式流域水文物理模型,武汉水利电力大学学报,2000,33(6)
[11]郝芳华,流域非点源污染分布式模拟研究,北京师范大学博士学位论文,2003
[12]郝振纯,李丽,王加虎等,气候变化对地表水资源的影响,地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2007,32(5):425-431
[13]何固心,美国森林植被对河川径流量影响的研究,地理译报,1986,(1):35-40
[14]贾仰文,王浩,黄河流域分布式水文模型开发和验证,自然资源学报,2005,20(2):300-308
[15]芮孝芳.流域水文模型研究中的若干问题.水科学进展.1997,8(1):94-98.
[16]夏军.水文非线性系统理论与方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社.2002.
[17]左其亭,王中根著.现代水文学[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.
[18]黄平,赵吉国.森林坡地二维分布型水文数学模型的研究.水文.2000(4):1-4
[19]黄忠良等,鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的水文学过程及其氮素动态.植物生态学报.1994,18(2):194-199
[20]姜德娟,洮儿河流域中上游地区气候变化与土地利用/覆被变化的径流效应研究,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士论文,2007
[21]蒋有绪.热带林生态系统研究进展及方法扎记-热带林生物量测定方法.热带林业科技,1986,(3):49-51
[22]金栋梁,森林对水文要素的影响,人民长江,1989,(1):28-35
[23]康文星等,杉木人工林水量平衡和蒸散的研究,植物生态学报与地植物学学报,1992,16(2):187-196
[24]康文星等,杉木人工林蒸散的研究及乱流扩散法应用的探讨,植物生态学报与地植物学学报,1992,16(4):336-345
[25]李海涛,于贵瑞,袁嘉祖.中国现代气候变化的规律及未来情景预测.中国农业气象
[26]李兰等,流域水文数学物理耦合模型,见:朱尔明编.中国水利学会优秀论文集,北京:中国三峡出版社,2000:322-329
[27]李兰等,流域水文分布动态参数反问题模型,见:朱尔明编.中国水利学会优秀论文集,北京:中国三峡出版社,2000:48-54
[27]李莉,王杰,王旭,气候变化对我国水文水资源系统的影响研究,2007,29(5):8-9
[28]李丽娟,姜德娟,李九一等,土地利用变化/覆被变化的水文效应研究进展,自然资源学报,2007:22(2)211-223
[29]李凌浩等,森林降水化学研究综述.水土保持学报.1994,8(1):85-96
[30]刘昌明,于静洁,森林拦蓄洪水的作用--以黄土高原林区为例,中国林学会森林水文与流域治理专业委员会,全国森林水文学术讨论会文集,北京:测绘出版杜,1989,84-90
[31]刘昌明,钟俊襄,黄土高原森林对年径流影响的初步分析,地理学报,1978,33(2):112-126
[32]刘昌明等,水文循环过程理论与方法的研究进展,见:刘昌明等,黄河流域水资源演化规律与可再生性维持机理研究和进展,郑州:黄河水利出版社,2001:22-33
[33]刘世荣等.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律.北京:中国林业出版社.1996
[34]刘文耀,等.滇中常绿阔叶及云南松林水文作用的初步研究.植物生态学与地植物学学报,1991,15(2):159-166
[35]刘向东,苏宁虎等,六盘山森林水文生态功能评价,中国林学会森林水文与流域治理专业委员会,全国森林木文学术讨论会文集,北京,测绘出版社,1989
[36]刘永宏,梁海荣,张文才,森林水文研究综述,内蒙古林业科技,2000增刊:67-73
[37]刘永宏等,森林对降雨再分配及对地表径流影响的研究,内蒙古跨世纪青年林业研究文选,呼和浩特,内蒙古人民出版社,1997
[38]刘云国等,降水中的pH值和金属元素在松柏混交林内的变化动态.植物生态学报,1996,2(3):216-224
[39]刘纪远.中国资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996.
[40]马雪华.珉江上游森林的采伐对河流流量和泥沙悬移质的影响,自然资源,1990,(3):78-87
[41]马雪华.森林水文学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1993
[42]田大伦.森林水文学过程中的水质分析.林业科技通讯,1987,(6):13-15
[43]潘维伟,全国森林水文学术讨论台文集,北京,测绘出版杜,1989
[44]孙阁,森林对河川径流影响及其研究方法的探讨,自然资源研究,1987,(2):67-71
[45]石培礼,李文华,森林植被变化对水文过程和径流的影响效应。自然资源学报,2001,16(5):481-487
[46]孙立达 朱金兆,水土保持林体系综合效益研究与评价,中国科学技术出版社,1995
[47]万洪涛,周成虎,万庆,刘舒,地理信息系统与水文模型集成研究述评,水科学进展,2001,12(4):560-568
[48]王燕生,遥感水文模型及其应用,水文,1989(5):20一24
[49]魏文秋,谢淑琴,遥感资料在SCS模型产流计算中的应用,环境遥感,1992(4):243-250
[50]温远光 刘世荣,我国主要森林生态系统类型降水截持规律的数量分析,林业科学,1995,31(4):289-298
[51]吴长文,北京密云水库水源保护林水土保持效益的研究,北京林业大学博士学位论文,1994
[52]吴东国,密云水库流域土地利用变化水文响应初步研究,北京林业大学博士学位论文,2003
[53]吴险峰,刘昌明,流域水文模型研究的若干进展,地理科学进展,2002,7(4):341-348
[54]徐雨清等,遥感和地理信息系统在半干旱地区降雨--径流关系模拟中的应用,遥感技术与应用,2000
[55]余新晓,程根伟,赵玉涛,张志强,森林流域分布式水文模型研究,中国水土保持科学,2003,3(1):35-40
[56]张炳勋,冯国章,林地拦洪作用及产流特点的分析,水文,1985,(2):37-44
[58]张蕾娜,李秀彬,王兆锋等.一种可用于表征土地利用变化水文效应的水文模型探讨-SWAT模型在云州水库流域的应用研究.水文.2004,24(3):4-8.
张建云等,气候异常对我国水资源及水分循环影响的评估模型研究,国家“九五”重中之重科技攻关项目,2000
[59]张雪松,郝芳华,杨志峰等,基于SWAT模型的中尺度流域产流产沙模拟研究,水土保持研究,2003,10(3):38-42
[60]张雪松,洛河下游流域非点源污染模拟研究,北京师范大学硕士学位论文,2004
郑红星.GIS支持下黄河流域水循环时空演化规律研究:博士论文.北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所.2001.
[61]谢媛媛,黄土高原典型流域土地利用/森林植被变化的水文生态响应研究,北京林业大学硕士论文,2006
[62]中野秀章(李云森译),森林水文学,北京:中国林业出版社,1983
[63]周梅.森林对河川径流影响研究综述.内蒙古林学院学报(自然科学版).1995,12(20):9-17
[64]周延辉等.森林对径流的影响,中国林学会森林水文与流域治理专业委员会,全国森林水文学术讨论会义集,北京:测绘出版社,1989,91-98
[65]Abbott M B,Bathurst,J C et al,Anintroduction to the European Hydrology System-Systeme Hydrologique European,"SHE."1:history and philosophy of a physically based distributed modeling system,Journal of Hydrology,1986a,87:45-59
[66]Anderson M G,Burt T P,Modeling Strategies,Anderson M G,Burt T P,Hydrological Forecasting,Chichester:Join Wley&Sons Ltd,1985:1-2,5-8
[67]Arnold J G,Williams J R,Maidment D R,1994.Continues-time Water and sediment-routing model for large basins[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,121(2):171-183.
[68]Bassett R.L.,1997.Chemical modelling on the bare rock or forested watershed scale.Hydrol.Process.,11:695-717
[69]Beven K J,Moore I D,Terrain Analysis and Distributed Modeling in Hydrology,Edited by K J Beven,I D Moore(Chichester:Join Wiley and Sons Ltd),1992:213-226
[70]Beven,K.J.and Kirkby,M.J..1979.A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology.Hydrol.Sci.Bull,24(1):43-69
[71]Boach J M.Treatment effects on annual and dry period stream flow at Cathedral Peak,S.Afr.Fot.J.,1919,108:29-38
[72]Bormann F H,Likens G E,Pattern and Processes in a forested ecosystem,New York:Springer Verlag, 1979, 1-120
[73]Bonell, M., 1993. Progress in the understanding of runoff generation dynamics in forests. J. Hydrol.,150:217-275
[74]Brechtel H.M., 1989. Monitoring wet deposition in forests: quantitative and qualitative aspects.Report No.21 in the Air Pollution Report Series of the Environmental Research Programme of the Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. pp.39-63.
[75]Brechtel,H.M.,and Fuhrer,H.-W.,1994. Importance of forest hydrological 'benchmark-catchments'in connection with the forest decline problem in Europe . Agri. For. Meter. ,72: 81-89
[76]Calder, Land Use Impacts on Water Resources, Land-Water in Rural Watersheds Electronic Workshop, 18 Sept-27 Oct, FAO, 2000
[77]Charbonneau R, Fortin J P, Morin G, The CEQUEAU model: description and examples of its use in Problems related to water resource management, Hydrology Science Bulletin, 1977,22(1/3): 193-202
[78]Clarke R T, A review of some mathematical models used in hydrology, with observation on their calibration and use, journal of Hydrology, 1973,19(1):1
[79]Cook K. E., 1994. An evaluation of water quality and land use in the salmon river watershed,Langley, B. C, Using GIS techniques. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Soil Science, University of Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
[80]DavidR, Maidment 主编,张建云,李纪生 等译,水文学手册,科学出版社, 2002
[81]Devantier B A, Feldman A D, Review of GIS application in hydrologic modeling, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Proceeding of the American Society of Civil Engineering 1993,119: 246-261
[82]Diskin M H, Research approach to watershed modeling, definition of terms, ARS and SCS Watershed Modeling Workshop, Tucson, Ariz, 1970
[83]Dunne, T.. 1978. Field studies of hillslope flow processes, In: Kirkby(editor), Hillslope Hydrology,John Wiley & Sons, pp227-294
[84]Engel B A, 1994.The impact of GIS-derived topographic attributes on the simulation of erosion using AGNPS [J]. American of Society of Agricultural Engineers, 10(4): 561 —566
[85]Fedra K, GIS and Enviromental Modeling, In Enviromental Modeling with GIS, OXford: OXford University Press, 1993: 35-50
[86]Fedra K, Models, GIS and expert system: integated water resources models, in lovar K, Nachtnebel H P(Eds), Application of Geographic Information System in Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Pmc, HydroGIS-93, Vienna 297-308, IAHSPubl, 1993, 211, Wallingford: IAHS Press
[87]Freeze R A, Harlan R L, Blueprint of a Physically-based digitally—simulated hydrological response model, Journal of Hydrology, 1969, 9: 237-258
[88]Gash, J. H. C. et al., 1980. Comparative estimates of interception loss from three coniferous forests in Great Britain, J. Hydrol., 48: 89-150
[89]Hansen, K., 1994. Throughfall nd canopy interactions in spruce forest. Foskningsserien no.8-Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute, Lyngby, Demark
[90]Kelliher, F. M. et. al. 1989. Evaporation and canopy characteristics of coniferous forests and grasslands. Oecologia, 95: 153-163
[91]Kovar K, Nachinebel H P, Application of Geographical Information System in Hydrology and Water Resources management, IANHS Publication 1996, 235 (Wallingford: IAHS)
[92]Mackay D S, Band L E, Forest ecosystem processes at the watershed scale: Dynamic coupling of distributed hydrology and canopy growth, Hydrological Processes, 1997, 11: 1197-1217
[93]Maidment D R, GIS and hydrologic modeling-An assessment of progress, In Environment Modeling with GIS, edited by M F Goodchild, B parks, L Steyaert(Oxford: Oxford University Press),1993, 35-50
[94]McCulloch, J. G., Robinson, M., 1993. History of forest hydrology. J.Hydrol.,150: 189-216
[95]Mitchell D J, The use of vegetation and landuse parameters in modelling catchment sediment yield,In: Thornes J B, Vegetation and erosion, New York: John wiley and sons, 1990, 289-316
[96]Nemani R, Running S W, Band L E, Peterson DL, Regional hydrological simulation system:an illustration of the inlegration of ecosystem models in a GIS, In Environment Modeling with GIS,edited by M F Goodchild, B parks, L Steyaert (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 1993, 297-304
[97]Putuhena, W. M. and Cordery, I. 1996. Estimation of interception capacity of the forest floor, J.Hydrol., 180:283-299
[98]Refsgard J C, Hansen E, A distributed groundwater/surface water modet for the Susa—catchment,Part1——model description, Nordic Hydrology, 1982, 13: 299-310
[99]Richard H M, Willard M S, hydrology modeling: Statistical Methods and Applications, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1986, 3
[100]Romannowiez R, BevenK, Freer J, Moore R, TOPMODEL as an application within WIS, In Application of Geographical Information System in Hydrology and Water Resources Management,IANHS Publication no, 235 (Wallingford: IAHS), 1993: 211-223
[101]Ross M A, Tara P D, Integrated hydrologic Modeling with Geographic information system, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Proceeding of the American Society of Civil Engineering 1993, 119: 129-139
[102]Rutter, A. J. et al., 1971. A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests,l. Derivation of the model from observation in a plantation of Corsican pine. Agr. Met., 9: 367-384
[103]Schaap, M. G and Bouten, W. 1997. Forest floor evaporation in a dense Douglas fir stand, J.Hydrol., 193:97-113
[104]Scott D F, Lesch W, Stream flow responses to afforestation with Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus patula and to felling in the Mokobulaan experiments, South Africa, Journal of Hydrology, 1997, 199:360-377
[105]Sopper, W.E., and H. W. Lull, 1965. The representativeness of small forested experimental water sheds in northeastern United State University, Univ. Intl. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., 66(2):441-456
[106]Sun G., 1997. Application of GIS and modeling into non-point pollution management. In Yu,X.X. eta(editors) Sustainable Development on Mountainous Area, China Forestry Publish House.Pp77-86
[107]Sun Ge, Riekerd H, Comeford N B, Modeling the forest hydrology of wetland-upland ecosystems in Florida, Journal of the American Water Association, 1998, 34(4): 827-840
[108] Swank W. T. et al., 1988. Streamflow changes associated with forest cutting, species conversions,and natural disturbances. In: W. T. Swank and D. A. Crossley, Jr.(editors), Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta. Ecol. Stud.,66:297-312
[109]Teklehaimanot, Z. et al., 1991. Rainfall interception and bound ary conductance in relation to tree spacing, J. Hydrol., 123: 261-278
[110]Tietema, A. et al., 1992. Abiotic factors regulating nitrogen transformations in the organic layer of acid forest soils: moisture and pH. Plant Soil, 147: 69-78
[111]Viville, D. et al., 1993. Interception on a mountainous declining spruce stand in the Strengbach catchment(Voges,France), J. Hydrol., 144: 273-282
[112]Wang L.J., et al., 1997. Changes in chemistry in hydrological processes of the Fushan experimental forest. Q.J.Chin.For., 30(2): 203-215
[113]Warren T. Ford, Glenn H. Beasley, Berni P. Chong, James W. Neely. Preparation of ion exchange resins from carbonaceous adsorbents. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition Volume 20, Issue 5, Date: May 1982, Pages: 1213-1229
[114]Warren T. Ford, Glenn H. Beasley, Berni P. Chong, James W. Neely. Preparation of ion exchange resins from carbonaceous adsorbents. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition Volume 20, Issue 5, Date: May 1982, Pages: 1213-1229
[115]Wernick B. G., Land use and streamwater nitrrate-N dynamics in an urban-rural fringe watershed.Journal of American water resources association 1998, 34(3): 639-650
[116]Young, M.H., Wierenga, P.J., Mancino, C.F., 1997. Monitoring near-surface soil water storage in Turfgrass using time domain reflectometry and weighing lysimetry. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 61:1138—1146
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |