往复式热循环多孔介质燃烧系统特性研究与数值模拟
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摘要
随着能源消费日益增长和环境意识的提高,如何实现气体燃料,特别是低热值稀薄气体燃料的高效清洁利用具有重要意义。本论文依托国家863计划(2006AA052223)与浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(Y506071),围绕着低热值稀薄气体燃料高效清洁燃烧,依据多孔介质“超焓燃烧”基本原理,采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,针对浙江大学提出的新型往复式热循环(渐变)多孔介质燃烧系统开展研究。论文工作主要包括以下部分:
1.研究往复式热循环(渐变)多孔介质燃烧系统的流动特性,主要包括压力波动和阻力损失特性。详细分析了各主要参数的影响,发现系统两侧压力,各段阻力损失呈周期性拟矩形波变化,具有明显的周期互换性;系统稳定运行存在最小换向稳定时间,随气体流量(空截面风速)增大变长,受多孔介质孔径影响较小。压力波动与阻力损失随二次风比增大而增大,二次风比不宜大于0.5;随空截面流速增加而增加,大体呈抛物线关系;渐变型组合结构有利于降低流动阻力损失和压力波动;得到燃烧器和蓄热器内阻力损失经验关联式系数。在此基础上,考察了高温空气模拟气流产生的可行性与产生量的影响因素,指出一次风量增加有利于高温空气模拟气流产生,二次风比大于等于1时,模拟气流产生可行,值越大,可行性越好;多孔介质孔径对高温空气模拟气流产生和产生量影响较小,渐变型结构组合有利于分流比增大。从分流比角度,高温空气模拟气流受一次风量影响较小,二次风比增大逐渐减小。
2.研究往复式热循环(渐变)多孔介质燃烧系统的燃烧特性与动态特性。详细分析低热值稀薄气体燃烧时,换向半周期,当量比,二次风比工况参数对系统温度分布,污染物排放,及燃烧效率的影响。揭示了系统各点温度、污染物产生过程的周期性动态演变过程;指出系统温度关于中心位置对称分布,呈“M”型,距离火焰位置越近,温度波动幅值越大。指出半周期较小时,系统容易出现“双温度峰值”,随半周期增大,燃烧侧的燃烧温度峰值先增大后降低,最高温度出现在40s左右;随当量比增大,系统温度整体水平升高,燃烧火焰向上游传播;随二次风比增大,燃烧侧的燃烧温度峰值先增大后降低;燃烧火焰向上游传播,温度峰值位置向上游移动。CO浓度基本在100ppm以下,NO浓度小于20ppm,并从定性方面与Hoffmann和Fabinao等人的试验结果进行对比;系统燃烧效率非常高,基本保持在99%左右,验证系统高效清洁燃烧低热值稀薄气体燃料可行性。
3.针对往复式热循环(渐变)多孔介质燃烧系统,建立了往复式热循环多孔介质燃烧系统的一维非稳态“双温度”模型。在分析点火位置对系统燃烧稳定演变过程,以及燃烧稳定时温度分布影响的基础上,并通过相应工况下的试验结果对数值模拟结果进行验证;通过研究往复式热循环多孔介质燃烧系统温度分布特性发现,各换向半周期,燃气热值(当量比),二次风比,以及雷诺数对系统温度分布和燃烧火焰位置的影响规律与试验分析结果规律相吻合,给出系统理论贫燃极限φ=0.125,燃气热值为300KJ/Nm~3;通过分析超焓燃烧特性发现,相对超焓量,随换向半周期增大先逐渐增加后逐渐下降,影响相对较小:随燃气热值增大逐渐迅速降低,呈现出双曲线变化关系,是主要影响因素;随二次风比增加,在α=0.2较高,随后逐渐降低,影响相对较小;燃烧效率与试验结果相吻合,验证了模型有效性和准确性,对系统的优化设计和性能提高具有重要的指导意义。
4.研究空隙率分段分布,渐变分布,及空隙率渐变分布下半周期,无量纲热值,雷诺数等工况参数对传统往复多孔介质燃烧器温度分布与“超焓燃烧”特性的影响。在前面研究基础上,建立非稳态气固“双温度”模型,采用无量纲形式,首次分析了点火燃烧稳定演变过程,及周期间动态变化特性,并与热循环燃烧系统动态变化特性进行对照,揭示了周期性换向燃烧的动态演变过程。指出在燃烧区有热损失时,燃烧器内的温度分布随着各工况参数的变化基本上都是由倒“V型”向“M型”演变;无热量损失时,温度分布由倒“V型”向“梯形”演变,燃烧区域相应的逐渐拓宽;指出空隙率渐变分布时,贫燃极限可拓宽到当量比为0.125(H_0=0.8),无热量损失时为0.02(H_0=0.12):分析了各工况参数对往复多孔介质燃烧器的相对超焓量,燃烧效率,及燃烧火焰位置等“超焓燃烧”特性的影响,指出“超焓燃烧”受燃气热值(当量比)影响最大,随热值增大(当量比)逐渐降低,存在两个燃烧火焰区,燃烧效率非常高,保持在99%左右。
论文研究工作表明,利用新型往复式热循环(渐变)多孔介质燃烧系统实现低热值稀薄气体燃料高效清洁利用完全可行;在现有试验条件下可实现φ=0.2预混燃气的稳定燃烧,对应燃气热值为620KJ/Nm~3,数值模拟确定理论贫燃极限φ=0.125,燃气热值为300KJ/Nm~3;燃烧器内采用空隙率分段分布、渐变分布时的燃烧特性优于均匀分布,贫燃极限进一步拓宽。研究结果对进一步研究往复式流动下多孔介质燃烧技术提供重要理论依据。
With increasing of the energy consumption and environmental protection, it is significantly important to make the utilization of fuel gases effectively and cleanly, especially for the low heat valve fuel gases. With the support of the National High-tech Research and Development Program (863, 2006AA05Z223) and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Y506071), based on the principle of porous media combustion, a systematic research on a novel reciprocal porous media combustion system with heat recirculation (RPMCSHR) was investigated by the methods of experiment and numerical simulation for the combustion of low heat value fuel gases effectively and cleanly.
Firstly, the characteristic of pressure dynamic, flow resistance in the RPMCSHR was studied experimentally. The effects of reciprocating half-period, superficial velocities, secondary air ratio and porous medium structure on the pressure dynamic distribution were investigated in detail. The results showed that the flow resistance and dynamic pressure varied periodically with rectangle waves when the system operated steadily and periodically. A minimum reciprocating half-period is needed to help the system operation steadily, which is more influenced by superficial velocities than porous media diameter. The results also found the ratio of secondary air and superficial velocity have strong influence on the flow resistance, pressure dynamic, while the half-period and pore size of porous media have relative small effects. The pressure dynamic and flow resistance increase rapidly with increase of the secondary air ratio and superficial velocities. Application of a gradually-varied porous media structure is good to decrease the pressure drop, and pressure dynamic of the system. Empirical correlation coefficients were given based on Ergun equation and test data for different combination of porous media.
In addition, the influence of primary air, secondary air ratio, and porous media structure on the producing characteristics of the simulating high temperature air was investigated in detail. Results showed the simulating flow of high temperature air can be obtained when the secondary air ratio is no less than 1. The increase in primary air and secondary air ratio will conduce to the producing of simulating high temperature air, and increase the absolute amount of simulating high temperature air. However, the split ratio is little influenced by primary air, and decreases with increasing of the secondary air ratio. It was also found the gradually-varied porous media in the combustor is the better structure on increasing the split ratio than the other structure combinations.
Secondly, the temperature profiles and emission characteristics of the system at one period and between periods were firstly experimentally investigated. The results show the temperature of any position in the system and emissions varied periodically while the system operated steadily and periodically, which indicates the dynamic process of switching flow combustion. Two temperature peak zones exist in the system, and the temperature distribution in the system has an "M" shape. The nearer to the combustion flame, the larger temperature dynamic is. For the low heat valve gases combustion, the effects of half periods, secondary air ration, and equivalent ratio on the temperature profiles, NO and CO emissions were also experimentally tested and discussed. Two temperature peaks come forth easily at small half period. The temperature in combustion zone firstly increases, and then decreases with increase of half periods and secondary air ratio, and increase with increase equivalent ratio. The flame is gradually propagated to the upstream of the combustor with the increase of secondary air ratio and equivalent ratio. Along with highly perfect combustion efficiency, Low emission levels were obtained and well compared with the experimental results of Hoffmann and Fabinao. The CO emission is mostly below 100ppm, and NO emission is below 20ppm. This sufficiently proves the feasibility of low heat valve gases combustion in the system.
Thirdly, based on the former research, a dynamic "two temperature" model was founded according to the symmetrical structure and flowing periodically of the RPMCSHR. The ignition location has small influence on the temperature, flame location, and maximum temperature when the combustion come to steady. The simulation results were well agreement with the corresponding experimental results. According to the experimental range of RPMCSHR, the effect of half-period, dimensionless heat valve, and Reynolds on the temperature distribution and "excess enthalpy" were further investigated in detail. The simulation conclusions were also compared by the corresponding experimental results, and a good agreement was obtained.The theoretical flammable limit is also obtained by the model with a equivalence ratio ofφ=0.125 (fuel heat value of 300KJ/Nm3 ) The relative value of excess enthalpy was mostly influenced by fuel gas heat value with a relation of hyperbolic curve. The combustion efficiency of simulation well agrees with the experimental results. The effective of the model was conformed, which will further provide a good reference to the optimization and improvement of the system.
Forthly, directed against the conventional reciprocal porous media combustion (RSCP), the unsteady "two temperature model" was also founded to investigate the influence of porosity layer distributions and gradually varied distributions on the combustion characteristics. The ignition stabilization of the process in (RSCP) was firstly analyzed by the method of finite volume methods with dimensionless form, in addition to the dynamic characteristics between periods, and compared with the experimental results of the dynamic characteristic in RPMCSHR. The principle of producing the "excess enthalpy combustion" was explained by analyzing the temperature between the "solid and gases". The results showed that when the operating parametric varies, the temperature distribution in the combustor varies from the reversal "V" to "M" under the condition of heat loss in combustion area, or varies from the reversal "V" to trapezium without the heat loss. When the temperature becomes the reverse "V", the system is at the limitation of combustion. Application of a gradually-varied porous media structure is good to further extend the lean combustion limit. It can be obtained withφ=0.125 under the condition of heat loss, orφ= 0.02 without heat loss. In the end, the effects of parameters on the relative excess enthalpy, combustion efficiency, and combustion flame distance were also analyzed. The relative value of excess enthalpy is gradually decreasing with increase of the fuel gas heat value- a major factor, and the high combustion efficiency is obtained.
It is obviously that the combustion of low heat value gas in the novel RPMCSHR is completely feasible with a high efficiency and low emission. Under the existing experimental condition, the steady combustion can be extended to an equivalence ratio of 0.2, corresponding to the heat value of 620KJ/Nm~3. the theoretical lean flammable limit with an equivalence ratio of 0.125 is also obtained by the numerical simulation. The influence of porosity layers and gradually varied distribution on combustion characteristics is better than the uniform distribution, and the lean flammable limit is further extended. The paper results will provide a good reference on further study of the porous media combustion with a reciprocal flow.
1.研究往复式热循环(渐变)多孔介质燃烧系统的流动特性,主要包括压力波动和阻力损失特性。详细分析了各主要参数的影响,发现系统两侧压力,各段阻力损失呈周期性拟矩形波变化,具有明显的周期互换性;系统稳定运行存在最小换向稳定时间,随气体流量(空截面风速)增大变长,受多孔介质孔径影响较小。压力波动与阻力损失随二次风比增大而增大,二次风比不宜大于0.5;随空截面流速增加而增加,大体呈抛物线关系;渐变型组合结构有利于降低流动阻力损失和压力波动;得到燃烧器和蓄热器内阻力损失经验关联式系数。在此基础上,考察了高温空气模拟气流产生的可行性与产生量的影响因素,指出一次风量增加有利于高温空气模拟气流产生,二次风比大于等于1时,模拟气流产生可行,值越大,可行性越好;多孔介质孔径对高温空气模拟气流产生和产生量影响较小,渐变型结构组合有利于分流比增大。从分流比角度,高温空气模拟气流受一次风量影响较小,二次风比增大逐渐减小。
2.研究往复式热循环(渐变)多孔介质燃烧系统的燃烧特性与动态特性。详细分析低热值稀薄气体燃烧时,换向半周期,当量比,二次风比工况参数对系统温度分布,污染物排放,及燃烧效率的影响。揭示了系统各点温度、污染物产生过程的周期性动态演变过程;指出系统温度关于中心位置对称分布,呈“M”型,距离火焰位置越近,温度波动幅值越大。指出半周期较小时,系统容易出现“双温度峰值”,随半周期增大,燃烧侧的燃烧温度峰值先增大后降低,最高温度出现在40s左右;随当量比增大,系统温度整体水平升高,燃烧火焰向上游传播;随二次风比增大,燃烧侧的燃烧温度峰值先增大后降低;燃烧火焰向上游传播,温度峰值位置向上游移动。CO浓度基本在100ppm以下,NO浓度小于20ppm,并从定性方面与Hoffmann和Fabinao等人的试验结果进行对比;系统燃烧效率非常高,基本保持在99%左右,验证系统高效清洁燃烧低热值稀薄气体燃料可行性。
3.针对往复式热循环(渐变)多孔介质燃烧系统,建立了往复式热循环多孔介质燃烧系统的一维非稳态“双温度”模型。在分析点火位置对系统燃烧稳定演变过程,以及燃烧稳定时温度分布影响的基础上,并通过相应工况下的试验结果对数值模拟结果进行验证;通过研究往复式热循环多孔介质燃烧系统温度分布特性发现,各换向半周期,燃气热值(当量比),二次风比,以及雷诺数对系统温度分布和燃烧火焰位置的影响规律与试验分析结果规律相吻合,给出系统理论贫燃极限φ=0.125,燃气热值为300KJ/Nm~3;通过分析超焓燃烧特性发现,相对超焓量,随换向半周期增大先逐渐增加后逐渐下降,影响相对较小:随燃气热值增大逐渐迅速降低,呈现出双曲线变化关系,是主要影响因素;随二次风比增加,在α=0.2较高,随后逐渐降低,影响相对较小;燃烧效率与试验结果相吻合,验证了模型有效性和准确性,对系统的优化设计和性能提高具有重要的指导意义。
4.研究空隙率分段分布,渐变分布,及空隙率渐变分布下半周期,无量纲热值,雷诺数等工况参数对传统往复多孔介质燃烧器温度分布与“超焓燃烧”特性的影响。在前面研究基础上,建立非稳态气固“双温度”模型,采用无量纲形式,首次分析了点火燃烧稳定演变过程,及周期间动态变化特性,并与热循环燃烧系统动态变化特性进行对照,揭示了周期性换向燃烧的动态演变过程。指出在燃烧区有热损失时,燃烧器内的温度分布随着各工况参数的变化基本上都是由倒“V型”向“M型”演变;无热量损失时,温度分布由倒“V型”向“梯形”演变,燃烧区域相应的逐渐拓宽;指出空隙率渐变分布时,贫燃极限可拓宽到当量比为0.125(H_0=0.8),无热量损失时为0.02(H_0=0.12):分析了各工况参数对往复多孔介质燃烧器的相对超焓量,燃烧效率,及燃烧火焰位置等“超焓燃烧”特性的影响,指出“超焓燃烧”受燃气热值(当量比)影响最大,随热值增大(当量比)逐渐降低,存在两个燃烧火焰区,燃烧效率非常高,保持在99%左右。
论文研究工作表明,利用新型往复式热循环(渐变)多孔介质燃烧系统实现低热值稀薄气体燃料高效清洁利用完全可行;在现有试验条件下可实现φ=0.2预混燃气的稳定燃烧,对应燃气热值为620KJ/Nm~3,数值模拟确定理论贫燃极限φ=0.125,燃气热值为300KJ/Nm~3;燃烧器内采用空隙率分段分布、渐变分布时的燃烧特性优于均匀分布,贫燃极限进一步拓宽。研究结果对进一步研究往复式流动下多孔介质燃烧技术提供重要理论依据。
With increasing of the energy consumption and environmental protection, it is significantly important to make the utilization of fuel gases effectively and cleanly, especially for the low heat valve fuel gases. With the support of the National High-tech Research and Development Program (863, 2006AA05Z223) and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Y506071), based on the principle of porous media combustion, a systematic research on a novel reciprocal porous media combustion system with heat recirculation (RPMCSHR) was investigated by the methods of experiment and numerical simulation for the combustion of low heat value fuel gases effectively and cleanly.
Firstly, the characteristic of pressure dynamic, flow resistance in the RPMCSHR was studied experimentally. The effects of reciprocating half-period, superficial velocities, secondary air ratio and porous medium structure on the pressure dynamic distribution were investigated in detail. The results showed that the flow resistance and dynamic pressure varied periodically with rectangle waves when the system operated steadily and periodically. A minimum reciprocating half-period is needed to help the system operation steadily, which is more influenced by superficial velocities than porous media diameter. The results also found the ratio of secondary air and superficial velocity have strong influence on the flow resistance, pressure dynamic, while the half-period and pore size of porous media have relative small effects. The pressure dynamic and flow resistance increase rapidly with increase of the secondary air ratio and superficial velocities. Application of a gradually-varied porous media structure is good to decrease the pressure drop, and pressure dynamic of the system. Empirical correlation coefficients were given based on Ergun equation and test data for different combination of porous media.
In addition, the influence of primary air, secondary air ratio, and porous media structure on the producing characteristics of the simulating high temperature air was investigated in detail. Results showed the simulating flow of high temperature air can be obtained when the secondary air ratio is no less than 1. The increase in primary air and secondary air ratio will conduce to the producing of simulating high temperature air, and increase the absolute amount of simulating high temperature air. However, the split ratio is little influenced by primary air, and decreases with increasing of the secondary air ratio. It was also found the gradually-varied porous media in the combustor is the better structure on increasing the split ratio than the other structure combinations.
Secondly, the temperature profiles and emission characteristics of the system at one period and between periods were firstly experimentally investigated. The results show the temperature of any position in the system and emissions varied periodically while the system operated steadily and periodically, which indicates the dynamic process of switching flow combustion. Two temperature peak zones exist in the system, and the temperature distribution in the system has an "M" shape. The nearer to the combustion flame, the larger temperature dynamic is. For the low heat valve gases combustion, the effects of half periods, secondary air ration, and equivalent ratio on the temperature profiles, NO and CO emissions were also experimentally tested and discussed. Two temperature peaks come forth easily at small half period. The temperature in combustion zone firstly increases, and then decreases with increase of half periods and secondary air ratio, and increase with increase equivalent ratio. The flame is gradually propagated to the upstream of the combustor with the increase of secondary air ratio and equivalent ratio. Along with highly perfect combustion efficiency, Low emission levels were obtained and well compared with the experimental results of Hoffmann and Fabinao. The CO emission is mostly below 100ppm, and NO emission is below 20ppm. This sufficiently proves the feasibility of low heat valve gases combustion in the system.
Thirdly, based on the former research, a dynamic "two temperature" model was founded according to the symmetrical structure and flowing periodically of the RPMCSHR. The ignition location has small influence on the temperature, flame location, and maximum temperature when the combustion come to steady. The simulation results were well agreement with the corresponding experimental results. According to the experimental range of RPMCSHR, the effect of half-period, dimensionless heat valve, and Reynolds on the temperature distribution and "excess enthalpy" were further investigated in detail. The simulation conclusions were also compared by the corresponding experimental results, and a good agreement was obtained.The theoretical flammable limit is also obtained by the model with a equivalence ratio ofφ=0.125 (fuel heat value of 300KJ/Nm3 ) The relative value of excess enthalpy was mostly influenced by fuel gas heat value with a relation of hyperbolic curve. The combustion efficiency of simulation well agrees with the experimental results. The effective of the model was conformed, which will further provide a good reference to the optimization and improvement of the system.
Forthly, directed against the conventional reciprocal porous media combustion (RSCP), the unsteady "two temperature model" was also founded to investigate the influence of porosity layer distributions and gradually varied distributions on the combustion characteristics. The ignition stabilization of the process in (RSCP) was firstly analyzed by the method of finite volume methods with dimensionless form, in addition to the dynamic characteristics between periods, and compared with the experimental results of the dynamic characteristic in RPMCSHR. The principle of producing the "excess enthalpy combustion" was explained by analyzing the temperature between the "solid and gases". The results showed that when the operating parametric varies, the temperature distribution in the combustor varies from the reversal "V" to "M" under the condition of heat loss in combustion area, or varies from the reversal "V" to trapezium without the heat loss. When the temperature becomes the reverse "V", the system is at the limitation of combustion. Application of a gradually-varied porous media structure is good to further extend the lean combustion limit. It can be obtained withφ=0.125 under the condition of heat loss, orφ= 0.02 without heat loss. In the end, the effects of parameters on the relative excess enthalpy, combustion efficiency, and combustion flame distance were also analyzed. The relative value of excess enthalpy is gradually decreasing with increase of the fuel gas heat value- a major factor, and the high combustion efficiency is obtained.
It is obviously that the combustion of low heat value gas in the novel RPMCSHR is completely feasible with a high efficiency and low emission. Under the existing experimental condition, the steady combustion can be extended to an equivalence ratio of 0.2, corresponding to the heat value of 620KJ/Nm~3. the theoretical lean flammable limit with an equivalence ratio of 0.125 is also obtained by the numerical simulation. The influence of porosity layers and gradually varied distribution on combustion characteristics is better than the uniform distribution, and the lean flammable limit is further extended. The paper results will provide a good reference on further study of the porous media combustion with a reciprocal flow.
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