大型CFB锅炉气固流动若干关键性技术研究
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摘要
近年来,循环流化床(CFB)锅炉以其与煤粉锅炉相当的燃烧效率、低廉的脱硫成本、较低的氮氧化物排放水平以及广泛的燃料适应性而得到迅猛发展。大容量CFB锅炉可以提高已有循环流化床发电技术的发电效率,使低成本燃煤污染控制与高效发电结合,促进循环流化床燃烧技术在发电行业中的应用。
然而,在CFB锅炉大型化的过程中,还存在或面临着很多问题,如炉膛体积增大与二次风穿透的问题、旋风分离器容量放大与分离器效率降低的问题、渣量增加后冷渣器的处理能力及可靠性问题等。而且,其中的一些问题在现已投运的CFB锅炉中仍未得到很好的解决。
为此,本文以国内某410t/hCFB锅炉为原型,按1:10的几何比例,用有机玻璃建立了一套循环流化床锅炉可视化冷模试验系统。在该试验系统上,首先对二次风的喷射特性和新型旋风分离器的性能进行了试验研究和数值模拟。此外,在对选择性流化床冷渣器的流动和排渣性能研究的基础上,设计开发了一种混流式流化床冷渣器。最后,本文还对引进型300MWeCFB锅炉的热平衡和物料平衡进行了初步研究。论文的主要研究内容及创新点是:
(1)首次对CFB锅炉的二次风喷射问题进行系统的冷模研究
在对二次风所在截面物料浓度进行测量的基础上,采用热电偶网络感知热空气射程的的方法,探寻了该截面处物料浓度随一次风速变化的趋势以及引入二次风对物料浓度分布的影响。同时,详细研究了一次风速、二次风速、物料浓度和二次风喷口直径对二次风射程的影响,并根据试验数据回归了冷态工况下二次风射程的无量纲关系式。
(2)考察了中心筒底部缩口斜切对旋风分离器性能的影响
对中心筒底部缩口斜切型旋风分离器的压降和效率进行了详细的试验研究和数值模拟,得到了改进型旋风分离器在不同切口朝向时压降和效率的变化规律,相关结果与传统直管型中心筒的旋风分离器进行了对比,并对该类型旋风分离器的性能进行了综合评价。
(3)系统研究了选择性流化床冷渣器的物料流动及排渣特性,设计开发出混流式流化床冷渣器
通过对选择性流化床冷渣器的物料流动及排渣特性进行系统的冷模试验研究,首次发现了该类型冷渣器和炉膛所组成的系统的压力分布特性对冷渣器各仓的床层压降及床料流动的影响规律。同时,在对现有各种流化床冷渣器的特点进行分析和总结的基础上,设计开发了一种对宽筛分床料具有良好分选作用的新型混流式流化床冷渣器(已获实用新型专利授权),通过冷模试验证明了该流化床冷渣器能够充分发挥现有各种流化床冷渣器的优点,避免大渣堵塞和冷渣器主排渣口排不出渣的不正常现象的出现,降低冷渣器在实际运行中发生结焦的可能性。
(4)首次对引进型300MWeCFB锅炉的热平衡和物料平衡进行研究
首次以引进型(也是世界第一台)300MW纯烧无烟煤循环流化床示范电站的现场运行数据为基础,采用Visual Basic进行编程,对该CFB锅炉在不同负荷下(290MW、300MW和320MW)的热平衡和物料平衡进行了初步研究,并通过计算得到了锅炉总的热平衡关系以及各部分的循环灰量。相关结果为下一步的现场试验研究奠定了基础。
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler has been more rapidly developed in recent years because of its comparative combusting efficiency with pulverized-coal (PC) boiler, cheaper desulfurization cost, lower NOx emission and wide fuel applicability. CFB with larger capacity can enhance the power generation efficiency of existing CFB technology, combine low cost pollution control of coal combustion with high power electricity generation and promote the application of CFB in power generation industry.
However, there are some problems during the course of the large scale of CFB boiler, such as the problem of the bigger furnace’s volume with the secondary air jetting distance, the problem of the bigger cyclone separator’s capacity with the lower separating efficiency, the problems of the disposing ability and dependability of ash slag cooler with the increasing of the ash’s quantity, etc. Moreover, several problems of them in the existing CFB boilers have not been well solved.
In the present work, we set up a set of visual cold experimental apparatus with Plexiglas according to a commercial 410t/h CFB boiler with a scale of 1:10. Experimental and simulating study on the characteristics of the secondary air (SA) injection and the cyclone separator are carried out in the set-up. Based on study of the performances of the flow and the slag discharge of selective fluidized bed ash cooler, we developed a novel mixing-type fluidized ash cooler. Furthermore, a preparatory investigation on the heat balance and the material balance of a introduced 300MWe CFB boiler is performed. The main works and innovations in this paper include as following:
(1) Systemic cold study on the secondary air injection in CFB boiler
Based on measuring the solid concentration in the riser cross-section at the SA injection level, we have explored the trend of solid concentration changing with the primary velocity and the effect of secondary air on the solid concentration. Besides, the influences of primary air velocity, secondary air velocity, solid concentration and jetting ports’diameter on the SA injection distance are investigated in detailed, and a dimensionless equation relation about secondary air jetting distance for general cases is obtained by the regression of experimental data.
(2) Study on the effect of the bottom-contracted and edge-sloped vent-pipe on the performance of cyclone separators
The cold tests and simulations on the separation efficiency and pressure drop of a modified cyclone with a bottom-contracted and edge-sloped vent-pipe are researched in detailed. The changing rules of the separation efficiency and the pressure drop are obtained under the different directions of the cut, and the results are also compared with those of the traditional linear-pipe-shaped cyclone separators. Inaddtion, we evaluated the performance of the novel separation cyclone.
(3) Systemic study on the characteristics of material flow and ash discharge in a type selective fluidized bed bottom ash cooler and having developed of a novel mixing flow fluidized bed ash cooler
A systemic study on the characteristics of material flow and ash discharge in a type selective fluidized bed bottom ash cooler is carried out. The influence rules of the pressure distribution characteristics of the“ash cooler– furnace”system on the pressure drop of the chambers and bed material flow is first described in this paper. Besides, based on analyzing and summarizing the characteristics of the existing fluidized bed ash coolers, we developed a novel mixing flow fluidized bed ash cooler. This mixing flow fluidized bed ash cooler has a better selective action on wide screen sized bed material. And it can make full use of the advantages of the existing fluidized bed ash coolers, avoid these abnormal phenomena of the clogging of bigger slag and no slag discharging from main slag discharged hole, which can result in decreasing the possibility of agglomeration in the fluidized bed ash cooler.
(4) Study on the heat balance and the material balance of a introduced 300MWe CFB boiler
Based on the operating data of the first anthracite-fired 300MW CFB boiler in the world, a preparatory study on the heat balance and material balance of the boiler under different boiler’s loads (290MW, 300MW and 320MW) were carried out by use of Visual Basic. In addition, the total heat balance and the circulated ash flux of every part of the boiler are all obtained through calculation. The results may provide a base for our further test.
然而,在CFB锅炉大型化的过程中,还存在或面临着很多问题,如炉膛体积增大与二次风穿透的问题、旋风分离器容量放大与分离器效率降低的问题、渣量增加后冷渣器的处理能力及可靠性问题等。而且,其中的一些问题在现已投运的CFB锅炉中仍未得到很好的解决。
为此,本文以国内某410t/hCFB锅炉为原型,按1:10的几何比例,用有机玻璃建立了一套循环流化床锅炉可视化冷模试验系统。在该试验系统上,首先对二次风的喷射特性和新型旋风分离器的性能进行了试验研究和数值模拟。此外,在对选择性流化床冷渣器的流动和排渣性能研究的基础上,设计开发了一种混流式流化床冷渣器。最后,本文还对引进型300MWeCFB锅炉的热平衡和物料平衡进行了初步研究。论文的主要研究内容及创新点是:
(1)首次对CFB锅炉的二次风喷射问题进行系统的冷模研究
在对二次风所在截面物料浓度进行测量的基础上,采用热电偶网络感知热空气射程的的方法,探寻了该截面处物料浓度随一次风速变化的趋势以及引入二次风对物料浓度分布的影响。同时,详细研究了一次风速、二次风速、物料浓度和二次风喷口直径对二次风射程的影响,并根据试验数据回归了冷态工况下二次风射程的无量纲关系式。
(2)考察了中心筒底部缩口斜切对旋风分离器性能的影响
对中心筒底部缩口斜切型旋风分离器的压降和效率进行了详细的试验研究和数值模拟,得到了改进型旋风分离器在不同切口朝向时压降和效率的变化规律,相关结果与传统直管型中心筒的旋风分离器进行了对比,并对该类型旋风分离器的性能进行了综合评价。
(3)系统研究了选择性流化床冷渣器的物料流动及排渣特性,设计开发出混流式流化床冷渣器
通过对选择性流化床冷渣器的物料流动及排渣特性进行系统的冷模试验研究,首次发现了该类型冷渣器和炉膛所组成的系统的压力分布特性对冷渣器各仓的床层压降及床料流动的影响规律。同时,在对现有各种流化床冷渣器的特点进行分析和总结的基础上,设计开发了一种对宽筛分床料具有良好分选作用的新型混流式流化床冷渣器(已获实用新型专利授权),通过冷模试验证明了该流化床冷渣器能够充分发挥现有各种流化床冷渣器的优点,避免大渣堵塞和冷渣器主排渣口排不出渣的不正常现象的出现,降低冷渣器在实际运行中发生结焦的可能性。
(4)首次对引进型300MWeCFB锅炉的热平衡和物料平衡进行研究
首次以引进型(也是世界第一台)300MW纯烧无烟煤循环流化床示范电站的现场运行数据为基础,采用Visual Basic进行编程,对该CFB锅炉在不同负荷下(290MW、300MW和320MW)的热平衡和物料平衡进行了初步研究,并通过计算得到了锅炉总的热平衡关系以及各部分的循环灰量。相关结果为下一步的现场试验研究奠定了基础。
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler has been more rapidly developed in recent years because of its comparative combusting efficiency with pulverized-coal (PC) boiler, cheaper desulfurization cost, lower NOx emission and wide fuel applicability. CFB with larger capacity can enhance the power generation efficiency of existing CFB technology, combine low cost pollution control of coal combustion with high power electricity generation and promote the application of CFB in power generation industry.
However, there are some problems during the course of the large scale of CFB boiler, such as the problem of the bigger furnace’s volume with the secondary air jetting distance, the problem of the bigger cyclone separator’s capacity with the lower separating efficiency, the problems of the disposing ability and dependability of ash slag cooler with the increasing of the ash’s quantity, etc. Moreover, several problems of them in the existing CFB boilers have not been well solved.
In the present work, we set up a set of visual cold experimental apparatus with Plexiglas according to a commercial 410t/h CFB boiler with a scale of 1:10. Experimental and simulating study on the characteristics of the secondary air (SA) injection and the cyclone separator are carried out in the set-up. Based on study of the performances of the flow and the slag discharge of selective fluidized bed ash cooler, we developed a novel mixing-type fluidized ash cooler. Furthermore, a preparatory investigation on the heat balance and the material balance of a introduced 300MWe CFB boiler is performed. The main works and innovations in this paper include as following:
(1) Systemic cold study on the secondary air injection in CFB boiler
Based on measuring the solid concentration in the riser cross-section at the SA injection level, we have explored the trend of solid concentration changing with the primary velocity and the effect of secondary air on the solid concentration. Besides, the influences of primary air velocity, secondary air velocity, solid concentration and jetting ports’diameter on the SA injection distance are investigated in detailed, and a dimensionless equation relation about secondary air jetting distance for general cases is obtained by the regression of experimental data.
(2) Study on the effect of the bottom-contracted and edge-sloped vent-pipe on the performance of cyclone separators
The cold tests and simulations on the separation efficiency and pressure drop of a modified cyclone with a bottom-contracted and edge-sloped vent-pipe are researched in detailed. The changing rules of the separation efficiency and the pressure drop are obtained under the different directions of the cut, and the results are also compared with those of the traditional linear-pipe-shaped cyclone separators. Inaddtion, we evaluated the performance of the novel separation cyclone.
(3) Systemic study on the characteristics of material flow and ash discharge in a type selective fluidized bed bottom ash cooler and having developed of a novel mixing flow fluidized bed ash cooler
A systemic study on the characteristics of material flow and ash discharge in a type selective fluidized bed bottom ash cooler is carried out. The influence rules of the pressure distribution characteristics of the“ash cooler– furnace”system on the pressure drop of the chambers and bed material flow is first described in this paper. Besides, based on analyzing and summarizing the characteristics of the existing fluidized bed ash coolers, we developed a novel mixing flow fluidized bed ash cooler. This mixing flow fluidized bed ash cooler has a better selective action on wide screen sized bed material. And it can make full use of the advantages of the existing fluidized bed ash coolers, avoid these abnormal phenomena of the clogging of bigger slag and no slag discharging from main slag discharged hole, which can result in decreasing the possibility of agglomeration in the fluidized bed ash cooler.
(4) Study on the heat balance and the material balance of a introduced 300MWe CFB boiler
Based on the operating data of the first anthracite-fired 300MW CFB boiler in the world, a preparatory study on the heat balance and material balance of the boiler under different boiler’s loads (290MW, 300MW and 320MW) were carried out by use of Visual Basic. In addition, the total heat balance and the circulated ash flux of every part of the boiler are all obtained through calculation. The results may provide a base for our further test.
引文
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