滇中云南松林景观格局、林分结构及近自然经营模式研究
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摘要
云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Franch)又称飞松、青松,是我国西南地区的一个特有森林类型,也是我国西部偏干性亚热带的典型代表群系,分布于云、贵、川、广西、西藏等地区。在云南的分布面积约500万hm2,拥有约3亿m3的蓄积量,占云南省林地面积的52%,有林蓄积的32%。云南松是制作人造板材的重要工业用材树种,也是生产工业原料松香的主要树种。但是,云南松林中80%为同龄纯林,组成简单、生物多样性低,林分稳定性较差,林木分化严重、密度不合理,不能充分利用林地生产力。因此,如何提高云南松纯林的林分质量和林地生产力,并使其生产功能及生态功能得以协调发挥和可持续利用是云南林业急需解决的主要问题之一。
本研究以滇中一平浪林场云南松林为研究对象,在分析评价云南松林景观尺度的经营的基础上,研究了云南松林可持续经营的林场级尺度的景观规划和林分尺度的近自然改造技术。主要研究成果包括以下几个方面:
在数据获取方面:(1)借助ArcGIS空间分析功能,通过DEM来快捷准确地提取了研究区地形地貌等环境因子,并与小班因子属性数据库叠加,获得了研究区基于小班的空间和属性等信息。这些方法的应用节约了使用常规调查方法而需要的大量时间和资金,提高了数据的可靠性和适时性。(2)本文在用Erdas和ArcGIS技术支持下,充分应用一平浪林场二类森林资源清查数据、遥感和地理信息系统的有效结合,从宏观角度研究区域生态立地信息的快速采集和存储管理,实现及时准确地掌握研究区生态立地情况,表述复杂生境的空间关系,高精度绘制研究区的群落生境图并对其进行了评价,为林场级尺度规划云南松林立地和经营级的森林景观分类提供有效的技术手段。
在林场级尺度的云南松林景观评价方面:(1)按土地利用类型进行一级景观分类,将一平浪林场划分为有林地、疏林地、灌丛地、未成林造林地、苗圃地、荒山荒地、迹地、农地、沼泽地、水域、其它11种景观类型。进一步按优势树种和景观生态立地因子(坡向、坡度,海拔和土层厚度)进行二级景观分类,采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法将有林地划分为4种森林景观经营类型,共划分出15种森林景观类型。(2)采用国际上先进的TWINSPAN方法,对367个小班按指示属性和小班号进行双向排序,发现了森林景观演替序列和规律。演替顺序从低到高依次为:栲栎青冈阔叶混交林景观、栎类阔叶混交林景观、云华旱桤针阔混交林景观、山地半湿性软硬常绿阔叶林景观,说明TWINSPAN方法不仅可用于植被群落类型的分类排序,同样可用于森林景观分类与排序,对景观演替的时空梯度有一定指示意义。(3)运用CCA典范对应分析,分析了影响森林景观变化的优势种与环境因子的相关关系,研究发现,土壤厚度和海拔是影响森林景观分布的主要因素,这与实际调查情况相吻合。
在云南松林分经营研究方面,研究结果表明:(1)滇中高原云南松林的直径结构分布呈左偏,形状上属单峰山形,较正态分布尖峭。通过x2拟合检验,weibull分布函数和β分布函数均能较好地描述云南松天然林和人工林的直径分布。weibull分布函数的拟合效果优于β分布函数,可以用它来预估滇中高原云南松林分产量、出材量以及评价经营效果。(2)滇中高原云南松林样地数据和拟合结果反映了该地区林分结构极其不合理,急需根据拟合分布模型参数进行适当的改造,调整调整云南松林分直径结构,使其逐步过渡到合理的经营密度,提高其生产力和产量。(3)利用国家森林资源二类调查数据,建立云南松树高生长模型,直径生长模型,林分密度指数,蓄积生长模型以及多形林分生长模型等5个生长模型。分析了云南松树高与年龄,直径与年龄,蓄积与年龄因子之间的相关关系,为云南松林分生长过程的计算与模拟提供了依据。(4)云南松生长发育过程可划分为苗木生长初期、树高速生期、直径速生期和速生后期4个生长阶段。分析了各个生长阶段的树高与直径的生长规律,提出各阶段抚育管理措施的重点,为云南松林的经营管理提供基础数据。(5)在云南松林分中,不同林木个体平均单株材积不相同,优势木进入直径速生期比平均木要早5-8年,在15年时单株材积平均生长量达0.0034 m3,为平均木平均生长量的3.78倍。“近自然林”经营思想的核心技术之一是目标树的经营管理体系。因此,目标树的经营可以理解为优势木的经营,以培育大径级林木为目的对其持续的抚育管理,通过近自然林经营措施进行林分改造,直到目标树达到目标直径并有了足够的第二代下层更新幼树时即可择伐利用,建立云南松的目标树经营管理体系。
在云南松林可持续经营的近自然化改造方面:(1)云南松林林场级尺度上的景观规划主要表现在面积分配上,根据演替规律和适地适树原则,使现有不合理的云南松纯林景观格局,通过近自然森林发展类型设计,通过群落生境制图落实到山头地块,创造出合乎森林演替进程中的各种近自然森林景观。(2)提出了研究区云南松林景观合理配置模式。通过近自然规划设计方法,将试验区云南松林景观配置发展方向,应当维护和保护现有的山地常绿软、硬阔叶混交林森林景观类型,扩大当地地带性森林植被——常绿阔叶林顶极景观类型,改善生态稳定经济高效的云南松、华山松和滇油杉集约经营景观类型状况,同时以云南松群落生境斑块为对象进行了森林景观规划面积的调控;(3)提出了云南松纯林两种近自然改造模式:云南松林分经营模式和云南松天然林目标树单木经营模式,总结了云南松林分近自然化改造的工作流程。
Yunnan pine (pinus yunnanersis Franch) is also called flying pine or livid pine. Yunnan pine forest is a kind of special forest type in southwestern China, and it is also the typical representative biotype in subtropical zones with aridity in western China. Its distribution areas are Yunnan ,Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Tibet etc. The area in Yunnan province is about 5 million hm2,which occupies 52% of total national forest land and the timber volume is 300 million m3, which occupies 32% of timber volume in Yunnan province. The pine is an important industrial wood species of tree to make panels and also it is a main species of tree to produce rosin, which is a kind of industrial material. But 80% yunnan pine forests are pure forests with same age, its structure is simple and biodiversity is low, its stability is not good, its differentiation is serious and its density is irrational, so the forest land productivity cannot be used fully. Therefore, research on upgrading forest quality and land productivity and coordination of productive and ecological function of yunnan pine pure forest is one of main problems to be solved in Yunnan.
By regarding Yipinglang forest farm which situated in middle Yunnan as research object, the study carries out some research works from different scales on management of yunnan pine forest as well as the problems of theory and technique about near-natural modification. The main research results are as follows:
About acquiring datum:
1)It needs quantity of work on wild investigation and collecting datum using normal method to acquire experimental datum. Not only much time and money would be expensed, there are much more problems on reliability of datum and updating of documents, such as low precision , large error, slow updating and inquiry. Aided by ArcGIS space analysis, the information of geographical factors can be acquired quickly and accurately through DEM.
2)By the aid of Erdas and ArcGIS and national second-class resource investigation datum, a study of cooperation and usage of remote sensing and geographical information system are carried out. It is used to draw and evaluate habitat map of Yipinglang forest farm and to study quick collecting and storing of information about the research lands from macroscopical angle. It can be used to know the situation of ecological lands quickly and accurately and express the space relation of complicated habitats, so it can supply more clear information about habitat for forest protection and management in Yipinglang forest farm and it can also supply effective tools for forest landscape classification of yunnan pine more rationally.
About landscape evaluation to yunnan pine forests in Yipinglang farm:
1)According to the land usage type, the lands of Yipinglang forest farm are divided into 11 landscape types as forest land, sparse forest land, shrub land, unformed forest land, nursery land, barren land, cutover land, agricultural land, marshland, water area and others in the first grade. Furthermore, according to dominant trees and landscape ecological land factors( slope direction, slope degree, altitude and thickness of soil layers), second grade landscape are classified. The forest land are divided into 4 forest landscape types by TWINSPAN quantity classification method and then total 15 forest types are divided.
2)The forest landscape series and laws are discovered by using internationally advanced TWINSPAN method to order 367 subcompartments in two directions according to indicated attribute and number of subcompartments. It shows that TWINSPAN not only can be used to class and order plant community types, but also it can be used to class and order forest landscape types. It has a certain indicated meaning to time and space grade of landscape series.
3)The relation between predominant tree species that make forest landscape change with environmental factors is analyzed by using CCA typical corresponding analysis method. The results show that thickness and altitude are the main factors to affect the distribution of forest landscape and this is anastomosing with actual investigation.
About management of yunnan pine forest stand:
(1)The research results show that:1) the diameter structure distribution of pine forest in middle Yunnan reveals left bias, the figure belongs to single peak mountain figures and is more spiky than normal distribution;2)small diameter class trees are most, and with increasing of diameter, the number of trees are decreasing, when a certain diameter class appears, the decreasing rate is becoming slow and gradually stable. Through x2 fitting test, Weibull distribution function andβdistribution function can well describe the diameter distribution of natural and man-made yunnan pine forest and these two distribution function have great flexibility and good adaptability. Weibull distribution function is better thanβdistribution function and it can be used to predict the yield, wood production and valuate the effect of management to yunnan pine forest in middle Yunnan.
2)The datum of sample lands and fitting results of yunnan pine forest in middle Yunnan reflect that the forest stand structure of this area is very irrational, so it is very urgent to reconstruct the stands according to the parameters of fitting distribution models and regulate the distribution of different diameter trees in the forest stand to increase the productivity and yield of the forest.
3)The tree height growth model, diameter growth model, volume growth model and multi-type forest growth model are established by national second class forest resource investigative datum. The relations between tree height with age, diameter with age, volume with age are analyzed to supply evidence for calculating and simulating of yunnan pine forest growth.
4)The developmental process of yunnan pine tree can be divided into 4 stages as preliminary stage of seedling, quick growth of tree height, quick growth of diameter and post growth of diameter. The growth law between tree height and diameter of every growth stage was analyzed and the key of tengding measures was proposed, which provided some basic data for yunnan pine forest management.
5)The average timber volume of single tree is different in the stand, the time of predominant trees come to quick growth stage is earlier 5-8 years than that of average trees. The average timber volume of single tree can be 0.0034 m3 in 15th year after planting, it’s 3.78 times of that average trees, so the difference is very great. The management system of object trees is one of key techniques in“near-natural”management, through above analysis, the object tree management can be regarded as the management of predominant trees, it’s aim is to culture large diameter trees, so the fostering management should be continuous and disturbing trees and other trees should be used as needed. When the object trees come to the needed diameter and there are enough young trees in the lower layer of second generation, they can be choosed to be cropped.
About near-natural modification in sustainable management of yunnan pine forest:
1)The landscape programme of large scale in yunnan pine forest mainly focus on area distribution. According to succession laws and the principle of“fitting trees to lands”, the regulation of landscapes to forest stands can be realized through near-natural forest developmental types design. Community habitat drawing is one kind of key ways to realize this managing technique.
2)The rational layout models of yunnan pine forest landscapes in research areas are brought forwarded. The developmental directions of yunnan pine forest landscapes in research areas are pointed out via near-natural programme design method. They are :1)the present ever-green soft and hard broad-leafed mingled forest landscapes in mountainous area should be kept and protected; 2)The landscape type of ever-green l broad-leafed forest, which is the local forest vegetation with belts , should be expanded;3)The managing situation of landscapes with stable ecology and high economic such as yunnan pine(pinus yunnanersis franch) forest, China Armand pine(Pinus armandi Franch) forest, Keteleeria evelyniana Mast forest should be improved. Regarding the community habitat blots of yunnan pine forest as objects, the layout area of forest landscape is regulated in this study.
3)Two near-natural modification models of yunnan pine pure forest, which are managing model to the pure forest of yunnan pine and the managing model to single target tree in natural yunnan pine forest, are brought forwarded. The work procedures to modify yunnan pine forest to be near-natural are summarized.
本研究以滇中一平浪林场云南松林为研究对象,在分析评价云南松林景观尺度的经营的基础上,研究了云南松林可持续经营的林场级尺度的景观规划和林分尺度的近自然改造技术。主要研究成果包括以下几个方面:
在数据获取方面:(1)借助ArcGIS空间分析功能,通过DEM来快捷准确地提取了研究区地形地貌等环境因子,并与小班因子属性数据库叠加,获得了研究区基于小班的空间和属性等信息。这些方法的应用节约了使用常规调查方法而需要的大量时间和资金,提高了数据的可靠性和适时性。(2)本文在用Erdas和ArcGIS技术支持下,充分应用一平浪林场二类森林资源清查数据、遥感和地理信息系统的有效结合,从宏观角度研究区域生态立地信息的快速采集和存储管理,实现及时准确地掌握研究区生态立地情况,表述复杂生境的空间关系,高精度绘制研究区的群落生境图并对其进行了评价,为林场级尺度规划云南松林立地和经营级的森林景观分类提供有效的技术手段。
在林场级尺度的云南松林景观评价方面:(1)按土地利用类型进行一级景观分类,将一平浪林场划分为有林地、疏林地、灌丛地、未成林造林地、苗圃地、荒山荒地、迹地、农地、沼泽地、水域、其它11种景观类型。进一步按优势树种和景观生态立地因子(坡向、坡度,海拔和土层厚度)进行二级景观分类,采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法将有林地划分为4种森林景观经营类型,共划分出15种森林景观类型。(2)采用国际上先进的TWINSPAN方法,对367个小班按指示属性和小班号进行双向排序,发现了森林景观演替序列和规律。演替顺序从低到高依次为:栲栎青冈阔叶混交林景观、栎类阔叶混交林景观、云华旱桤针阔混交林景观、山地半湿性软硬常绿阔叶林景观,说明TWINSPAN方法不仅可用于植被群落类型的分类排序,同样可用于森林景观分类与排序,对景观演替的时空梯度有一定指示意义。(3)运用CCA典范对应分析,分析了影响森林景观变化的优势种与环境因子的相关关系,研究发现,土壤厚度和海拔是影响森林景观分布的主要因素,这与实际调查情况相吻合。
在云南松林分经营研究方面,研究结果表明:(1)滇中高原云南松林的直径结构分布呈左偏,形状上属单峰山形,较正态分布尖峭。通过x2拟合检验,weibull分布函数和β分布函数均能较好地描述云南松天然林和人工林的直径分布。weibull分布函数的拟合效果优于β分布函数,可以用它来预估滇中高原云南松林分产量、出材量以及评价经营效果。(2)滇中高原云南松林样地数据和拟合结果反映了该地区林分结构极其不合理,急需根据拟合分布模型参数进行适当的改造,调整调整云南松林分直径结构,使其逐步过渡到合理的经营密度,提高其生产力和产量。(3)利用国家森林资源二类调查数据,建立云南松树高生长模型,直径生长模型,林分密度指数,蓄积生长模型以及多形林分生长模型等5个生长模型。分析了云南松树高与年龄,直径与年龄,蓄积与年龄因子之间的相关关系,为云南松林分生长过程的计算与模拟提供了依据。(4)云南松生长发育过程可划分为苗木生长初期、树高速生期、直径速生期和速生后期4个生长阶段。分析了各个生长阶段的树高与直径的生长规律,提出各阶段抚育管理措施的重点,为云南松林的经营管理提供基础数据。(5)在云南松林分中,不同林木个体平均单株材积不相同,优势木进入直径速生期比平均木要早5-8年,在15年时单株材积平均生长量达0.0034 m3,为平均木平均生长量的3.78倍。“近自然林”经营思想的核心技术之一是目标树的经营管理体系。因此,目标树的经营可以理解为优势木的经营,以培育大径级林木为目的对其持续的抚育管理,通过近自然林经营措施进行林分改造,直到目标树达到目标直径并有了足够的第二代下层更新幼树时即可择伐利用,建立云南松的目标树经营管理体系。
在云南松林可持续经营的近自然化改造方面:(1)云南松林林场级尺度上的景观规划主要表现在面积分配上,根据演替规律和适地适树原则,使现有不合理的云南松纯林景观格局,通过近自然森林发展类型设计,通过群落生境制图落实到山头地块,创造出合乎森林演替进程中的各种近自然森林景观。(2)提出了研究区云南松林景观合理配置模式。通过近自然规划设计方法,将试验区云南松林景观配置发展方向,应当维护和保护现有的山地常绿软、硬阔叶混交林森林景观类型,扩大当地地带性森林植被——常绿阔叶林顶极景观类型,改善生态稳定经济高效的云南松、华山松和滇油杉集约经营景观类型状况,同时以云南松群落生境斑块为对象进行了森林景观规划面积的调控;(3)提出了云南松纯林两种近自然改造模式:云南松林分经营模式和云南松天然林目标树单木经营模式,总结了云南松林分近自然化改造的工作流程。
Yunnan pine (pinus yunnanersis Franch) is also called flying pine or livid pine. Yunnan pine forest is a kind of special forest type in southwestern China, and it is also the typical representative biotype in subtropical zones with aridity in western China. Its distribution areas are Yunnan ,Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Tibet etc. The area in Yunnan province is about 5 million hm2,which occupies 52% of total national forest land and the timber volume is 300 million m3, which occupies 32% of timber volume in Yunnan province. The pine is an important industrial wood species of tree to make panels and also it is a main species of tree to produce rosin, which is a kind of industrial material. But 80% yunnan pine forests are pure forests with same age, its structure is simple and biodiversity is low, its stability is not good, its differentiation is serious and its density is irrational, so the forest land productivity cannot be used fully. Therefore, research on upgrading forest quality and land productivity and coordination of productive and ecological function of yunnan pine pure forest is one of main problems to be solved in Yunnan.
By regarding Yipinglang forest farm which situated in middle Yunnan as research object, the study carries out some research works from different scales on management of yunnan pine forest as well as the problems of theory and technique about near-natural modification. The main research results are as follows:
About acquiring datum:
1)It needs quantity of work on wild investigation and collecting datum using normal method to acquire experimental datum. Not only much time and money would be expensed, there are much more problems on reliability of datum and updating of documents, such as low precision , large error, slow updating and inquiry. Aided by ArcGIS space analysis, the information of geographical factors can be acquired quickly and accurately through DEM.
2)By the aid of Erdas and ArcGIS and national second-class resource investigation datum, a study of cooperation and usage of remote sensing and geographical information system are carried out. It is used to draw and evaluate habitat map of Yipinglang forest farm and to study quick collecting and storing of information about the research lands from macroscopical angle. It can be used to know the situation of ecological lands quickly and accurately and express the space relation of complicated habitats, so it can supply more clear information about habitat for forest protection and management in Yipinglang forest farm and it can also supply effective tools for forest landscape classification of yunnan pine more rationally.
About landscape evaluation to yunnan pine forests in Yipinglang farm:
1)According to the land usage type, the lands of Yipinglang forest farm are divided into 11 landscape types as forest land, sparse forest land, shrub land, unformed forest land, nursery land, barren land, cutover land, agricultural land, marshland, water area and others in the first grade. Furthermore, according to dominant trees and landscape ecological land factors( slope direction, slope degree, altitude and thickness of soil layers), second grade landscape are classified. The forest land are divided into 4 forest landscape types by TWINSPAN quantity classification method and then total 15 forest types are divided.
2)The forest landscape series and laws are discovered by using internationally advanced TWINSPAN method to order 367 subcompartments in two directions according to indicated attribute and number of subcompartments. It shows that TWINSPAN not only can be used to class and order plant community types, but also it can be used to class and order forest landscape types. It has a certain indicated meaning to time and space grade of landscape series.
3)The relation between predominant tree species that make forest landscape change with environmental factors is analyzed by using CCA typical corresponding analysis method. The results show that thickness and altitude are the main factors to affect the distribution of forest landscape and this is anastomosing with actual investigation.
About management of yunnan pine forest stand:
(1)The research results show that:1) the diameter structure distribution of pine forest in middle Yunnan reveals left bias, the figure belongs to single peak mountain figures and is more spiky than normal distribution;2)small diameter class trees are most, and with increasing of diameter, the number of trees are decreasing, when a certain diameter class appears, the decreasing rate is becoming slow and gradually stable. Through x2 fitting test, Weibull distribution function andβdistribution function can well describe the diameter distribution of natural and man-made yunnan pine forest and these two distribution function have great flexibility and good adaptability. Weibull distribution function is better thanβdistribution function and it can be used to predict the yield, wood production and valuate the effect of management to yunnan pine forest in middle Yunnan.
2)The datum of sample lands and fitting results of yunnan pine forest in middle Yunnan reflect that the forest stand structure of this area is very irrational, so it is very urgent to reconstruct the stands according to the parameters of fitting distribution models and regulate the distribution of different diameter trees in the forest stand to increase the productivity and yield of the forest.
3)The tree height growth model, diameter growth model, volume growth model and multi-type forest growth model are established by national second class forest resource investigative datum. The relations between tree height with age, diameter with age, volume with age are analyzed to supply evidence for calculating and simulating of yunnan pine forest growth.
4)The developmental process of yunnan pine tree can be divided into 4 stages as preliminary stage of seedling, quick growth of tree height, quick growth of diameter and post growth of diameter. The growth law between tree height and diameter of every growth stage was analyzed and the key of tengding measures was proposed, which provided some basic data for yunnan pine forest management.
5)The average timber volume of single tree is different in the stand, the time of predominant trees come to quick growth stage is earlier 5-8 years than that of average trees. The average timber volume of single tree can be 0.0034 m3 in 15th year after planting, it’s 3.78 times of that average trees, so the difference is very great. The management system of object trees is one of key techniques in“near-natural”management, through above analysis, the object tree management can be regarded as the management of predominant trees, it’s aim is to culture large diameter trees, so the fostering management should be continuous and disturbing trees and other trees should be used as needed. When the object trees come to the needed diameter and there are enough young trees in the lower layer of second generation, they can be choosed to be cropped.
About near-natural modification in sustainable management of yunnan pine forest:
1)The landscape programme of large scale in yunnan pine forest mainly focus on area distribution. According to succession laws and the principle of“fitting trees to lands”, the regulation of landscapes to forest stands can be realized through near-natural forest developmental types design. Community habitat drawing is one kind of key ways to realize this managing technique.
2)The rational layout models of yunnan pine forest landscapes in research areas are brought forwarded. The developmental directions of yunnan pine forest landscapes in research areas are pointed out via near-natural programme design method. They are :1)the present ever-green soft and hard broad-leafed mingled forest landscapes in mountainous area should be kept and protected; 2)The landscape type of ever-green l broad-leafed forest, which is the local forest vegetation with belts , should be expanded;3)The managing situation of landscapes with stable ecology and high economic such as yunnan pine(pinus yunnanersis franch) forest, China Armand pine(Pinus armandi Franch) forest, Keteleeria evelyniana Mast forest should be improved. Regarding the community habitat blots of yunnan pine forest as objects, the layout area of forest landscape is regulated in this study.
3)Two near-natural modification models of yunnan pine pure forest, which are managing model to the pure forest of yunnan pine and the managing model to single target tree in natural yunnan pine forest, are brought forwarded. The work procedures to modify yunnan pine forest to be near-natural are summarized.
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