情绪词汇加工的心理生理和病理机制
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摘要
历史上神经病学(neurology)源于精神病学(psychiatry),直到20世纪中叶,由于神经解剖学等学科的发展与细化,神经病学分离为独立的学科。神经科仍然接诊大量的精神疾病患者,如抑郁症、焦虑症、失眠、物质滥用等等:许多神经科疾病也以精神障碍为首发症状或伴发精神症状,如病毒性脑炎、多发性硬化症、帕金森氏病、脑卒中等,研究显示包括脑卒中、阿尔采默病、多发性硬化、偏头痛、和癫痫在内的26种神经科疾病与抑郁症共病。因此,要更深入的认识脑的疾病以及各类认知行为障碍,需要打破神经病学和精神病学学科的人为界线,神经精神病学(neuropsychiatry)将会成为21世纪的发展方向。
认知神经科学主要研究认知、情感与行为过程的神经机制,是认知心理学与神经科学相结合的产物,利用脑功能成像如正电子发射断层扫描(PET)和功能磁共振成像(fMRI)考察脑功能活动,但前者具有放射性损害,两者均难以实时显像,价格昂贵而难以普及。事件相关电位(ERP)能以精确到毫秒的时间分辨率对特定事件引发的脑电位进行实时测量,结合脑电地形图的空间分辨率使得可以客观评价情绪加工和脑认知功能的瞬间变化,有效辨别情绪应激反应和情绪加工以及认知的脑功能机制。
情感与认知相互影响,情感障碍伴随着特定脑区功能失调,因此对情感障碍患者的研究可以深入揭示情感与认知的相互关系。本研究利用ERP时空模式对不同性别、年龄、教育背景的正常人和抑郁症病人进行比较研究,以期寻找大脑工作的心理生理和病理机制,探寻一条诊断和评价认知和情感障碍的新途径。
实验一、建立词汇情绪性判断实验情绪图片库
目的:建立标准化的情绪词汇库。
方法:选用现代汉语常用形容词和名词共1300个,制备情绪词汇图片。评分者共65人,按照情绪效价(valence)、唤醒度(arousal)和熟悉度(familiarity)进行定量评价和统计。
结果:标准化的情绪词汇库的词汇具备三个维度的定量刻画指标。
结论
1)建立的情绪词汇库覆盖了日常生活的常用词汇,有较强的代表性,适用于各种人群的情感研究。
2)情绪词汇库已经用于本研究后续的心理生理的和心理病理的机制研究,可能成为客观的临床诊断工具。
实验二、情绪词汇加工的ERP时空模式研究
目的:应用多通道ERP的高时间分辨率和较好的空间分辨率特点的时空模式分析技术,研究探讨正常青年受试者对情绪性词汇认知加工脑神经电活动机制实验材料和方法:受试者共31人,健康体检正常。实验前对所有受试者进行Hamilton焦虑和抑郁量表评定。实验使用情绪词汇库中五个水平效价的情绪词汇图片360张。任务是对呈现的情绪词进行效价判别并记录其19导ERP和行为反应。
结果
1.行为学数据:受试者性别与情绪反应之间无显著交互作用。所有受检者对于明显负性和正性情感的词汇反应时间较快,对中性词汇以及偏负性情感词汇反应时间较慢。对正性词汇的反应正确率显著大于负性词汇。
2.ERP数据:头前部较对称分布了明显的P130、N175、P200、P270;大约500ms处有一个宽大的以额、顶、中央、颞区波幅最大的晚正成分;然后始于700 ms的负性漂移,以前额、中央、顶区最明显,左侧为主。双枕后与颞后可见一负性尖波N170。ERP统计参数映像图(SPM)提示:1)反应时间表现出显著的情绪效价主效应,即对积极的、消极的情绪刺激反应更快。2)显著情绪效应最早可见于刺激后60-170 ms的额区;3)在中后期200-400 ms之间对所有词汇的加工多分布于左中央、顶、颞、枕较后脑区;4)晚期的显著性差异在400-1000ms的大范围之间,分布于左额、中央、顶、颞和枕区内;正负性词汇加工的情绪反应两侧半球差异显著。
结论
1)情绪词汇加工的行为反应存在显著差异。即极负性和极正性情绪词汇容易做出准确的判断,反应时间较快。中性词汇以及偏负性的情感词汇较难判断,反应时间延迟。
2)对情绪词汇认知加工的性别效应出现在双侧额区和双侧枕区(140-400 ms)和晚期的双侧额区(600-700 ms)。
3)正性和负性情绪词汇加工涉及的脑区显著的不同。偏负性词汇的加工涉及左额区(400-500 ms),可能与语义的细致分辩有关,随后(440-650 ms)同极负性词汇一道导致右侧半球的显著激活。而正性词汇更多激活双侧前额(780-880ms)。
4)双侧大脑半球广泛区域均参与了情绪词汇不同层次信息的加工。早期的对情绪性词汇的结构编码和情绪信息的快捷粗加工过程的差异;中期对情绪性词汇分析、判断、分类、相互联系和区别的整体加工的整个大脑皮层的活动过程的差异;晚期则涉及相关大脑皮层的复杂的情绪词汇信息的精细加工过程差异。
实验三、年龄对情绪词汇加工影响的ERP时空模式研究
目的:应用多通道ERP时空模式探讨不同年龄受试者对情绪词汇认知加工的神经机制。
方法:志愿受试者共60人。其中＜30岁、30-40岁、40-50岁、＞50岁年龄组各15人。实验前受试者进行17项版本Hamilton焦虑和抑郁量表评定。使用情绪词汇库中五个水平效价的情绪词图片360张。任务是对呈现的情绪词进行效价判别并记录其19导ERP和行为反应。
结果
1、行为数据:反应时间性别和年龄分别与情绪之间均无交互作用。男性对情绪词汇的五个不同水平的反应时间较女性短。不同年龄组对情绪词汇的五个不同水平的情绪反应时间、错误率等均有显著性差异。总体趋势随着年龄的增长,反应时间逐渐延长。正性词汇反应正确率显著高于负性词汇。
2、ERP数据
四个不同年龄段组均显示头前部较对称分布了明显的N120、P130、N200、和P250,在额、中央、顶区波幅达到最大并向四周衰减;大约500 ms处有一个宽大以额、顶、中央、颞波幅最大的正性成分(LPC);然后始于700 ms的负性漂移。双枕后与颞后是一负性尖波N170。30岁以下和50岁以上对情绪反应的脑区激活较30-40岁组和40-50岁组明显。总平均波形右侧脑区波幅较左侧明显增高。ERP地形图结果显示:1)对极负性词汇的情绪反应,随着年龄的增长情绪反应有减弱趋势,左侧较右侧明显。2)对负性词汇的情绪反应均较正性词汇强烈,波幅高大、时程长,左侧较右侧略高。F值统计参数映像图结果显示:1)对情绪性词汇加工最初的脑区显著性差异激活反应表现在刺激后120-200 ms的双侧额极、额、顶、中央大片区域,主要偏右。2)中期340-360 ms时段颞区显著性差异激活反应;3)中后期在刺激后520-800 ms时段双侧额、中央、顶区呈现较广泛脑区显著性激活主效应区;4)晚期刺激后840-940 ms时段,右侧额、枕区域仍呈现显著性差异激活效应。研究结果不同年龄对5种不同情绪词汇的情绪加工反应在多个时段多个脑区均有不同程度的显著性差异,特别对极负性词汇的加工反应脑激活差异显著。
结论
1)年龄增长影响对各类事件的反应,同样导致对情绪词汇的反应减慢。
2)情绪词汇加工的年龄效应分布于双侧前额脑区,右侧额区更为敏感。年龄效应分布于多个时段的整个大脑皮层的广泛区域,情绪词汇加工的许多阶段过程受增龄化影响。
3) ERP中引出的N270、P300、N350、P500、N700五个成份可能与情绪词语义的信息加工过程有关,而且随着年龄的增长,N270、P300、N350、P500振幅逐渐减小,潜伏期变化不大,尤其表现在极负性词汇情绪反应上。
实验四抑郁症患者情绪词汇加工的事件相关电位时空模式研究
目的:应用多通道ERP时空模式探讨抑郁症患者对情绪性词汇认知加工神经机制。
方法:抑郁症20人,正常健康体检者20人。性别、年龄、职业、文化程度匹配。实验前所有受试者进行17项版本Hamilton焦虑和抑郁量表评定。使用情绪词汇库中五个水平效价的情绪词图片360张。任务是对呈现的情绪词进行效价判别并记录其19导ERP和行为反应。
结果:
1、行为数据:疾病因素与情绪反应因素之间无显著交互作用。抑郁症和正常组的总反应时间、总平均反应时间、总错误率、正性和负性词汇反应错误率、焦虑-抑郁量表评分等均有显著性差异。偏相关分析显示焦虑-抑郁评分与总反应时间、总平均反应时间、总错误率、正性和负性词汇反应错误率等有显著相关性。线形回归结果显示焦虑-抑郁评分对受试者平均反应时间、总错误率、正性和负性词汇反应错误率等的影响差异显著。抑郁症对正性词汇的反应正确率显著大于负性词汇。
2、ERP数据1)抑郁症的ERP总体波幅明显较正常对照组高大。2)两组对情绪性词汇加工的最初显著性差异脑激活反应在刺激后120-200 ms双侧额极、额、顶、中央大片区域,右侧明显。3)抑郁症中期340-360 ms时段和中后期在刺激后520-800 ms双侧额极、额、中央、项、颞、枕弥漫性脑区均呈现显著性差异主效应区,至660 ms时段开始衰减,后期差异性主效应逐渐集中于右侧颞区域;4)抑郁症的中期340-360 ms时段和520-800 ms融合成一个巨大正性波幅,与正常对照组差异显著。5)抑郁症总平均波幅700 ms时段的负性漂移消失;6)抑郁症患者受试者的总平均波幅左侧高于右侧;7)两组不同情绪性词汇反应存在明显的交互效应,位于双侧额中央区,以右侧为主。两组显著性差异的情绪主效应位于多个时段的广泛脑区,而疾病差异主效应主要位于双侧中央项区和右额颞区域。
结论
1)抑郁症可影响情绪性词汇加工:抑郁症反应时间显著延长,反应错误率显著增加;焦虑-抑郁情感障碍可能作为一个独立的影响因素直接影响受试者对情绪性词汇加工处理过程中的行为反应,同时也直接影响到受试者ERP的改变;抑郁症具有偏向于逃避负性情绪,逃避负性刺激的行为。抑郁障碍患者长期持续情绪低落、紧张焦虑、缺乏内在动力状态,导致大脑皮层对各种刺激信息的注意、理解、判断、分析、记忆等认知加工能力严重受损,出现ERP异常反应和行为异常。
2)抑郁症ERP总体波幅明显较正常组高、大、宽,未引出P300、N400成分,ERP波形分化差、P300、P500、P600、P700的广泛融合、700 ms后的负性慢波消失等。抑郁症这一系列ERP的异常表现反映了患者普遍存在精神运动阻滞,信息处理速度减慢,参与认知过程的认知资源减少,对靶刺激的注意力和辨别能力下降。
3)抑郁症与正常组在处理情绪性词汇信息方面存在两半球的差异:突出表现在两个阶段的不同脑区:对正性、中性和负性情绪词的认知和理解障碍(310-400 ms的左颞顶区),正性情绪词汇对应的600-1000 ms阶段右侧半球(前额为著)差异提示患者存在正性情感的感受(体验)障碍。
Neurology,which is originated from Psychiatry,separated with the latter as an independent discipline until the middle of the 20th century on account of the development and refinement of related branches of disciplines such as neural anatomy.Nowadays,neurologists still contact with a lot of patients with mental problems in clinical receptions,such as depression,anxiety,insomnia,material abuse and so on;some of them have mental disorders as the first symptom or associated psychiatric symptoms,such as viral encephalitis,multiple sclerosis,Parkinson's disease.Findings(2006) show that there are 26 kinds of neurological disease associate with depression,including stroke,Alzheimer silent disease,multiple sclerosis,migraine and epilepsy.Therefore,in order to get a better understanding of brain diseases and various cognitive behavioral obstacles,we need to break the artificial line between neurology and psychiatry.Neuropsychiatry will be the direction in the 21st century.
In general,Cognitive Neuroscience studies neural mechanism of cognitive, emotional and behavior process.It's an integrating product of cognitive psychology and neural science,using brain function imaging technology,such as positron emission tomography(PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) to record brain functions.However,PET can bring about radioactive damage,the same as the latter technology;it is difficult to make real-time imaging.Besides,they are too expensive to popularize.Event-related Potentials(ERP) can take real-time measurements in millisecond resolving accuracy on brain potentials triggered by specific awareness incidents.Combined with spatial resolution of modern BEAM (brain electrical activity mapping),researchers are able to make an objective evaluation of instant changes in emotional processing and brain's cognitive function, effectively identify emotional stress response,emotional processing and cognitive mechanisms of brain function.
Emotion and cognition influence each other.Affective disorder is accompanied with functional disorder on specific brain regions.Hence the study of patients with affective disorder can reveal in-depth mutual relationship between emotion and cognition.Utilizing ERPs' temporal and spatial patterns,the study makes a comparative study on normal subjects and depression patients in different gender, different age groups,and different educational background.The object is to discover Psychophysiological and Psychopathological Mechanism of brain work then explore a new way to diagnose and evaluate cognitive and affective disorder.
Experiment 1 Establish emotional pictures database for the lexical emotional judgment experiment
Objective:to establish a standardized emotional pictures database.
Method:Select a total of 1,300 adjectives and nouns from Chinese common vocabulary and prepare emotional vocabulary pictures.Carry out quantitative evaluation and statistics on 65 participants in accordance with valence,arousal and familiarity.
Result:words in the standardized emotional vocabulary database possess three dimensions of quantitative scoring index.
Conclusion:
1) This representative database covers common words in daily life,can be adapted to various groups' emotional research.
2) The emotional vocabulary database has been applied in posterior studies of this dissertation on Psychophysiological and Psychopathological Mechanism,may become an objective clinical diagnose instrument.
Experiment 2 ERP Spatio-temporal mode research on emotional vocabulary processing
Objective:with high time resolution of multi-channel ERPs and good spatial resolution of spatio-temporal mode,the experiment probe into normal young subjects' brain neural electrical activity mechanism of emotional vocabulary cognitive processing.
Experimental Materials and Methods:
Altogether 31 testing volunteers are in healthy physical conditions.Before the experiment,we carried out Hamilton anxiety and depression rating scale for every subject.The experiment uses 360 pieces of emotional stimulation pictures by five valences in the emotional vocabulary database.The task is make valence judgments on presented vocabularies and record according 19 conductors ERP and response.
Results:
1.Behavior data:There is no significant interaction between gender and emotional responses.All the subjects have faster reaction time toward obvious negative and positive emotional vocabulary,and delayed reaction time toward neutral and micro-negative emotional vocabulary.The correct response rate for positive vocabulary was significantly greater than negative terms in 31 participants.
2.The average waveform patterns and the ERPs results:P130,N175,P200,P270 are distributed evenly in the front head.Approximately 500 ms,there is a generous amount of largest fluctuation LPC on top central and temporal and then begin with a negative drift at 700 ms,most obvious at the front,the central,the top,mainly left.A prominent negative sharp wave N170 shows at the slot in the double- occipital and temporal areas.
Parameters image map(SPM) implies that,1) response time shows a significant main effect of valence,that is,there is a significant difference between ERPs evoked by the positive and negative emotional stimulation and the neutral ones.2) The earliest obvious different response to vocabulary valence judgment can be seen after 60～170ms of stimulation.3) in the late 200～400 ms,subjects process all terms mainly in central left,top,temporal,occipital but back cerebral area;4) the late significant difference is in the large-scale 400～1000ms,distributed widely on left forehead,the central roof,temporal,occipital areas;emotional responses to positive and negative words have obvious difference in two hemispheres.
Conclusions:
1) There are significant differences in the responses of emotional vocabulary processing.That is,for the very negative and positive words,judgment is prompt and accurate.In contrast,neutral words and partial negative words are difficult to judge and then need more time to respond.
2) Gender effect on processing emotional vocabulary appears in bilateral forehead and occipital areas(140-400 ms) and bilateral forehead in later period(600-700 ms).
3) Positive and negative emotional vocabularies involve quite different brain areas. Partial negative ones processing involve left forehead(400-500 ms) and maybe related to semantic delicate differentiation.Later(400-650 ms),homopolar negative words bring on obvious activation of fight hemisphere.However,positive vocabulary mainly activate forehead in two sides(780-880 ms).
4) Extensive region of both hemispheres participate in the emotional vocabulary processing of different levels.Differences between early structure coding to emotional vocabulary and fast rough processing of emotional information;differences in the middle period,when the whole cerebral cortex holistic analyze,estimate, classify,relate and discriminate emotional vocabulary;terminal differences are related to relevant cerebral cortex's complicated delicate processing of emotional lexis information.
Experiment 3 The Spatio-temporal Study of Event-related Potentials on the effect of age factor on the emotional vocabulary processing
Objective:with multi-channel ERPs' spatio-temporal mode,the experiment probe into the brain neural electrical activity mechanism of emotional vocabulary cognitive processing among subjects with different ages.
Methods:altogether 60 volunteers divided in 4 groups,each of which includes 15 people:＜30,30-40,40-50,＞50.Before the experiment,we carried out 17 versions of Hamilton anxiety and depression rating scale for every subject.360 pieces of emotional vocabulary pictures of five valences in the emotional vocabulary database are used in this experiment.The tasks include judging valence of the presented emotional words and recording their 19 conducts ERP and actions.
Results:
1.behavior data:There was no interaction between response time like gender and age factors and emotional responses.Male volunteers have a shorter response time than women.However,there was significant difference in response time,the average response time,error rate,etc in different age groups.Overall there was a longer response time as the growth of age.The correct rate in positive vocabulary is significantly higher than negative vocabulary.
2.ERPs data:In this experiment the statistics in the four different age groups all showed that,P130,N120,N200,P250 are distributed evenly in the front head;waves present maximum amplitude in central and parietal area and attenuation outward. Approximately 500 ms,there is a generous amount of largest fluctuation LPC on top central and temporal and then begin with a negative drift at 700 ms,most obvious at the front,the central,the top,mainly left.A prominent negative sharp wave N170 shows at the slot in the double- occipital and temporal areas.The brain activation for the emotional reaction of less than 30 years old and above 50 years old groups is more obvious than the 30-40 age group and 40-50 age group.There was a more significant activation of the right than the left and a higher wave in the negative emotional vocabulary than the positive one in all age groups.ERP topographic map results showed that:l) there is a declining trend of emotional responses to the very negative vocabulary as the age grows,more obvious in the left.2) More intense emotional response than positive vocabulary with stronger amplitude and longer term, more obvious in the left.The results of the F value of the ERPs statistical parameters map(SPM) showed that:1) the initial processing to emotional vocabulary of all age groups happened in brain regions of the activated significant difference in the performance of reaction after the stimulus was on the part of 120-200 ms of a bilateral,places,top,the central regional area,mainly indulge in the top right of the central region.2) the medium-term period after the stimulus 340-360 ms had temporal significant difference in activation reaction;3) late-medium-term period after the stimulus in the 520-800 ms for bilateral sessions,the central and parietal brain regions showed more extensive activation significant effect;4) late period 840-940 ms,the right front and occipital region still showed significant differences activation effect.After 940ms periods showed a beginning of decline.The experimental results of different ages of 5 different emotional vocabulary processing emotional response in a number of brain regions over time have different levels of significant difference,late-medium-term hours was obvious,especially to the extremely negative vocabulary.
Conclusion:
1) Along with the growth of age,the total reaction time,the average response time gradually extended and the response error rate increased significantly.
2) The prominent main effect of age mainly distributed in the area of bilateral forehead,more sensible in the right front.The age effect regions are mainly distributed in the entire cerebral cortex at many time periods.Many stages of mood vocabulary processing are influenced by age growth.
3) N270,P300,N350,P500,N700,which are derived from ERP,are likely to related to emotional semantics processing.Moreover,along with age growth,N270,P300, N350,P500 swing gradually decrease and change slightly in potential period, especially shown in the emotional response to very negative vocabularies.
Experiment 4 Event-related potential spatio-temporal mode of the emotional vocabulary processing of depression patient
Objective:With the spatio-temporal mode of multi-channel ERPs,discuss neural mechanism of emotional vocabulary processing of depression patient.
Methods:20 depression patients,20 healthy people,with matched gender,age, occupation,educational background.17 versions of Hamilton anxiety and depression rating scale assessments were carded out before the experiment.360 pieces of emotional vocabulary pictures of five valences in the emotional vocabulary database are used in this experiment.The tasks include judging valence of the presented emotional words and recording their 19 conducts ERP and actions.
Results:
1,behavior data:There is no significant interaction between disease factors and emotional factors.There are significantly differences between depression patients and the normal control group in the factor of total reaction time,the average response time,the error rate,reaction error rate of positive and negative vocabulary,and anxiety - depression score.Partial correlation analysis showed that anxiety depression score is significantly related with the total reaction time,the average response time,the error rate,reaction error rate of positive and negative vocabulary. Linear regression results can be ruled out the interference of gender,age,education level,and anxiety - depression score has significant impact on the reaction time,the total error rate,and reaction error rate of positive and negative vocabulary of trial subjects.The accuracy ratio of the response of depression patients towards positive vocabulary is higher than negative one.
2,ERPs data 1) depression patients' overall amplitude of ERPs is taller than that of normal control group.2) the brain activation reaction's initial significant differences of processing emotional vocabulary between patients with depression and normal control group present after stimulation 120-200 ms and widely distributed in bilateral frontal top,the forehead,the central region,more obvious in the right.3) Depression patients' the medium-term period of 340-360 ms and late in the 520-800 ms after the stimulus of a bilateral,the amount of central and top,temporal,occipital diffuse brain regions showed major effect area of significant differences.Attenuation appeared in 660ms.In the late period,effects of the main differences gradually concentrated in the right temporal region 4) For the depression group,the medium-term 340-360 and 520-800 ms time integrated into a huge positive amplitude, which is different with the normal control group significantly.5) For the depression group,there is a clear negative drift in the average amplitude at 700 ms time,which is quite different with normal group.6) For the depression subjects,the average wave amplitude of the left is higher than right.7) There is an obvious interactive effect in the response to these two groups of emotional vocabularies,located in the central area of two sides' forehead,mainly in the right.Two groups of emotional major effects for significant differences located in abroad brain areas in many time periods,meanwhile the disease differences mainly located in the central bilateral parietal and temporal regions.
Conclusions:
1) Depression may influence emotional vocabulary processing:significant delay of response time,obvious increase of response error rate;anxiety-depression impediment can be an independent factor that directly influences subjects' behavior response in the emotional words processing and the change of their ERP.Depression patients incline to escape negative emotions and actions of negative stimulation.They are in depressed and anxious for a long time and lack of inner motivations.This leads to a serious impairment in brain cortex's cognitive processing,like focus, understanding,judgment,analysis and memory,towards various stimulations and present abnormal ERP response and acts.
2) The general amplitude of depression is much higher and wider than that of normal control group and did not show P300 and N400.ERP waves polarize infirmly.P300, P500,P600 and P700 emerge extensively.Negative slow waves disappear after 700 ms.this series of ERP abnormal performance reflects the prevalence of depression patients' mental block,slow information processing,decreased resources in the cognitive processes,declining attention and identify ability to the target stimulation.
3) Significant differences in two hemispheres exist between depression patients and the normal group when they process emotional vocabulary:represent obviously in different brain areas in two phases:cognitive and understanding impediment to positive,neutral and negative emotional vocabularies(310-400 ms,left temple), positive emotional vocabularies corresponded 600-1000ms phase,right hemisphere (especially in forehead) differences implies patients' positive mood experience obstacle.
认知神经科学主要研究认知、情感与行为过程的神经机制,是认知心理学与神经科学相结合的产物,利用脑功能成像如正电子发射断层扫描(PET)和功能磁共振成像(fMRI)考察脑功能活动,但前者具有放射性损害,两者均难以实时显像,价格昂贵而难以普及。事件相关电位(ERP)能以精确到毫秒的时间分辨率对特定事件引发的脑电位进行实时测量,结合脑电地形图的空间分辨率使得可以客观评价情绪加工和脑认知功能的瞬间变化,有效辨别情绪应激反应和情绪加工以及认知的脑功能机制。
情感与认知相互影响,情感障碍伴随着特定脑区功能失调,因此对情感障碍患者的研究可以深入揭示情感与认知的相互关系。本研究利用ERP时空模式对不同性别、年龄、教育背景的正常人和抑郁症病人进行比较研究,以期寻找大脑工作的心理生理和病理机制,探寻一条诊断和评价认知和情感障碍的新途径。
实验一、建立词汇情绪性判断实验情绪图片库
目的:建立标准化的情绪词汇库。
方法:选用现代汉语常用形容词和名词共1300个,制备情绪词汇图片。评分者共65人,按照情绪效价(valence)、唤醒度(arousal)和熟悉度(familiarity)进行定量评价和统计。
结果:标准化的情绪词汇库的词汇具备三个维度的定量刻画指标。
结论
1)建立的情绪词汇库覆盖了日常生活的常用词汇,有较强的代表性,适用于各种人群的情感研究。
2)情绪词汇库已经用于本研究后续的心理生理的和心理病理的机制研究,可能成为客观的临床诊断工具。
实验二、情绪词汇加工的ERP时空模式研究
目的:应用多通道ERP的高时间分辨率和较好的空间分辨率特点的时空模式分析技术,研究探讨正常青年受试者对情绪性词汇认知加工脑神经电活动机制实验材料和方法:受试者共31人,健康体检正常。实验前对所有受试者进行Hamilton焦虑和抑郁量表评定。实验使用情绪词汇库中五个水平效价的情绪词汇图片360张。任务是对呈现的情绪词进行效价判别并记录其19导ERP和行为反应。
结果
1.行为学数据:受试者性别与情绪反应之间无显著交互作用。所有受检者对于明显负性和正性情感的词汇反应时间较快,对中性词汇以及偏负性情感词汇反应时间较慢。对正性词汇的反应正确率显著大于负性词汇。
2.ERP数据:头前部较对称分布了明显的P130、N175、P200、P270;大约500ms处有一个宽大的以额、顶、中央、颞区波幅最大的晚正成分;然后始于700 ms的负性漂移,以前额、中央、顶区最明显,左侧为主。双枕后与颞后可见一负性尖波N170。ERP统计参数映像图(SPM)提示:1)反应时间表现出显著的情绪效价主效应,即对积极的、消极的情绪刺激反应更快。2)显著情绪效应最早可见于刺激后60-170 ms的额区;3)在中后期200-400 ms之间对所有词汇的加工多分布于左中央、顶、颞、枕较后脑区;4)晚期的显著性差异在400-1000ms的大范围之间,分布于左额、中央、顶、颞和枕区内;正负性词汇加工的情绪反应两侧半球差异显著。
结论
1)情绪词汇加工的行为反应存在显著差异。即极负性和极正性情绪词汇容易做出准确的判断,反应时间较快。中性词汇以及偏负性的情感词汇较难判断,反应时间延迟。
2)对情绪词汇认知加工的性别效应出现在双侧额区和双侧枕区(140-400 ms)和晚期的双侧额区(600-700 ms)。
3)正性和负性情绪词汇加工涉及的脑区显著的不同。偏负性词汇的加工涉及左额区(400-500 ms),可能与语义的细致分辩有关,随后(440-650 ms)同极负性词汇一道导致右侧半球的显著激活。而正性词汇更多激活双侧前额(780-880ms)。
4)双侧大脑半球广泛区域均参与了情绪词汇不同层次信息的加工。早期的对情绪性词汇的结构编码和情绪信息的快捷粗加工过程的差异;中期对情绪性词汇分析、判断、分类、相互联系和区别的整体加工的整个大脑皮层的活动过程的差异;晚期则涉及相关大脑皮层的复杂的情绪词汇信息的精细加工过程差异。
实验三、年龄对情绪词汇加工影响的ERP时空模式研究
目的:应用多通道ERP时空模式探讨不同年龄受试者对情绪词汇认知加工的神经机制。
方法:志愿受试者共60人。其中＜30岁、30-40岁、40-50岁、＞50岁年龄组各15人。实验前受试者进行17项版本Hamilton焦虑和抑郁量表评定。使用情绪词汇库中五个水平效价的情绪词图片360张。任务是对呈现的情绪词进行效价判别并记录其19导ERP和行为反应。
结果
1、行为数据:反应时间性别和年龄分别与情绪之间均无交互作用。男性对情绪词汇的五个不同水平的反应时间较女性短。不同年龄组对情绪词汇的五个不同水平的情绪反应时间、错误率等均有显著性差异。总体趋势随着年龄的增长,反应时间逐渐延长。正性词汇反应正确率显著高于负性词汇。
2、ERP数据
四个不同年龄段组均显示头前部较对称分布了明显的N120、P130、N200、和P250,在额、中央、顶区波幅达到最大并向四周衰减;大约500 ms处有一个宽大以额、顶、中央、颞波幅最大的正性成分(LPC);然后始于700 ms的负性漂移。双枕后与颞后是一负性尖波N170。30岁以下和50岁以上对情绪反应的脑区激活较30-40岁组和40-50岁组明显。总平均波形右侧脑区波幅较左侧明显增高。ERP地形图结果显示:1)对极负性词汇的情绪反应,随着年龄的增长情绪反应有减弱趋势,左侧较右侧明显。2)对负性词汇的情绪反应均较正性词汇强烈,波幅高大、时程长,左侧较右侧略高。F值统计参数映像图结果显示:1)对情绪性词汇加工最初的脑区显著性差异激活反应表现在刺激后120-200 ms的双侧额极、额、顶、中央大片区域,主要偏右。2)中期340-360 ms时段颞区显著性差异激活反应;3)中后期在刺激后520-800 ms时段双侧额、中央、顶区呈现较广泛脑区显著性激活主效应区;4)晚期刺激后840-940 ms时段,右侧额、枕区域仍呈现显著性差异激活效应。研究结果不同年龄对5种不同情绪词汇的情绪加工反应在多个时段多个脑区均有不同程度的显著性差异,特别对极负性词汇的加工反应脑激活差异显著。
结论
1)年龄增长影响对各类事件的反应,同样导致对情绪词汇的反应减慢。
2)情绪词汇加工的年龄效应分布于双侧前额脑区,右侧额区更为敏感。年龄效应分布于多个时段的整个大脑皮层的广泛区域,情绪词汇加工的许多阶段过程受增龄化影响。
3) ERP中引出的N270、P300、N350、P500、N700五个成份可能与情绪词语义的信息加工过程有关,而且随着年龄的增长,N270、P300、N350、P500振幅逐渐减小,潜伏期变化不大,尤其表现在极负性词汇情绪反应上。
实验四抑郁症患者情绪词汇加工的事件相关电位时空模式研究
目的:应用多通道ERP时空模式探讨抑郁症患者对情绪性词汇认知加工神经机制。
方法:抑郁症20人,正常健康体检者20人。性别、年龄、职业、文化程度匹配。实验前所有受试者进行17项版本Hamilton焦虑和抑郁量表评定。使用情绪词汇库中五个水平效价的情绪词图片360张。任务是对呈现的情绪词进行效价判别并记录其19导ERP和行为反应。
结果:
1、行为数据:疾病因素与情绪反应因素之间无显著交互作用。抑郁症和正常组的总反应时间、总平均反应时间、总错误率、正性和负性词汇反应错误率、焦虑-抑郁量表评分等均有显著性差异。偏相关分析显示焦虑-抑郁评分与总反应时间、总平均反应时间、总错误率、正性和负性词汇反应错误率等有显著相关性。线形回归结果显示焦虑-抑郁评分对受试者平均反应时间、总错误率、正性和负性词汇反应错误率等的影响差异显著。抑郁症对正性词汇的反应正确率显著大于负性词汇。
2、ERP数据1)抑郁症的ERP总体波幅明显较正常对照组高大。2)两组对情绪性词汇加工的最初显著性差异脑激活反应在刺激后120-200 ms双侧额极、额、顶、中央大片区域,右侧明显。3)抑郁症中期340-360 ms时段和中后期在刺激后520-800 ms双侧额极、额、中央、项、颞、枕弥漫性脑区均呈现显著性差异主效应区,至660 ms时段开始衰减,后期差异性主效应逐渐集中于右侧颞区域;4)抑郁症的中期340-360 ms时段和520-800 ms融合成一个巨大正性波幅,与正常对照组差异显著。5)抑郁症总平均波幅700 ms时段的负性漂移消失;6)抑郁症患者受试者的总平均波幅左侧高于右侧;7)两组不同情绪性词汇反应存在明显的交互效应,位于双侧额中央区,以右侧为主。两组显著性差异的情绪主效应位于多个时段的广泛脑区,而疾病差异主效应主要位于双侧中央项区和右额颞区域。
结论
1)抑郁症可影响情绪性词汇加工:抑郁症反应时间显著延长,反应错误率显著增加;焦虑-抑郁情感障碍可能作为一个独立的影响因素直接影响受试者对情绪性词汇加工处理过程中的行为反应,同时也直接影响到受试者ERP的改变;抑郁症具有偏向于逃避负性情绪,逃避负性刺激的行为。抑郁障碍患者长期持续情绪低落、紧张焦虑、缺乏内在动力状态,导致大脑皮层对各种刺激信息的注意、理解、判断、分析、记忆等认知加工能力严重受损,出现ERP异常反应和行为异常。
2)抑郁症ERP总体波幅明显较正常组高、大、宽,未引出P300、N400成分,ERP波形分化差、P300、P500、P600、P700的广泛融合、700 ms后的负性慢波消失等。抑郁症这一系列ERP的异常表现反映了患者普遍存在精神运动阻滞,信息处理速度减慢,参与认知过程的认知资源减少,对靶刺激的注意力和辨别能力下降。
3)抑郁症与正常组在处理情绪性词汇信息方面存在两半球的差异:突出表现在两个阶段的不同脑区:对正性、中性和负性情绪词的认知和理解障碍(310-400 ms的左颞顶区),正性情绪词汇对应的600-1000 ms阶段右侧半球(前额为著)差异提示患者存在正性情感的感受(体验)障碍。
Neurology,which is originated from Psychiatry,separated with the latter as an independent discipline until the middle of the 20th century on account of the development and refinement of related branches of disciplines such as neural anatomy.Nowadays,neurologists still contact with a lot of patients with mental problems in clinical receptions,such as depression,anxiety,insomnia,material abuse and so on;some of them have mental disorders as the first symptom or associated psychiatric symptoms,such as viral encephalitis,multiple sclerosis,Parkinson's disease.Findings(2006) show that there are 26 kinds of neurological disease associate with depression,including stroke,Alzheimer silent disease,multiple sclerosis,migraine and epilepsy.Therefore,in order to get a better understanding of brain diseases and various cognitive behavioral obstacles,we need to break the artificial line between neurology and psychiatry.Neuropsychiatry will be the direction in the 21st century.
In general,Cognitive Neuroscience studies neural mechanism of cognitive, emotional and behavior process.It's an integrating product of cognitive psychology and neural science,using brain function imaging technology,such as positron emission tomography(PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) to record brain functions.However,PET can bring about radioactive damage,the same as the latter technology;it is difficult to make real-time imaging.Besides,they are too expensive to popularize.Event-related Potentials(ERP) can take real-time measurements in millisecond resolving accuracy on brain potentials triggered by specific awareness incidents.Combined with spatial resolution of modern BEAM (brain electrical activity mapping),researchers are able to make an objective evaluation of instant changes in emotional processing and brain's cognitive function, effectively identify emotional stress response,emotional processing and cognitive mechanisms of brain function.
Emotion and cognition influence each other.Affective disorder is accompanied with functional disorder on specific brain regions.Hence the study of patients with affective disorder can reveal in-depth mutual relationship between emotion and cognition.Utilizing ERPs' temporal and spatial patterns,the study makes a comparative study on normal subjects and depression patients in different gender, different age groups,and different educational background.The object is to discover Psychophysiological and Psychopathological Mechanism of brain work then explore a new way to diagnose and evaluate cognitive and affective disorder.
Experiment 1 Establish emotional pictures database for the lexical emotional judgment experiment
Objective:to establish a standardized emotional pictures database.
Method:Select a total of 1,300 adjectives and nouns from Chinese common vocabulary and prepare emotional vocabulary pictures.Carry out quantitative evaluation and statistics on 65 participants in accordance with valence,arousal and familiarity.
Result:words in the standardized emotional vocabulary database possess three dimensions of quantitative scoring index.
Conclusion:
1) This representative database covers common words in daily life,can be adapted to various groups' emotional research.
2) The emotional vocabulary database has been applied in posterior studies of this dissertation on Psychophysiological and Psychopathological Mechanism,may become an objective clinical diagnose instrument.
Experiment 2 ERP Spatio-temporal mode research on emotional vocabulary processing
Objective:with high time resolution of multi-channel ERPs and good spatial resolution of spatio-temporal mode,the experiment probe into normal young subjects' brain neural electrical activity mechanism of emotional vocabulary cognitive processing.
Experimental Materials and Methods:
Altogether 31 testing volunteers are in healthy physical conditions.Before the experiment,we carried out Hamilton anxiety and depression rating scale for every subject.The experiment uses 360 pieces of emotional stimulation pictures by five valences in the emotional vocabulary database.The task is make valence judgments on presented vocabularies and record according 19 conductors ERP and response.
Results:
1.Behavior data:There is no significant interaction between gender and emotional responses.All the subjects have faster reaction time toward obvious negative and positive emotional vocabulary,and delayed reaction time toward neutral and micro-negative emotional vocabulary.The correct response rate for positive vocabulary was significantly greater than negative terms in 31 participants.
2.The average waveform patterns and the ERPs results:P130,N175,P200,P270 are distributed evenly in the front head.Approximately 500 ms,there is a generous amount of largest fluctuation LPC on top central and temporal and then begin with a negative drift at 700 ms,most obvious at the front,the central,the top,mainly left.A prominent negative sharp wave N170 shows at the slot in the double- occipital and temporal areas.
Parameters image map(SPM) implies that,1) response time shows a significant main effect of valence,that is,there is a significant difference between ERPs evoked by the positive and negative emotional stimulation and the neutral ones.2) The earliest obvious different response to vocabulary valence judgment can be seen after 60～170ms of stimulation.3) in the late 200～400 ms,subjects process all terms mainly in central left,top,temporal,occipital but back cerebral area;4) the late significant difference is in the large-scale 400～1000ms,distributed widely on left forehead,the central roof,temporal,occipital areas;emotional responses to positive and negative words have obvious difference in two hemispheres.
Conclusions:
1) There are significant differences in the responses of emotional vocabulary processing.That is,for the very negative and positive words,judgment is prompt and accurate.In contrast,neutral words and partial negative words are difficult to judge and then need more time to respond.
2) Gender effect on processing emotional vocabulary appears in bilateral forehead and occipital areas(140-400 ms) and bilateral forehead in later period(600-700 ms).
3) Positive and negative emotional vocabularies involve quite different brain areas. Partial negative ones processing involve left forehead(400-500 ms) and maybe related to semantic delicate differentiation.Later(400-650 ms),homopolar negative words bring on obvious activation of fight hemisphere.However,positive vocabulary mainly activate forehead in two sides(780-880 ms).
4) Extensive region of both hemispheres participate in the emotional vocabulary processing of different levels.Differences between early structure coding to emotional vocabulary and fast rough processing of emotional information;differences in the middle period,when the whole cerebral cortex holistic analyze,estimate, classify,relate and discriminate emotional vocabulary;terminal differences are related to relevant cerebral cortex's complicated delicate processing of emotional lexis information.
Experiment 3 The Spatio-temporal Study of Event-related Potentials on the effect of age factor on the emotional vocabulary processing
Objective:with multi-channel ERPs' spatio-temporal mode,the experiment probe into the brain neural electrical activity mechanism of emotional vocabulary cognitive processing among subjects with different ages.
Methods:altogether 60 volunteers divided in 4 groups,each of which includes 15 people:＜30,30-40,40-50,＞50.Before the experiment,we carried out 17 versions of Hamilton anxiety and depression rating scale for every subject.360 pieces of emotional vocabulary pictures of five valences in the emotional vocabulary database are used in this experiment.The tasks include judging valence of the presented emotional words and recording their 19 conducts ERP and actions.
Results:
1.behavior data:There was no interaction between response time like gender and age factors and emotional responses.Male volunteers have a shorter response time than women.However,there was significant difference in response time,the average response time,error rate,etc in different age groups.Overall there was a longer response time as the growth of age.The correct rate in positive vocabulary is significantly higher than negative vocabulary.
2.ERPs data:In this experiment the statistics in the four different age groups all showed that,P130,N120,N200,P250 are distributed evenly in the front head;waves present maximum amplitude in central and parietal area and attenuation outward. Approximately 500 ms,there is a generous amount of largest fluctuation LPC on top central and temporal and then begin with a negative drift at 700 ms,most obvious at the front,the central,the top,mainly left.A prominent negative sharp wave N170 shows at the slot in the double- occipital and temporal areas.The brain activation for the emotional reaction of less than 30 years old and above 50 years old groups is more obvious than the 30-40 age group and 40-50 age group.There was a more significant activation of the right than the left and a higher wave in the negative emotional vocabulary than the positive one in all age groups.ERP topographic map results showed that:l) there is a declining trend of emotional responses to the very negative vocabulary as the age grows,more obvious in the left.2) More intense emotional response than positive vocabulary with stronger amplitude and longer term, more obvious in the left.The results of the F value of the ERPs statistical parameters map(SPM) showed that:1) the initial processing to emotional vocabulary of all age groups happened in brain regions of the activated significant difference in the performance of reaction after the stimulus was on the part of 120-200 ms of a bilateral,places,top,the central regional area,mainly indulge in the top right of the central region.2) the medium-term period after the stimulus 340-360 ms had temporal significant difference in activation reaction;3) late-medium-term period after the stimulus in the 520-800 ms for bilateral sessions,the central and parietal brain regions showed more extensive activation significant effect;4) late period 840-940 ms,the right front and occipital region still showed significant differences activation effect.After 940ms periods showed a beginning of decline.The experimental results of different ages of 5 different emotional vocabulary processing emotional response in a number of brain regions over time have different levels of significant difference,late-medium-term hours was obvious,especially to the extremely negative vocabulary.
Conclusion:
1) Along with the growth of age,the total reaction time,the average response time gradually extended and the response error rate increased significantly.
2) The prominent main effect of age mainly distributed in the area of bilateral forehead,more sensible in the right front.The age effect regions are mainly distributed in the entire cerebral cortex at many time periods.Many stages of mood vocabulary processing are influenced by age growth.
3) N270,P300,N350,P500,N700,which are derived from ERP,are likely to related to emotional semantics processing.Moreover,along with age growth,N270,P300, N350,P500 swing gradually decrease and change slightly in potential period, especially shown in the emotional response to very negative vocabularies.
Experiment 4 Event-related potential spatio-temporal mode of the emotional vocabulary processing of depression patient
Objective:With the spatio-temporal mode of multi-channel ERPs,discuss neural mechanism of emotional vocabulary processing of depression patient.
Methods:20 depression patients,20 healthy people,with matched gender,age, occupation,educational background.17 versions of Hamilton anxiety and depression rating scale assessments were carded out before the experiment.360 pieces of emotional vocabulary pictures of five valences in the emotional vocabulary database are used in this experiment.The tasks include judging valence of the presented emotional words and recording their 19 conducts ERP and actions.
Results:
1,behavior data:There is no significant interaction between disease factors and emotional factors.There are significantly differences between depression patients and the normal control group in the factor of total reaction time,the average response time,the error rate,reaction error rate of positive and negative vocabulary,and anxiety - depression score.Partial correlation analysis showed that anxiety depression score is significantly related with the total reaction time,the average response time,the error rate,reaction error rate of positive and negative vocabulary. Linear regression results can be ruled out the interference of gender,age,education level,and anxiety - depression score has significant impact on the reaction time,the total error rate,and reaction error rate of positive and negative vocabulary of trial subjects.The accuracy ratio of the response of depression patients towards positive vocabulary is higher than negative one.
2,ERPs data 1) depression patients' overall amplitude of ERPs is taller than that of normal control group.2) the brain activation reaction's initial significant differences of processing emotional vocabulary between patients with depression and normal control group present after stimulation 120-200 ms and widely distributed in bilateral frontal top,the forehead,the central region,more obvious in the right.3) Depression patients' the medium-term period of 340-360 ms and late in the 520-800 ms after the stimulus of a bilateral,the amount of central and top,temporal,occipital diffuse brain regions showed major effect area of significant differences.Attenuation appeared in 660ms.In the late period,effects of the main differences gradually concentrated in the right temporal region 4) For the depression group,the medium-term 340-360 and 520-800 ms time integrated into a huge positive amplitude, which is different with the normal control group significantly.5) For the depression group,there is a clear negative drift in the average amplitude at 700 ms time,which is quite different with normal group.6) For the depression subjects,the average wave amplitude of the left is higher than right.7) There is an obvious interactive effect in the response to these two groups of emotional vocabularies,located in the central area of two sides' forehead,mainly in the right.Two groups of emotional major effects for significant differences located in abroad brain areas in many time periods,meanwhile the disease differences mainly located in the central bilateral parietal and temporal regions.
Conclusions:
1) Depression may influence emotional vocabulary processing:significant delay of response time,obvious increase of response error rate;anxiety-depression impediment can be an independent factor that directly influences subjects' behavior response in the emotional words processing and the change of their ERP.Depression patients incline to escape negative emotions and actions of negative stimulation.They are in depressed and anxious for a long time and lack of inner motivations.This leads to a serious impairment in brain cortex's cognitive processing,like focus, understanding,judgment,analysis and memory,towards various stimulations and present abnormal ERP response and acts.
2) The general amplitude of depression is much higher and wider than that of normal control group and did not show P300 and N400.ERP waves polarize infirmly.P300, P500,P600 and P700 emerge extensively.Negative slow waves disappear after 700 ms.this series of ERP abnormal performance reflects the prevalence of depression patients' mental block,slow information processing,decreased resources in the cognitive processes,declining attention and identify ability to the target stimulation.
3) Significant differences in two hemispheres exist between depression patients and the normal group when they process emotional vocabulary:represent obviously in different brain areas in two phases:cognitive and understanding impediment to positive,neutral and negative emotional vocabularies(310-400 ms,left temple), positive emotional vocabularies corresponded 600-1000ms phase,right hemisphere (especially in forehead) differences implies patients' positive mood experience obstacle.
引文
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