大庆探区深层火山岩气藏增产改造技术研究
摘要
本文针对大庆外围深层火山岩气藏存在天然裂缝和压裂后形成多裂缝的情况,通过岩心实验确定了不同压力条件下,岩心渗透率、孔隙度和岩石孔隙体积压缩系数的变化规律,在此基础上,考虑了压力与滤失相关及压开天然裂缝两种情况,建立起压降曲线分析数学模型,利用G函数,判断出地层天然裂缝的发育程度、开启压力、闭合压力等参数,准确预测压裂液效率和裂缝扩展状况;根据深层火山岩与普通砂岩破裂机理的区别,建立了“千层饼”和“仙人掌”两类能够较好描述火山岩压裂“多裂缝”延伸过程的物理和数学模型;在弹性力学模型基础上开发了地应力剖面分析软件,能够利用声波测井资料计算地应力和岩石力学剖面,并首次在深层气井改造上实现了从地质分层到与地应力分层相结合的方式,增强了压裂设计的科学性和针对性。在以上研究基础上,综合考虑应力剖面、裂缝开启及延伸机理、滤失诊断成果等方面进行优化压裂设计,优选施工原材料,现场针对多裂缝、高摩阻、储层与隔层应力差小、高滤失性等问题,确定了相应的有效的控制措施,从而形成了一套较为成熟的大庆探区深层火山岩气藏增产改造技术。上述配套工艺技术的综合应用,较好地解决了该类储层压裂早期砂堵的矛盾,使压裂一次成功率由2002年的36.0%提高到目前的91.3%。
The paper are in view of the condition existing natural fracture and post fracturing forming multi-fissured on Daqing outer-ring deep zone volcanic rock, through core test determines difference pressure condition,and alternation regular of core permeability,porosity and rock pore volume compressibility,on the base considering two conditions of correlate between pressure and leak off,and fracturing natural fracture,established fall off curve analysis mathematical model,utilize G function to decide formation nature fracture's parameter of developing extent、open pressure、closed pressure etc.,pre-determination accuracy fluid efficiency and fracture propagation condition;based on the differentiate between deep volcanic rock and normal sandstone break mechanism establishing two types of "multi-layer steamed bread " and "cactus" which can relatively description the physics and mathematical model of volcanic rock fracturing extend process of " multifracture "; on the bases of elastic mechanic developing terrestrial stress profile analysis software,which can utilize sonic logging datum calculating the profile of terrestrial stress and rock mechanic,and first achieved the combination type from geologic layering to terrestrial stress layering,heighten the scientific and pertinence on fracturing design.Based on above research,synthesize considering the respect on stress profile、fissure open and extend mechanism、leak off diagnose achievement etc.to optimize fracturing design,optimize treatment raw materials,in view on well site multi-fracturing、high friction resistance、low differential stress between reservoir and barrier bed、high leak off problem etc.,definition correspond effectively control measure,thereby forming a set relatively mature stimulation technique for Daqing exploration area deep volcanic rock gas reservoir.Because of utilizing of technology supporting measures,the unfavorable factors of early screenout of stimulation has been settled satisfactory.Success rate of fracturing has improved from 36.0%in 2002 to 90.9%right now.
The paper are in view of the condition existing natural fracture and post fracturing forming multi-fissured on Daqing outer-ring deep zone volcanic rock, through core test determines difference pressure condition,and alternation regular of core permeability,porosity and rock pore volume compressibility,on the base considering two conditions of correlate between pressure and leak off,and fracturing natural fracture,established fall off curve analysis mathematical model,utilize G function to decide formation nature fracture's parameter of developing extent、open pressure、closed pressure etc.,pre-determination accuracy fluid efficiency and fracture propagation condition;based on the differentiate between deep volcanic rock and normal sandstone break mechanism establishing two types of "multi-layer steamed bread " and "cactus" which can relatively description the physics and mathematical model of volcanic rock fracturing extend process of " multifracture "; on the bases of elastic mechanic developing terrestrial stress profile analysis software,which can utilize sonic logging datum calculating the profile of terrestrial stress and rock mechanic,and first achieved the combination type from geologic layering to terrestrial stress layering,heighten the scientific and pertinence on fracturing design.Based on above research,synthesize considering the respect on stress profile、fissure open and extend mechanism、leak off diagnose achievement etc.to optimize fracturing design,optimize treatment raw materials,in view on well site multi-fracturing、high friction resistance、low differential stress between reservoir and barrier bed、high leak off problem etc.,definition correspond effectively control measure,thereby forming a set relatively mature stimulation technique for Daqing exploration area deep volcanic rock gas reservoir.Because of utilizing of technology supporting measures,the unfavorable factors of early screenout of stimulation has been settled satisfactory.Success rate of fracturing has improved from 36.0%in 2002 to 90.9%right now.
引文
1 王鸿勋,张士诚.水力压裂数值计算方法.北京:石油工业出版社,1998
2 MJ埃克诺米德等.油藏增产措施(第三版).北京:石油工业出版社,2002
3 Nolte,K.G.:"Determination of Fracture Parameters from Fracture Pressure Decline," SPE 8341 presented at the 54th Annual Technical Conference,Las Vegas,Sept.,1979.
4 Nolte,K.G.,Mack,M.G.and Lie,W.L.:"Asysiematic Method of Applying Fracture Pressure Decline:Part 1," SPE 25845 presented at the SPE Rocky Mountain Regional/Low Permeability Symposium held in Denver,CO,April 12-14,1993.
5 Nolte,K.G.,Maniere,J.L.,and Owens,K.A.:"After-Closure Analysis of Fracture Calibration Tests," SPE 38676 presented at the 1997 Annual technical Conference and Exhibition held in San Antonio,Texas,5-8 Oct.,1997.
6 孟维宏.利用压降曲线的初期段确定裂缝参数的方法的研究.北京:石油大学,1987。
7 张士诚.三维压降曲线分析方法及应用.北京:石油大学,1989。
8 Meyer,B.R.and Hagel,M.W.:"Simulated Mini-frac Analysis,"JCPT(Sept./Oct.1989),Vol.28.No.5,63-73.
9 Nolte,K.G.:"Fracture Pressure Analysis for Non-Ideal Behavior,"(SPE 20704)JPT(Feb.1990),210-218.
10 H.Mukherjee,S.Larkin and W.Kordziel.Extension of fracture pressure Decline Curve Analysis to Fissured formations.SPE 21872 presented at the Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting and Low-Permeability Reservoirs Symposium held in Denver,Colorado,April 15-17,1991
11 Mayerhofer,M.J.,Ehlig-Economides,C.A.,and Econonides,M.J.:"Pressure Transient Analysis of Fracture Valibration Tests," SPE 26527 presented at the 1993 Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Houston,TX,3-6October.1993.
12 Barree,R.D.and Mukherjee,H.:"Determination of pressure dependent Leakoff and Its Effect on Fracture Geometry," SPE 36424 presented at the 71~(st) Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Denver,CO,6-9 Oct.,1996.
13 Barree Applications of Pre-Frac Injection/Falloff Tests in Fissured Reservoirs-Field Examples.SPE39932,1998.
14 Castillo,J.L.modified fracture pressure Decline Analysis Including Pressure-Dependent leaklff.SPE 36471,May 1997.
15 Bruce R.Meyer,Meyer,and R.Henry.Implementation of Fracture Calibration Equations for pressure Dependent leak off.SPE 62545 pesented at 2000SPE/AAPG Westen Regional Meeting held in Long Beach,Califormia,19-23June 2000.
16 葛洪魁,林英松,王顺昌.地应力测试及其在勘探开发中的应用[J].石油大学学报,1998,22(1):94-99
17 高合明,刘建东,沈露和.深部地应力测试技术及其在钻井工程中的应用.岩石力学与工程力学,2000,19(增刊)
18 唐厚昌.利用偶极子横波测井确定地应力、岩石方位力学特征和裂缝渗透率,测井与射孔,2000,(2):49-51
19 葛洪魁,林英松,王顺昌.水力压裂地应力测量有关技术问题的讨论[J].石油钻采工艺,1998,20(6):53-62
20 L,Weijers.The First Successful Fracture Treatment CaMPaign Conducted in Japan:Stimulation Challenges in a deep,Naturally Fractured Volcanic Rock.SPE77678,2002.
21 辽河油田钻采工艺研究院技术汇编.石油工业出版社,2004
22 蒙启安.《松辽盆地徐家围子地区晚中生代火山岩岩相及储层意义》.大庆勘探开发研究院,2006.
23 郑永恒.利用管波放射测井诊断裂缝,国外测井技术,1994,9(6)
24 文华川.用测井信息评价裂缝的新进展.天然气工业,1985,5(3):23-29
25 Lynn H.B,天然裂缝天然气储层的地震特征,65th Ann.Int.SEG Mtg,1995,10
26 Hardin E.,“用于找垂直裂缝的环形声波测井仪”,SPWLA 25th Annu.log.Symp,1995,1-21
27 j.l.吉德利.水力压裂技术新发展.石油工业出版社,1995
28 中国石油油气藏改造重点实验室编.2004油气藏改造技术新进展.石油工业出版社,2004年.
29 Johnston P.Fet corway.Estimation of natural fracture fracture orientation using bore hole imaging lologs and vertical seiemc profiles at Orcutt oil fieled California,USA.14th world Pe.t,1994(5)
30 Noblett B.R,裂缝评价的最新进展,SPEl 6226,1997
31 J.L.Castilo.Modified Fracture Pressure Decline Analysis Including Pressure-Dependant Leakoffj.SPE 16417,1987.
32 阎树文,常贵钊等.岩石力学参数在油田开发中的应用.石油技术,1992,第4期。
33 Cipolle.C.L,就地应力剖面的实际应用,SPE28607,1997
34 Kilmentos T.Determination of earth stresses,azimuthal rock-mechanial properties and fracture permeability using dipole shear sonic logging in the Gulf of Suez,Egypt.SPWLA40th Annu.log.Symp,1999
35 Brumley J,原地应力场的确定与地层特征:卡塔尔海上应用实例,Eurock'94~*.~*.Rock mech Pet..Eengrg,1994
36 Mclellan P.,在阿尔伯塔的Wapite通过水力压裂来预测和测定地应力,J.Can.Pet.Tech,1998,27(2)
37 Anderson,R.A,Ingram,D.S,and Zanier,A.M.Determining Fracture Pressure Gradients From Well Logs.SPE4135,1972.
38 Christensen.N.I.Compressional Wave Velocities In Metamorphic Rocks at Pressures to 10 Kilobars.J.Geophys.Res.70,6145-6164,1965.
39 D.C.Intwisle and D.M.Mctann.An Assessment of the Use of Christensen's Equation of the Prediction of Sheat Wave Velocity and Engineering Patantters.Geological Society,London,Special Publications.1990 Volume 48:347-354.
40 Terzaghi.K.Van.Die Berechnung der Durchlassigkeits ziffer des Tones aus dem Verlauf der Hydrodynamishen Spainung serscheinungen.Sber,akad,Wiss,Wien(1923),132.105.
41 Hubbert.M.K and Rubey.W.W.Role of Fluid Pressure in Mechanics of Overthrust Faulting,I,Mechanics of Fluid filled Porous Solids and It Application to Overthrust Faulting.(Geological Society of America Bulletin),1959/70/02,p 115-166.
42 Laubscher.H.P.Role of Fluid Pressure in Mechanics of Overthrust Faulting.Discussion.Geological Society of America Bulletin:Vol 71,No.5,pp 611-616,1960.
43 Geertsma.J.The Effect of Fluid Pressure Decline On Volumetric Changes of Porous Rocks.Trans,AIMI(1957)210,331-340.
44 Skempton.A.W.The Pore-Pressure Coefficients Saturated Soils.[J] Geotechnique,1960,10(6):186—187.
45 Haimson.B.C and Fairhurst.C. Initiation and Extension of Hydraulic Fracture in Rocks SPEJ(Sept. 1967), 310—18
46 Schmitt.D and D.Zoback. Laboratory Test of The Effect of Pore Pressure On Tensile Failure. In Rock at Great Depth(Edited by Maury and Fourmaintraux) .Balkema,Rotterdam,pp, 883-889, 1989.
47 Haimson.B.C and X.huang. Hydraulic Fracturing Breakdown Pressure and In Situ Stress at Great Depth. In Rock at Great Depth(Edited by Maury and Fourmaintraux) .Balkema,Rotterdam,pp, 939—946,1989.
48 Weijers. Hydraulic Fracture in a deep,Naturally Fractured Volcanic Rock in Japan-Design Considerations and Execution Results. SPE77823, 2002.
49 Jeff Smith. How Minifracs Alter Leakoff and Ways to Counteract It. SPE58767, 2002.
50 Aggour . IMPact of Fluid Selection on High-Permeability Fracturing. SPE36902, 1996
51 SY/T5107-1995 水基压裂液性能评价标准, 1995
2 MJ埃克诺米德等.油藏增产措施(第三版).北京:石油工业出版社,2002
3 Nolte,K.G.:"Determination of Fracture Parameters from Fracture Pressure Decline," SPE 8341 presented at the 54th Annual Technical Conference,Las Vegas,Sept.,1979.
4 Nolte,K.G.,Mack,M.G.and Lie,W.L.:"Asysiematic Method of Applying Fracture Pressure Decline:Part 1," SPE 25845 presented at the SPE Rocky Mountain Regional/Low Permeability Symposium held in Denver,CO,April 12-14,1993.
5 Nolte,K.G.,Maniere,J.L.,and Owens,K.A.:"After-Closure Analysis of Fracture Calibration Tests," SPE 38676 presented at the 1997 Annual technical Conference and Exhibition held in San Antonio,Texas,5-8 Oct.,1997.
6 孟维宏.利用压降曲线的初期段确定裂缝参数的方法的研究.北京:石油大学,1987。
7 张士诚.三维压降曲线分析方法及应用.北京:石油大学,1989。
8 Meyer,B.R.and Hagel,M.W.:"Simulated Mini-frac Analysis,"JCPT(Sept./Oct.1989),Vol.28.No.5,63-73.
9 Nolte,K.G.:"Fracture Pressure Analysis for Non-Ideal Behavior,"(SPE 20704)JPT(Feb.1990),210-218.
10 H.Mukherjee,S.Larkin and W.Kordziel.Extension of fracture pressure Decline Curve Analysis to Fissured formations.SPE 21872 presented at the Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting and Low-Permeability Reservoirs Symposium held in Denver,Colorado,April 15-17,1991
11 Mayerhofer,M.J.,Ehlig-Economides,C.A.,and Econonides,M.J.:"Pressure Transient Analysis of Fracture Valibration Tests," SPE 26527 presented at the 1993 Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Houston,TX,3-6October.1993.
12 Barree,R.D.and Mukherjee,H.:"Determination of pressure dependent Leakoff and Its Effect on Fracture Geometry," SPE 36424 presented at the 71~(st) Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Denver,CO,6-9 Oct.,1996.
13 Barree Applications of Pre-Frac Injection/Falloff Tests in Fissured Reservoirs-Field Examples.SPE39932,1998.
14 Castillo,J.L.modified fracture pressure Decline Analysis Including Pressure-Dependent leaklff.SPE 36471,May 1997.
15 Bruce R.Meyer,Meyer,and R.Henry.Implementation of Fracture Calibration Equations for pressure Dependent leak off.SPE 62545 pesented at 2000SPE/AAPG Westen Regional Meeting held in Long Beach,Califormia,19-23June 2000.
16 葛洪魁,林英松,王顺昌.地应力测试及其在勘探开发中的应用[J].石油大学学报,1998,22(1):94-99
17 高合明,刘建东,沈露和.深部地应力测试技术及其在钻井工程中的应用.岩石力学与工程力学,2000,19(增刊)
18 唐厚昌.利用偶极子横波测井确定地应力、岩石方位力学特征和裂缝渗透率,测井与射孔,2000,(2):49-51
19 葛洪魁,林英松,王顺昌.水力压裂地应力测量有关技术问题的讨论[J].石油钻采工艺,1998,20(6):53-62
20 L,Weijers.The First Successful Fracture Treatment CaMPaign Conducted in Japan:Stimulation Challenges in a deep,Naturally Fractured Volcanic Rock.SPE77678,2002.
21 辽河油田钻采工艺研究院技术汇编.石油工业出版社,2004
22 蒙启安.《松辽盆地徐家围子地区晚中生代火山岩岩相及储层意义》.大庆勘探开发研究院,2006.
23 郑永恒.利用管波放射测井诊断裂缝,国外测井技术,1994,9(6)
24 文华川.用测井信息评价裂缝的新进展.天然气工业,1985,5(3):23-29
25 Lynn H.B,天然裂缝天然气储层的地震特征,65th Ann.Int.SEG Mtg,1995,10
26 Hardin E.,“用于找垂直裂缝的环形声波测井仪”,SPWLA 25th Annu.log.Symp,1995,1-21
27 j.l.吉德利.水力压裂技术新发展.石油工业出版社,1995
28 中国石油油气藏改造重点实验室编.2004油气藏改造技术新进展.石油工业出版社,2004年.
29 Johnston P.Fet corway.Estimation of natural fracture fracture orientation using bore hole imaging lologs and vertical seiemc profiles at Orcutt oil fieled California,USA.14th world Pe.t,1994(5)
30 Noblett B.R,裂缝评价的最新进展,SPEl 6226,1997
31 J.L.Castilo.Modified Fracture Pressure Decline Analysis Including Pressure-Dependant Leakoffj.SPE 16417,1987.
32 阎树文,常贵钊等.岩石力学参数在油田开发中的应用.石油技术,1992,第4期。
33 Cipolle.C.L,就地应力剖面的实际应用,SPE28607,1997
34 Kilmentos T.Determination of earth stresses,azimuthal rock-mechanial properties and fracture permeability using dipole shear sonic logging in the Gulf of Suez,Egypt.SPWLA40th Annu.log.Symp,1999
35 Brumley J,原地应力场的确定与地层特征:卡塔尔海上应用实例,Eurock'94~*.~*.Rock mech Pet..Eengrg,1994
36 Mclellan P.,在阿尔伯塔的Wapite通过水力压裂来预测和测定地应力,J.Can.Pet.Tech,1998,27(2)
37 Anderson,R.A,Ingram,D.S,and Zanier,A.M.Determining Fracture Pressure Gradients From Well Logs.SPE4135,1972.
38 Christensen.N.I.Compressional Wave Velocities In Metamorphic Rocks at Pressures to 10 Kilobars.J.Geophys.Res.70,6145-6164,1965.
39 D.C.Intwisle and D.M.Mctann.An Assessment of the Use of Christensen's Equation of the Prediction of Sheat Wave Velocity and Engineering Patantters.Geological Society,London,Special Publications.1990 Volume 48:347-354.
40 Terzaghi.K.Van.Die Berechnung der Durchlassigkeits ziffer des Tones aus dem Verlauf der Hydrodynamishen Spainung serscheinungen.Sber,akad,Wiss,Wien(1923),132.105.
41 Hubbert.M.K and Rubey.W.W.Role of Fluid Pressure in Mechanics of Overthrust Faulting,I,Mechanics of Fluid filled Porous Solids and It Application to Overthrust Faulting.(Geological Society of America Bulletin),1959/70/02,p 115-166.
42 Laubscher.H.P.Role of Fluid Pressure in Mechanics of Overthrust Faulting.Discussion.Geological Society of America Bulletin:Vol 71,No.5,pp 611-616,1960.
43 Geertsma.J.The Effect of Fluid Pressure Decline On Volumetric Changes of Porous Rocks.Trans,AIMI(1957)210,331-340.
44 Skempton.A.W.The Pore-Pressure Coefficients Saturated Soils.[J] Geotechnique,1960,10(6):186—187.
45 Haimson.B.C and Fairhurst.C. Initiation and Extension of Hydraulic Fracture in Rocks SPEJ(Sept. 1967), 310—18
46 Schmitt.D and D.Zoback. Laboratory Test of The Effect of Pore Pressure On Tensile Failure. In Rock at Great Depth(Edited by Maury and Fourmaintraux) .Balkema,Rotterdam,pp, 883-889, 1989.
47 Haimson.B.C and X.huang. Hydraulic Fracturing Breakdown Pressure and In Situ Stress at Great Depth. In Rock at Great Depth(Edited by Maury and Fourmaintraux) .Balkema,Rotterdam,pp, 939—946,1989.
48 Weijers. Hydraulic Fracture in a deep,Naturally Fractured Volcanic Rock in Japan-Design Considerations and Execution Results. SPE77823, 2002.
49 Jeff Smith. How Minifracs Alter Leakoff and Ways to Counteract It. SPE58767, 2002.
50 Aggour . IMPact of Fluid Selection on High-Permeability Fracturing. SPE36902, 1996
51 SY/T5107-1995 水基压裂液性能评价标准, 1995
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