煤的部分气化及半焦燃烧系统集成研究
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摘要
煤炭是我国的主要一次能源,目前大部分通过燃烧的单一方式加以利用。煤的分级转化技术是根据煤在不同阶段反应特性不同的特点,从分级利用的角度提高煤炭资源的利用率,不仅技术简单可行,投资较低,而且有效解决了所面临的资源与环境问题。
本文在对国内外主要的部分气化及半焦燃烧技术进行了评述基础上,提出了煤部分气化和燃烧的的多联产技术。
为了深入了解煤在不同阶段的不同反应特点,在热天平试验台上进行了煤的热解、气化、燃烧的动力学试验研究,分析了各物理因素对热解、气化、燃烧过程的影响,研究表明:相比热解和燃烧,气化反应发生的相对速率较低,发生的条件需要高温和长停留时间;随着升温速率的增加,煤热解和气化反应速率加快;煤灰对气化的影响较大,随着灰/煤比的增加,反应速率先增加后减小,这说明存在一个最佳的煤/灰比。
为了研究运行条件对煤气化和半焦特性的影响,建立了煤燃烧气化多功能试验装置,并进行了不同煤种、不同粒径、不同气氛下的煤的热解气化试验,得出了各运行条件对气化过程的影响,并研究了运行条件对半焦孔隙特性的影响。试验表明:煤热解过程中,随着密相区温度的升高,煤气中H_2、CO、CO_2、CH_4的含量升高,而在研究煤的空气/水蒸汽部分气化时,增加风煤比,煤气产量增加,增加汽煤比,煤气质量显著改善;采用空气/氧气/水蒸汽进行气化时,煤气的质量又有了以进一步的提高。在此基础上,在多功能试验台上进行了半焦的燃烧特性试验,研究发现:部分气化半焦可以在流化床内稳定的燃烧,其污染物排放量很小。
为了验证煤部分气化及半焦燃烧技术的工艺可行性,建立了1MW煤热电气多联产试验装置,并进行空气部分气化及半焦燃烧和再循环煤气热解及半焦燃烧两种方案试验,试验研究显示:空气部分气化及半焦燃烧方案得到的煤气热值较低,气化炉的床温较高,碳转化率随温度的升高而增大。再循环煤气热解及半焦燃烧方案虽然生产的煤气热值较高,但气化炉内碳转化率较低,煤气产率较低。
在总结前人建立的流化床燃烧、气化模型的基础上,结合试验研究结果,建立了煤部分热解气化及半焦燃烧系统的数学模型。模型主要考虑了流化床流体动力学特性模型、煤热解气化模型、分离器模型、煤焦的磨损扬析模型、流化床换热模型以及气化炉、燃烧炉之间的物质平衡和能量平衡关系。并利用模型对1MW多联产试验台上进行试验工况的模拟计算与对比,分析显示该模型计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,该模型可以为煤部分气化和半焦燃烧工艺设计提供依据。
Coal is the primary energy source of China,Most of the coal consumed is usually used through a single combustion way. Coal staged conversion improve utilization ratio of coal source from staged utilization according to different reaction properties in different reaction stage,not only this technology is easy and feasible,the investment is low,but also it may solves source and energy problem effectively.
A review on coal partial gasification technology and semickoe combustion technology for domestic and oversea is proceeded . On basis of this, a coal partial gasification and combustion multi-generation technology was put forward.
In order to deeply know the different reaction properties in different reaction stage and analyze the effect on gasification and combustion for the physical factor, the kinetics experiment was carried out on coal pyrolysis,gasification,combustion and semicoke combustion with TGA. Research show that: reaction rate on gasification is low and high temperature and long residence time was needed for gasification reaction occurrence compared with combustion and pyrolysis ; Reaction rate for coal gasification and pyrolysis is accelerated with increase of heating rate; gasification reaction is affected deeply by ratio of coal to ash, Reaction rate firstly increases and then decreases with the increase on ratio of coal to ash, experiment show optimum ratio of coal to ash is existing.
In order to make further research the effects for opration condition on coal gasification and semicoke character, a multifunctioanal test device for coal combustion and gasification was set up. A lot of experiment was conducted on it. Experiment on coal pyrolysis and gasification with different coal type, coal size and atmosphere has been made on it. emicoke character was analysed by nitrogen adsorption instrument. Experiment show that content of H_2、CO、CO_2、CH_4 increase with dense phase temperature increases in process of coal pyrolysis. Output of coal gas increases with ratio of gas to coal increased and gas quality was improved with ratio of steam to coal increased in process of coal parical gasification in atmosphere of air and steam. Gas quality was further increased in atmosphere of air/steam/oxygen. On basis of it, Experiment about semicoke combustion was conducted on the multifunctional test device.Research shows that semicoke of partial gasification can be stably burned and emission of pollutants was less.
In order to verify feasibility of the technology of coal partial gasification and semicoke combustion, a 1MW pilot plant facility has been erected. A lot of experiments on coal partical gasification with air and semicoke combustion, recycle gas pyrolysis and semicoke combustion has been made on the 1MW pilot paint test facility. With air as gasification agent, system can produce low heating value gas,temperature is high and carbon conversion efficiendy increases with the bed temperature in the gasifier. With recycle gas as gasification agent, the system can produce high heating value gas, but carbon conversion efficiency is low and gas yield is low.
On basis of summary on model about combustion and gasification in fluidized bed established by previous researchers, a mathmatic model on coal partial pyrolysis and gasification system was estebliashed according to result of experiment. The model include model for fluid dynamics in fluidized bed, model for coal pyrolysis and gasification, model for cyclone, model for partical attrition and elutriation, model for heat transfer in CFB, mass balance and energy balance about combustion furnace and gasifier. Simulation calculation for experiment condition on 1MW multi-generation pilot plant was proceeded. The result shows that experiment result and model calculation is coincidence primarily.
本文在对国内外主要的部分气化及半焦燃烧技术进行了评述基础上,提出了煤部分气化和燃烧的的多联产技术。
为了深入了解煤在不同阶段的不同反应特点,在热天平试验台上进行了煤的热解、气化、燃烧的动力学试验研究,分析了各物理因素对热解、气化、燃烧过程的影响,研究表明:相比热解和燃烧,气化反应发生的相对速率较低,发生的条件需要高温和长停留时间;随着升温速率的增加,煤热解和气化反应速率加快;煤灰对气化的影响较大,随着灰/煤比的增加,反应速率先增加后减小,这说明存在一个最佳的煤/灰比。
为了研究运行条件对煤气化和半焦特性的影响,建立了煤燃烧气化多功能试验装置,并进行了不同煤种、不同粒径、不同气氛下的煤的热解气化试验,得出了各运行条件对气化过程的影响,并研究了运行条件对半焦孔隙特性的影响。试验表明:煤热解过程中,随着密相区温度的升高,煤气中H_2、CO、CO_2、CH_4的含量升高,而在研究煤的空气/水蒸汽部分气化时,增加风煤比,煤气产量增加,增加汽煤比,煤气质量显著改善;采用空气/氧气/水蒸汽进行气化时,煤气的质量又有了以进一步的提高。在此基础上,在多功能试验台上进行了半焦的燃烧特性试验,研究发现:部分气化半焦可以在流化床内稳定的燃烧,其污染物排放量很小。
为了验证煤部分气化及半焦燃烧技术的工艺可行性,建立了1MW煤热电气多联产试验装置,并进行空气部分气化及半焦燃烧和再循环煤气热解及半焦燃烧两种方案试验,试验研究显示:空气部分气化及半焦燃烧方案得到的煤气热值较低,气化炉的床温较高,碳转化率随温度的升高而增大。再循环煤气热解及半焦燃烧方案虽然生产的煤气热值较高,但气化炉内碳转化率较低,煤气产率较低。
在总结前人建立的流化床燃烧、气化模型的基础上,结合试验研究结果,建立了煤部分热解气化及半焦燃烧系统的数学模型。模型主要考虑了流化床流体动力学特性模型、煤热解气化模型、分离器模型、煤焦的磨损扬析模型、流化床换热模型以及气化炉、燃烧炉之间的物质平衡和能量平衡关系。并利用模型对1MW多联产试验台上进行试验工况的模拟计算与对比,分析显示该模型计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,该模型可以为煤部分气化和半焦燃烧工艺设计提供依据。
Coal is the primary energy source of China,Most of the coal consumed is usually used through a single combustion way. Coal staged conversion improve utilization ratio of coal source from staged utilization according to different reaction properties in different reaction stage,not only this technology is easy and feasible,the investment is low,but also it may solves source and energy problem effectively.
A review on coal partial gasification technology and semickoe combustion technology for domestic and oversea is proceeded . On basis of this, a coal partial gasification and combustion multi-generation technology was put forward.
In order to deeply know the different reaction properties in different reaction stage and analyze the effect on gasification and combustion for the physical factor, the kinetics experiment was carried out on coal pyrolysis,gasification,combustion and semicoke combustion with TGA. Research show that: reaction rate on gasification is low and high temperature and long residence time was needed for gasification reaction occurrence compared with combustion and pyrolysis ; Reaction rate for coal gasification and pyrolysis is accelerated with increase of heating rate; gasification reaction is affected deeply by ratio of coal to ash, Reaction rate firstly increases and then decreases with the increase on ratio of coal to ash, experiment show optimum ratio of coal to ash is existing.
In order to make further research the effects for opration condition on coal gasification and semicoke character, a multifunctioanal test device for coal combustion and gasification was set up. A lot of experiment was conducted on it. Experiment on coal pyrolysis and gasification with different coal type, coal size and atmosphere has been made on it. emicoke character was analysed by nitrogen adsorption instrument. Experiment show that content of H_2、CO、CO_2、CH_4 increase with dense phase temperature increases in process of coal pyrolysis. Output of coal gas increases with ratio of gas to coal increased and gas quality was improved with ratio of steam to coal increased in process of coal parical gasification in atmosphere of air and steam. Gas quality was further increased in atmosphere of air/steam/oxygen. On basis of it, Experiment about semicoke combustion was conducted on the multifunctional test device.Research shows that semicoke of partial gasification can be stably burned and emission of pollutants was less.
In order to verify feasibility of the technology of coal partial gasification and semicoke combustion, a 1MW pilot plant facility has been erected. A lot of experiments on coal partical gasification with air and semicoke combustion, recycle gas pyrolysis and semicoke combustion has been made on the 1MW pilot paint test facility. With air as gasification agent, system can produce low heating value gas,temperature is high and carbon conversion efficiendy increases with the bed temperature in the gasifier. With recycle gas as gasification agent, the system can produce high heating value gas, but carbon conversion efficiency is low and gas yield is low.
On basis of summary on model about combustion and gasification in fluidized bed established by previous researchers, a mathmatic model on coal partial pyrolysis and gasification system was estebliashed according to result of experiment. The model include model for fluid dynamics in fluidized bed, model for coal pyrolysis and gasification, model for cyclone, model for partical attrition and elutriation, model for heat transfer in CFB, mass balance and energy balance about combustion furnace and gasifier. Simulation calculation for experiment condition on 1MW multi-generation pilot plant was proceeded. The result shows that experiment result and model calculation is coincidence primarily.
引文
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