创业机会识别与杠杆资源利用研究
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摘要
创业机会识别是创业研究的核心内容,对其深入研究有助于提高创业研究的合法性;杠杆资源是解决创业资源约束的一把金钥匙,能有效提高创业成功率。以往关于创业机会识别的文献大都采用个体层面分析方法,考察创业者或创业团队是如何识别创业机会的;创业机会开发主要强调创业者或创业团队与机会的交互作用,很少从延展资源基础观视角考察。本文主要从组织层面考察创业机会识别与杠杆资源利用,构建创业过程三阶段模型,并回答以下研究问题:
在创业过程中,为什么有的企业能成功识别创业机会,而有的不能?
若创业机会被成功识别,为什么有的企业能利用杠杆资源解决资源瓶颈问题,而有的不能?
杠杆资源具有可获得性后,为什么有的企业杠杆资源利用效率高效果好,而有的很差?
本研究利用横断数据通过相关分析和回归模型检验理论假设。研究数据通过问卷调查的形式获得,调查的目标人群为创业者或企业的CEO(或总经理)。本研究的147个有效样本企业32.7%来自于创业高活跃地区(北京、上海、浙江、江苏、广东以及美国和德国),61.2%来自于创业一般活跃地区(山东和重庆),5.4%来自于创业不活跃地区(河北、山西、江西和湖南),0.7%来自于创业沉寂地区(陕西),其中来自于创业高活跃地区和创业一般活跃地区的样本占样本总量的93.3%,有效问卷的反馈率为147/300=49%。问卷调查的主要目的是从相对充足的样本企业中获取影响创业机会识别的数据、杠杆资源可获得性数据和杠杆资源利用效率和效果数据,从而对理论假设进行实证检验。
创业机会识别阶段研究的主要结论是:(1)创业者社会资本中的心理图式和创业导向对创业机会识别具有显著影响,这种影响没有受到创业警觉性的调控;(2)创业者社会资本中的自我效率感并不能直接影响创业机会识别,但创业警觉性与自我效率感的交互作用显著影响创业机会识别;(3)企业社会资本中的强关系网络对创业机会识别没有显著影响,创业警觉性的调控作用也不显著;(4)企业社会资本中的弱关系网络对创业机会识别具有显著影响,这种影响受到创业警觉性的调控;(5)创业警觉性对创业机会识别具有显著影响。
杠杆资源可获得性阶段研究的主要结论是:(1)企业合法性中的增强公众意识的活动和企业人力资本均对提高杠杆资源可获得性具有显著影响,这些影响均受延展资源基础观的调控;(2)企业合法性中的资源异质性对杠杆资源可获得性没有显著影响,但延展资源基础观与企业资源异质性的交互作用,显著影响杠杆资源可获得性;(3)构建利益相关者网络对杠杆资源可获得性具有显著影响,但延展资源基础观的调控作用不显著;(4)企业声誉水平对提高杠杆资源可获得性具有显著影响,这种影响受延展资源基础观的调控;(5)延展资源基础观对杠杆资源可获得性具有显著影响。
杠杆资源利用效率和效果阶段研究的主要结论是:(1)杠杆资源特征中的熟悉程度和默会性对杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有不同方向的显著影响,组织学习能力与杠杆资源熟悉程度的相互作用对杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有显著正面影响,组织学习能力与杠杆资源默会性的相互作用对杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有边缘显著负面影响;(2)杠杆资源与市场的匹配度对杠杆资源利用效率和效果没有显著影响,也不受组织学习能力的调控;(3)杠杆资源互补性与资源共享机制对杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有显著正面影响,组织学习能力与杠杆资源互补性的交互作用对杠杆资源利用效率和效果边缘显著正相关,组织学习能力与资源共享机制的交互作用对杠杆资源利用效率和效果显著正相关;(4)杠杆资源专用性对杠杆资源利用效率和效果没有显著影响,组织学习能力的调控作用也不显著;(5)对合作企业的依赖程度与杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有显著负相关关系,但不受组织学习能力调控:(6)组织学习能力对杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有显著正面影响。
本文的创新点主要有以下四点:
第一,构建了创业三阶段模型,并对创业机会识别阶段、杠杆资源可获得性阶段、杠杆资源利用效率和效果阶段做连续性的实证检验。以往研究大都关注创业过程的某一个阶段,很少对创业两个以上阶段做动态实证检验,导致各研究阶段相互孤立,缺乏整体性。
第二,从组织层面考察了创业机会识别。以往对创业机会的考察大都以个体层面为主,对创业过程的研究也大致围绕着创业者或创业团队展开。由于创业型企业具有明显的“新的劣势”和“小的劣势”,影响其机会识别的因素不仅有创业者人力资本,还有企业社会资本等因素,因此,从组织层面考察创业机会识别,能更好把握企业在机会识别中的角色定位,培育其机会识别能力。
第三,丰富了延展资源基础观理论。延展资源基础观是资源基础观的丰富和发展,强调资源的可利用性,而不管企业是否拥有或控制这些资源。本文通过归纳、提炼相对比较分散的延展资源基础观理论,并首次将延展资源基础观引入杠杆资源可获得性模型,提出了延展资源基础观测量纬度,并进行了实证检验,得出了一些有益的结论。
第四,丰富了杠杆资源内涵,并首次检验了影响杠杆资源可获得性及杠杆资源利用效率和效果的因素。以前杠杆资源仅作为一种概念,关注杠杆的以小搏大作用,解决用较少内部资源获取较多外部资源的问题,但忽视了如何才能实现以小搏大,即杠杆资源可获得性研究,以及怎样提高以小搏大的效率和效果,即杠杆资源利用效率和效果研究。本文在理论上丰富了杠杆资源内涵,在实践上为提高杠杆资源可获得性、杠杆资源利用效率和效果提供了支持,同时有助于面临资源短缺的创业型企业成功创业。
Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition is playing an important role of distinguishing and indeed going to the "heart" of a more general theory of entrepreneurship.Furthermore,the research of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition can improve the academic legitimacy of entrepreneurship.Leveraging resources,which can improve the successful rate of entrepreneurship,is a key element for resolving the constraints of entrepreneurial resources.The previous researches have usually discussed opportunity recognition with an individual-level,which particularly caring about the role of entrepreneurs or entrepreneur teams.On the other hand,the previous efforts on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunity mostly concentrated on the interactions between entrepreneurs and opportunities with a Resource-based View,instead with an Extension of the Resource-based View.This paper will discuss the process of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and the use of leveraging resources with an analysis approach of firm-level.The research questions are as follows:
(1) During the process of entrepreneurship,why is it that some frms come to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities instead of others?
(2) If the opportunity can be recognized successfully,why some firms can use leveraging resources instead of others?
(3) If the leveraging resources are available,why the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources is better in some firms than that in others?
To discuss the above questions,hierarchical regression of cross-functional data is conducted in this research to test the theoretical model.Data used in the research obtained by survey and questionnaires were filled out by entrepreneurs or CEOs.147 effective samples obtained were from firms in valuable samples from a total sample of 300.These 147 effective samples were obtained from firms in provinces and municipalities including Beijing,Shanghai,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Guangdong,Shandong, Chongqing,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangxi,Hunan and Shanxi.There are 93.3 percent valuable samples coming from the active entrepreneurial areas.The response rate is 49%(147/300).The main purposes of the questionnaires are to help identify,from an adequate number of enterprise samples,the data of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition,the availability of leveraging resources,the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources,and other relevant data.These data were then used to test the theoretical hypothesis.
Major results of the entrepreneurial recognition stage show that:(1) the schema and entrepreneurial orientation can directly influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition.But the influence can not be moderated by entrepreneurial alertness;(2) self-efficacy can not directly influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. But the interaction between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial alertness can influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition;(3) strong social networks can not directly influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition,neither can the moderator of entrepreneurial alertness work;(4) weak social networks can directly influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition.This influence can also be moderated significantly by entrepreneurial alertness;(5) Entrepreneurial alertness can directly influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition.
Major results of the availability of leveraging resources stage show that:(1) public conscious activity and human capital have significant influences on the availability of leveraging resources.These influences are also moderated by the Extension of the Resource-based View;(2) resource heterogeneity can not directly influence the availability of leveraging resources,but the interaction between resource heterogeneity and ERBV can significantly influence the availability of leveraging resources;(3) firms' networks can significantly influence the availability of leveraging resources,but the relation can not be moderated by ERBV directly;(4) firm reputation can directly influence the availability of ieveraging resources,and the interaction between firm reputation and ERBV can significantly influence the availability of leveraging resources;(5) ERBV can directly influence the availability of ieveraging resources.
Major results of the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources stage show that:(1) the familiarity of leveraging resources can positively influence the efficiency and effectiveness of lever'aging resources,and the interaction between the familiarity of leveraging resources and the ability of organization learning can directly influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources;the tacit leveraging resources can negatively influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources,and the interaction between the tacit leveraging resources and the ability of organization learning can marginal negatively influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources;(2) the fitness between leveraging resources and markets can not directly influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources,and the ability of organization learning can not moderate the relation significantly;(3) the complementary leveraging resources and the resource sharing mechanism can positively influence the performance of ieveraging resources;the interaction between the complementary leveraging resources and the ability of organization learning can marginal positively influence the performance of leveraging resources;the interaction between the resource sharing mechanism and the ability of organization learning can positively influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources;(4) the specificity of leveraging resources can not directly influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources,and the interaction between the specificity of leveraging resources and the ability of organization learning can not positively influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources;(5) the dependability of the co-operators can negatively influence.the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources,but the ability of organization learning can not moderate the relation;(6) the ability of organization learning can significantly influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources.
The innovations of this paper:
(1)The paper builds up a three-stage entrepreneurial model and tests the three models continuously as a whole;
(2)Using a firm-level perspective to test the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition instead of the previousindividual-level perspective;
(3)Enrich the Extension of the Resource-base View Theory;
(4)Enrich the leveraging resources theory and primarily explore the key elements of the availability of leveraging resources and the efficiency and effectiveness of ieveraging resources.
在创业过程中,为什么有的企业能成功识别创业机会,而有的不能?
若创业机会被成功识别,为什么有的企业能利用杠杆资源解决资源瓶颈问题,而有的不能?
杠杆资源具有可获得性后,为什么有的企业杠杆资源利用效率高效果好,而有的很差?
本研究利用横断数据通过相关分析和回归模型检验理论假设。研究数据通过问卷调查的形式获得,调查的目标人群为创业者或企业的CEO(或总经理)。本研究的147个有效样本企业32.7%来自于创业高活跃地区(北京、上海、浙江、江苏、广东以及美国和德国),61.2%来自于创业一般活跃地区(山东和重庆),5.4%来自于创业不活跃地区(河北、山西、江西和湖南),0.7%来自于创业沉寂地区(陕西),其中来自于创业高活跃地区和创业一般活跃地区的样本占样本总量的93.3%,有效问卷的反馈率为147/300=49%。问卷调查的主要目的是从相对充足的样本企业中获取影响创业机会识别的数据、杠杆资源可获得性数据和杠杆资源利用效率和效果数据,从而对理论假设进行实证检验。
创业机会识别阶段研究的主要结论是:(1)创业者社会资本中的心理图式和创业导向对创业机会识别具有显著影响,这种影响没有受到创业警觉性的调控;(2)创业者社会资本中的自我效率感并不能直接影响创业机会识别,但创业警觉性与自我效率感的交互作用显著影响创业机会识别;(3)企业社会资本中的强关系网络对创业机会识别没有显著影响,创业警觉性的调控作用也不显著;(4)企业社会资本中的弱关系网络对创业机会识别具有显著影响,这种影响受到创业警觉性的调控;(5)创业警觉性对创业机会识别具有显著影响。
杠杆资源可获得性阶段研究的主要结论是:(1)企业合法性中的增强公众意识的活动和企业人力资本均对提高杠杆资源可获得性具有显著影响,这些影响均受延展资源基础观的调控;(2)企业合法性中的资源异质性对杠杆资源可获得性没有显著影响,但延展资源基础观与企业资源异质性的交互作用,显著影响杠杆资源可获得性;(3)构建利益相关者网络对杠杆资源可获得性具有显著影响,但延展资源基础观的调控作用不显著;(4)企业声誉水平对提高杠杆资源可获得性具有显著影响,这种影响受延展资源基础观的调控;(5)延展资源基础观对杠杆资源可获得性具有显著影响。
杠杆资源利用效率和效果阶段研究的主要结论是:(1)杠杆资源特征中的熟悉程度和默会性对杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有不同方向的显著影响,组织学习能力与杠杆资源熟悉程度的相互作用对杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有显著正面影响,组织学习能力与杠杆资源默会性的相互作用对杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有边缘显著负面影响;(2)杠杆资源与市场的匹配度对杠杆资源利用效率和效果没有显著影响,也不受组织学习能力的调控;(3)杠杆资源互补性与资源共享机制对杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有显著正面影响,组织学习能力与杠杆资源互补性的交互作用对杠杆资源利用效率和效果边缘显著正相关,组织学习能力与资源共享机制的交互作用对杠杆资源利用效率和效果显著正相关;(4)杠杆资源专用性对杠杆资源利用效率和效果没有显著影响,组织学习能力的调控作用也不显著;(5)对合作企业的依赖程度与杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有显著负相关关系,但不受组织学习能力调控:(6)组织学习能力对杠杆资源利用效率和效果具有显著正面影响。
本文的创新点主要有以下四点:
第一,构建了创业三阶段模型,并对创业机会识别阶段、杠杆资源可获得性阶段、杠杆资源利用效率和效果阶段做连续性的实证检验。以往研究大都关注创业过程的某一个阶段,很少对创业两个以上阶段做动态实证检验,导致各研究阶段相互孤立,缺乏整体性。
第二,从组织层面考察了创业机会识别。以往对创业机会的考察大都以个体层面为主,对创业过程的研究也大致围绕着创业者或创业团队展开。由于创业型企业具有明显的“新的劣势”和“小的劣势”,影响其机会识别的因素不仅有创业者人力资本,还有企业社会资本等因素,因此,从组织层面考察创业机会识别,能更好把握企业在机会识别中的角色定位,培育其机会识别能力。
第三,丰富了延展资源基础观理论。延展资源基础观是资源基础观的丰富和发展,强调资源的可利用性,而不管企业是否拥有或控制这些资源。本文通过归纳、提炼相对比较分散的延展资源基础观理论,并首次将延展资源基础观引入杠杆资源可获得性模型,提出了延展资源基础观测量纬度,并进行了实证检验,得出了一些有益的结论。
第四,丰富了杠杆资源内涵,并首次检验了影响杠杆资源可获得性及杠杆资源利用效率和效果的因素。以前杠杆资源仅作为一种概念,关注杠杆的以小搏大作用,解决用较少内部资源获取较多外部资源的问题,但忽视了如何才能实现以小搏大,即杠杆资源可获得性研究,以及怎样提高以小搏大的效率和效果,即杠杆资源利用效率和效果研究。本文在理论上丰富了杠杆资源内涵,在实践上为提高杠杆资源可获得性、杠杆资源利用效率和效果提供了支持,同时有助于面临资源短缺的创业型企业成功创业。
Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition is playing an important role of distinguishing and indeed going to the "heart" of a more general theory of entrepreneurship.Furthermore,the research of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition can improve the academic legitimacy of entrepreneurship.Leveraging resources,which can improve the successful rate of entrepreneurship,is a key element for resolving the constraints of entrepreneurial resources.The previous researches have usually discussed opportunity recognition with an individual-level,which particularly caring about the role of entrepreneurs or entrepreneur teams.On the other hand,the previous efforts on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunity mostly concentrated on the interactions between entrepreneurs and opportunities with a Resource-based View,instead with an Extension of the Resource-based View.This paper will discuss the process of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and the use of leveraging resources with an analysis approach of firm-level.The research questions are as follows:
(1) During the process of entrepreneurship,why is it that some frms come to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities instead of others?
(2) If the opportunity can be recognized successfully,why some firms can use leveraging resources instead of others?
(3) If the leveraging resources are available,why the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources is better in some firms than that in others?
To discuss the above questions,hierarchical regression of cross-functional data is conducted in this research to test the theoretical model.Data used in the research obtained by survey and questionnaires were filled out by entrepreneurs or CEOs.147 effective samples obtained were from firms in valuable samples from a total sample of 300.These 147 effective samples were obtained from firms in provinces and municipalities including Beijing,Shanghai,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Guangdong,Shandong, Chongqing,Hebei,Shanxi,Jiangxi,Hunan and Shanxi.There are 93.3 percent valuable samples coming from the active entrepreneurial areas.The response rate is 49%(147/300).The main purposes of the questionnaires are to help identify,from an adequate number of enterprise samples,the data of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition,the availability of leveraging resources,the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources,and other relevant data.These data were then used to test the theoretical hypothesis.
Major results of the entrepreneurial recognition stage show that:(1) the schema and entrepreneurial orientation can directly influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition.But the influence can not be moderated by entrepreneurial alertness;(2) self-efficacy can not directly influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. But the interaction between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial alertness can influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition;(3) strong social networks can not directly influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition,neither can the moderator of entrepreneurial alertness work;(4) weak social networks can directly influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition.This influence can also be moderated significantly by entrepreneurial alertness;(5) Entrepreneurial alertness can directly influence the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition.
Major results of the availability of leveraging resources stage show that:(1) public conscious activity and human capital have significant influences on the availability of leveraging resources.These influences are also moderated by the Extension of the Resource-based View;(2) resource heterogeneity can not directly influence the availability of leveraging resources,but the interaction between resource heterogeneity and ERBV can significantly influence the availability of leveraging resources;(3) firms' networks can significantly influence the availability of leveraging resources,but the relation can not be moderated by ERBV directly;(4) firm reputation can directly influence the availability of ieveraging resources,and the interaction between firm reputation and ERBV can significantly influence the availability of leveraging resources;(5) ERBV can directly influence the availability of ieveraging resources.
Major results of the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources stage show that:(1) the familiarity of leveraging resources can positively influence the efficiency and effectiveness of lever'aging resources,and the interaction between the familiarity of leveraging resources and the ability of organization learning can directly influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources;the tacit leveraging resources can negatively influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources,and the interaction between the tacit leveraging resources and the ability of organization learning can marginal negatively influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources;(2) the fitness between leveraging resources and markets can not directly influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources,and the ability of organization learning can not moderate the relation significantly;(3) the complementary leveraging resources and the resource sharing mechanism can positively influence the performance of ieveraging resources;the interaction between the complementary leveraging resources and the ability of organization learning can marginal positively influence the performance of leveraging resources;the interaction between the resource sharing mechanism and the ability of organization learning can positively influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources;(4) the specificity of leveraging resources can not directly influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources,and the interaction between the specificity of leveraging resources and the ability of organization learning can not positively influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources;(5) the dependability of the co-operators can negatively influence.the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources,but the ability of organization learning can not moderate the relation;(6) the ability of organization learning can significantly influence the efficiency and effectiveness of leveraging resources.
The innovations of this paper:
(1)The paper builds up a three-stage entrepreneurial model and tests the three models continuously as a whole;
(2)Using a firm-level perspective to test the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition instead of the previousindividual-level perspective;
(3)Enrich the Extension of the Resource-base View Theory;
(4)Enrich the leveraging resources theory and primarily explore the key elements of the availability of leveraging resources and the efficiency and effectiveness of ieveraging resources.
引文
[1]高期望创业者主要是指5年时间里期望创造的就业岗位多于20的创业者。
[2]高成长型的创业者是指目前创造的就业岗位多于20个的创业者。
[3]资料来源:全球创业观察(GEM)2005中国报告。
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