非均质油气藏的储量计算
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摘要
储量计算是一项贯穿油气勘探、开发全过程的长期工作,随着资料的增加和对油气藏认识的不断深入,需要不断对油气储量进行重新计算。储量计算的准确性和可靠性影响勘探和开发决策。那么,如何才能进行准确地计算石油、天然气地质储量呢?关键要对地下油气藏进行客观、准确地认识,尽可能准确地确定储量计算参数。本论文以柴达木盆地油泉子油田上、下油砂山组(N_2~2、N_2~1)油藏为研究对象,综合利用岩心观察和实验室分析化验资料、薄片和铸体薄片资料、x-衍射、压汞资料、相渗资料、录井、试油资料、测井(包括常规测井和阵列感应测井、成像测井)、地震、地面细测资料、开发井生产动态等资料,从地层、沉积、构造、储层、成岩以及流体等方面研究油气藏内部非均质性,分析了油气藏内部非均质性对储量计算单元的划分、储量计算参数的求取等方面的影响,在此基础上,计算了基于“油气藏非均质单元”的石油地质储量。本论文取得以下主要成果:
1、利用取心分析、常规测井曲线、成像测井资料,首次发现在上油砂山组(N_2~2)内部电阻率具有“双刺刀”形态的等时界面-灰岩标志层K2-1,结合上油砂山组(N_2~2)底部正星介标准化石层,按照“旋回对比,分级控制”原则自上而下将油泉子油田上油砂山组分为9个砂层组,37个小层,下油砂山组分为3个砂层组,14个小层。结合研究区油层纵向上分布分散(79～620m),单层厚度小(1～2.8m),无统一油水界面的特点,将油泉子油田上、下油砂山组(N_2~2、N_2~1)储量计算的垂向单元划分为51个。
2、从沉积背景、物源方向、沉积构造三个方面分析了研究区的沉积特征,通过碳、氧同位素分析定量地恢复沉积环境,确定古盐度。在以上研究基础上,对沉积微相进行了细分并建立了沉积模式,通过对沉积微相细分,将湖相细分为浅湖及半深湖两个亚相,进一步划分了四种主要的沉积微相类型,即浅湖颗粒滩微相、浅湖灰坪微相、浅湖砂滩微相和半深湖泥坪微相;研究区发育的地层岩石类型主要有颗粒灰岩、藻灰岩、泥晶灰岩、粉砂岩、泥灰岩和泥岩。确定了由于沉积微相的变化而导致的平面非均质性,进而在平面上按照平面非均质单元计算了石油地质储量。
3、利用岩心分析、常规测井曲线与阵列感应、成像测井资料相结合,分岩性利用回归分析方法建立了储层孔隙度、渗透率模型;通过对45块岩样进行岩电试验,获取了a、b、m、n值,利用阿尔奇公式计算了各单层含油饱和度值;根据侧向电阻率和感应电阻率串并联特性,利用电阻率比值法与常规交会图法相结合重建了有效厚度图版,对全区103口井目的层段进行了有效厚度精细划分,通过以上工作,准确求取了储量计算单元内有效厚度参数、有效孔隙度参数以及含油饱和度参数。
4、通过对研究区3口井383m岩心观察,100余块薄片、铸体薄片镜下鉴定得出:油泉子油田上、下油砂山组储层主要成岩作用是压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用,其中溶蚀作用、胶结作用最普遍,这两种作用对有效孔隙度影响最大,以上成岩作用形成了原生粒间孔、粒间残余孔和次生孔隙(如粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、铸模孔、晶间孔等)为主的薄层湖相碳酸盐岩储层。
5、利用实际资料,系统分析了油藏非均质对储量计算的影响,认为:①对于构造油气藏而言,油气藏构造及断裂特征是造成油气分布不均的首要原因,储集条件相同的条件下,构造高部位有利于储存油气,油气在垂向的重力分异体现了油气藏内部构造的不均一特征。每一次构造成图的变化,必然会影响到含油圈定面积的变化,断层的最终确定也影响到平面储量计算单元的划分。②沉积相控制了储层的展布,有利的储层往往发育在主力相带当中,不同的沉积方式造成层内储集体物性的差异性,这种差异性直接影响了油气在油气藏内部的分布,因此,沉积控制了储层平面非均质,进而影响平面计算单元的划分和单元内储量计算参数的求取。③在考虑构造和断层特征以及储层岩性、物性、含油气性在垂向和平面的不均一分布的基础上,进行垂向储量计算单元和平面计算单元的划分以及单元内储量计算参数的取值。④流体的不均一性分布,影响含油饱和度、密度参数、体积系数等储量计算参数的取值。⑤油气藏内部含油气储集体的性质主要受沉积微相和成岩作用控制,储层沉积微相和成岩作用影响孔隙结构和储层物性,从而影响有效孔隙度的求取精度。
6、在上述研究的基础上提出“油气藏非均质单元”的概念并结合实例分析了不同油气藏类型非均质单元的划分方法,基于“油气藏非均质单元”进行了储量计算,计算结果表明与传统的按照砂层组或整个构造进行的储量计算结果有较大差别(原油储量分别相差-13.4%,-4.7%,气顶气储量相差14.8%)。采用本文所提“油气藏非均质单元”所计算的石油和天然气探明储量获得国家储委的审查和批准。
Reserves calculation is a long-time work throughgoing exploration and development. With the addition of the data and the knowledge of the reservoirs, reserves will be recounted. The reliability of reserves calculation influenced the exploration and development decision. And how can we calculate hydrocarbon reservoir accurately? The key is having correct knowledge and accurate parameters of hydrocarbon reservoirs. This thesis took shallow oil reservoir in Qaidam basin as the study area which was typical with abundant data of the core observation, the information of laboratory analysis, thin slices, cast thin slices, X- diffraction, mercury penetration, infiltration curve, well logging, well testing, logging (including conventional logging, array induction imaging log and FMI), seismic, surface survey, production performance, etc. Reservoir heterogeneity was studied from five aspects. They were structure, sedimentation, reservoir, diagenic metamorphism and fluid property. This paper analyzed the influences of reservoir heterogeneity in dividing reserves calculation unit and accounting parameter. On the basis of analysis,hydrocarbon reservoir has been calculated. The conclusions are as follows:
1、Using the data of core analyses, conventional logging and FMI, the limestone marker bed(K2-1) with formal of“twin bayonet”on RT has been recognized inside N_2~2.Uniting characteristic fossil in bottom of N_2~2,the formation was divided into 9 groups and 37 sublayers in N_2~2 and 3 groups and 14 sublayers in N_2~1 according to the rule“cycle comparison, step control”. The oil layers distribute from 79m to 620m in vertical orientation and the individual bed is thin(from 1m to 2.8m)and there is no unite oil/water boundary in the region of interest. Seeing that features, the reserves in vertical have been divided in 51 calculation units.
2、The deposition characteristics have been analyzed from depositional setting, provenance orientation, and sedimentary structure. According to analyses ofδ13c andδ18o, depositional environment has been built-up quantitatively and palaeosalinity also has been confirmed. Based on the preceding research, sedimentary microfacies have been subdivided and depositional model has been established. Lacustrine facies has been divided into meare and semi-abyss. There are three microfacies in meare included granule sands, limestone and sand bank. There is corcagh microfacies in semi-abyss. The reservoir rock types in the region of interest are grain limestone, algal limestone, cryptite, siltstone, muddy limestone and mudstone. The thesis identified as a result of changes in the deposition causing the heterogeneity in plane, and then the geological oil reserves have been calculated in accordance with the areal heterogeneity.
3、Based on the data of core analysis, bore logging, array induction imaging log and FMI, porosity and permeability model were built using regression analysis. Through testing 45 rock samples, a, b, m, n value were obtained and used to calculate single-layer oil saturation value using the Archie formula. According to the theory of laterolog and inductolog, resistivity ratio and cross plot were used to identification effective thickness. Effective thickness was identified delicately in 103 wells. Based on the over work, active porosity and oil saturation was calculated accurately.
4、According to observation of 100 pieces of the thin slices, cast thin slices and 383m core in three wells, the chief diagenesis in this area were compaction, cementation, denudation and cataclasis. Cementation and denudation were universally influenced active porosity this area. The intergranular pores, residual pores and secondary pores were formed in thin carbonated reservoir of lacustrine facies.
5、The influence of reservoir heterogeneity to reservoir calculation was analyzed systematically using actual data. And the conclusions were as follows:①The principal reason leading to oil distribution unequal is interior structural feature of reservoir in structural hydrocarbon reservoir. Oil and gas was stored easily in high structure. The gravitational differentiation of oil and gas displayed the interior heterogeneity of reservoir. When structure map changed, oil area must be changed.②Sedimentary facies controlled the distribution of reservoir. The beneficial reservoir was usually developed in main facies belt. Difference depositional mode caused the difference physical property of reservoir. And the difference directly influenced the distribution of oil and gas in reservoir. So sedimentary facies is the geological source caused reservoir heterogeneity.③Structural feature, lithology, physical property must be take into account when dividing reserves calculation unit and calculating reserves parameters.④The heterogeneity of fluid affected evaluation of SO ,oil density and volume factor.⑤Sedimentary microfacies and diagenesis influenced pore structure and reservoir physical property and controlled the characteristics of hydrocarbon bearing reservoir, so that it affected the accuracy of calculation of reserves.
6、On the basis of the above-mentioned research the conception of hydrocarbon reservoir heterogeneity unit was developed. And this paper introduced the method to divide the hydrocarbon reservoir heterogeneity unit in a case study. The result shows that using divided hydrocarbon reservoir heterogeneity unit in calculation of reserves is more accurately than normal method(oil-13.4%,-4.7%, associated gas-14.8%). Using this method successfully submit discovered reserves to reserves commission.
1、利用取心分析、常规测井曲线、成像测井资料,首次发现在上油砂山组(N_2~2)内部电阻率具有“双刺刀”形态的等时界面-灰岩标志层K2-1,结合上油砂山组(N_2~2)底部正星介标准化石层,按照“旋回对比,分级控制”原则自上而下将油泉子油田上油砂山组分为9个砂层组,37个小层,下油砂山组分为3个砂层组,14个小层。结合研究区油层纵向上分布分散(79～620m),单层厚度小(1～2.8m),无统一油水界面的特点,将油泉子油田上、下油砂山组(N_2~2、N_2~1)储量计算的垂向单元划分为51个。
2、从沉积背景、物源方向、沉积构造三个方面分析了研究区的沉积特征,通过碳、氧同位素分析定量地恢复沉积环境,确定古盐度。在以上研究基础上,对沉积微相进行了细分并建立了沉积模式,通过对沉积微相细分,将湖相细分为浅湖及半深湖两个亚相,进一步划分了四种主要的沉积微相类型,即浅湖颗粒滩微相、浅湖灰坪微相、浅湖砂滩微相和半深湖泥坪微相;研究区发育的地层岩石类型主要有颗粒灰岩、藻灰岩、泥晶灰岩、粉砂岩、泥灰岩和泥岩。确定了由于沉积微相的变化而导致的平面非均质性,进而在平面上按照平面非均质单元计算了石油地质储量。
3、利用岩心分析、常规测井曲线与阵列感应、成像测井资料相结合,分岩性利用回归分析方法建立了储层孔隙度、渗透率模型;通过对45块岩样进行岩电试验,获取了a、b、m、n值,利用阿尔奇公式计算了各单层含油饱和度值;根据侧向电阻率和感应电阻率串并联特性,利用电阻率比值法与常规交会图法相结合重建了有效厚度图版,对全区103口井目的层段进行了有效厚度精细划分,通过以上工作,准确求取了储量计算单元内有效厚度参数、有效孔隙度参数以及含油饱和度参数。
4、通过对研究区3口井383m岩心观察,100余块薄片、铸体薄片镜下鉴定得出:油泉子油田上、下油砂山组储层主要成岩作用是压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用,其中溶蚀作用、胶结作用最普遍,这两种作用对有效孔隙度影响最大,以上成岩作用形成了原生粒间孔、粒间残余孔和次生孔隙(如粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、铸模孔、晶间孔等)为主的薄层湖相碳酸盐岩储层。
5、利用实际资料,系统分析了油藏非均质对储量计算的影响,认为:①对于构造油气藏而言,油气藏构造及断裂特征是造成油气分布不均的首要原因,储集条件相同的条件下,构造高部位有利于储存油气,油气在垂向的重力分异体现了油气藏内部构造的不均一特征。每一次构造成图的变化,必然会影响到含油圈定面积的变化,断层的最终确定也影响到平面储量计算单元的划分。②沉积相控制了储层的展布,有利的储层往往发育在主力相带当中,不同的沉积方式造成层内储集体物性的差异性,这种差异性直接影响了油气在油气藏内部的分布,因此,沉积控制了储层平面非均质,进而影响平面计算单元的划分和单元内储量计算参数的求取。③在考虑构造和断层特征以及储层岩性、物性、含油气性在垂向和平面的不均一分布的基础上,进行垂向储量计算单元和平面计算单元的划分以及单元内储量计算参数的取值。④流体的不均一性分布,影响含油饱和度、密度参数、体积系数等储量计算参数的取值。⑤油气藏内部含油气储集体的性质主要受沉积微相和成岩作用控制,储层沉积微相和成岩作用影响孔隙结构和储层物性,从而影响有效孔隙度的求取精度。
6、在上述研究的基础上提出“油气藏非均质单元”的概念并结合实例分析了不同油气藏类型非均质单元的划分方法,基于“油气藏非均质单元”进行了储量计算,计算结果表明与传统的按照砂层组或整个构造进行的储量计算结果有较大差别(原油储量分别相差-13.4%,-4.7%,气顶气储量相差14.8%)。采用本文所提“油气藏非均质单元”所计算的石油和天然气探明储量获得国家储委的审查和批准。
Reserves calculation is a long-time work throughgoing exploration and development. With the addition of the data and the knowledge of the reservoirs, reserves will be recounted. The reliability of reserves calculation influenced the exploration and development decision. And how can we calculate hydrocarbon reservoir accurately? The key is having correct knowledge and accurate parameters of hydrocarbon reservoirs. This thesis took shallow oil reservoir in Qaidam basin as the study area which was typical with abundant data of the core observation, the information of laboratory analysis, thin slices, cast thin slices, X- diffraction, mercury penetration, infiltration curve, well logging, well testing, logging (including conventional logging, array induction imaging log and FMI), seismic, surface survey, production performance, etc. Reservoir heterogeneity was studied from five aspects. They were structure, sedimentation, reservoir, diagenic metamorphism and fluid property. This paper analyzed the influences of reservoir heterogeneity in dividing reserves calculation unit and accounting parameter. On the basis of analysis,hydrocarbon reservoir has been calculated. The conclusions are as follows:
1、Using the data of core analyses, conventional logging and FMI, the limestone marker bed(K2-1) with formal of“twin bayonet”on RT has been recognized inside N_2~2.Uniting characteristic fossil in bottom of N_2~2,the formation was divided into 9 groups and 37 sublayers in N_2~2 and 3 groups and 14 sublayers in N_2~1 according to the rule“cycle comparison, step control”. The oil layers distribute from 79m to 620m in vertical orientation and the individual bed is thin(from 1m to 2.8m)and there is no unite oil/water boundary in the region of interest. Seeing that features, the reserves in vertical have been divided in 51 calculation units.
2、The deposition characteristics have been analyzed from depositional setting, provenance orientation, and sedimentary structure. According to analyses ofδ13c andδ18o, depositional environment has been built-up quantitatively and palaeosalinity also has been confirmed. Based on the preceding research, sedimentary microfacies have been subdivided and depositional model has been established. Lacustrine facies has been divided into meare and semi-abyss. There are three microfacies in meare included granule sands, limestone and sand bank. There is corcagh microfacies in semi-abyss. The reservoir rock types in the region of interest are grain limestone, algal limestone, cryptite, siltstone, muddy limestone and mudstone. The thesis identified as a result of changes in the deposition causing the heterogeneity in plane, and then the geological oil reserves have been calculated in accordance with the areal heterogeneity.
3、Based on the data of core analysis, bore logging, array induction imaging log and FMI, porosity and permeability model were built using regression analysis. Through testing 45 rock samples, a, b, m, n value were obtained and used to calculate single-layer oil saturation value using the Archie formula. According to the theory of laterolog and inductolog, resistivity ratio and cross plot were used to identification effective thickness. Effective thickness was identified delicately in 103 wells. Based on the over work, active porosity and oil saturation was calculated accurately.
4、According to observation of 100 pieces of the thin slices, cast thin slices and 383m core in three wells, the chief diagenesis in this area were compaction, cementation, denudation and cataclasis. Cementation and denudation were universally influenced active porosity this area. The intergranular pores, residual pores and secondary pores were formed in thin carbonated reservoir of lacustrine facies.
5、The influence of reservoir heterogeneity to reservoir calculation was analyzed systematically using actual data. And the conclusions were as follows:①The principal reason leading to oil distribution unequal is interior structural feature of reservoir in structural hydrocarbon reservoir. Oil and gas was stored easily in high structure. The gravitational differentiation of oil and gas displayed the interior heterogeneity of reservoir. When structure map changed, oil area must be changed.②Sedimentary facies controlled the distribution of reservoir. The beneficial reservoir was usually developed in main facies belt. Difference depositional mode caused the difference physical property of reservoir. And the difference directly influenced the distribution of oil and gas in reservoir. So sedimentary facies is the geological source caused reservoir heterogeneity.③Structural feature, lithology, physical property must be take into account when dividing reserves calculation unit and calculating reserves parameters.④The heterogeneity of fluid affected evaluation of SO ,oil density and volume factor.⑤Sedimentary microfacies and diagenesis influenced pore structure and reservoir physical property and controlled the characteristics of hydrocarbon bearing reservoir, so that it affected the accuracy of calculation of reserves.
6、On the basis of the above-mentioned research the conception of hydrocarbon reservoir heterogeneity unit was developed. And this paper introduced the method to divide the hydrocarbon reservoir heterogeneity unit in a case study. The result shows that using divided hydrocarbon reservoir heterogeneity unit in calculation of reserves is more accurately than normal method(oil-13.4%,-4.7%, associated gas-14.8%). Using this method successfully submit discovered reserves to reserves commission.
引文
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