现代柴油机全气缸取样系统开发及缸内微粒理化特性研究
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摘要
随世界柴油机保有量的持续增加,其排放微粒对环境和人类健康的危害日益严重,因此,研究柴油机微粒的生成机理及控制技术具有重大的现实意义。本文在CY6102直喷柴油机上,开发了一套可实现模拟增压中冷、EGR和高压共轨燃油喷射先进柴油机技术的全气缸取样系统,并利用该系统对燃烧过程中微粒的理化特性进行了研究,对碳烟形成历程进行了初步数值模拟。论文具体研究工作如下:
1.开发了柴油机全气缸取样装置,主要包括取样机构、稀释系统和气门停开机构;着重进行了筒刀总成、取样口的设计和对摇臂轴的改造。
2.充分利用计算机的软硬件资源,设计开发了以中断技术为核心的电控单元(ECU),并采用先进的模糊控制策略设计了共轨压力模糊闭环控制算法,使该系统不仅可以实现喷油量、喷油定时以及取样时刻、气门关闭时刻、稀释时刻的灵活可靠控制,而且能够实现共轨压力的柔性调节。
3.采用电子低压冲击仪(ELPI),测量燃烧过程中微粒的粒数、粒径分布规律。测量结果表明,微粒粒数浓度随曲轴转角呈单峰状分布,峰值出现在14~18°CA ATDC,燃烧后期约70%以上的微粒(粒数浓度)被氧化燃烧。微粒粒数、粒径呈类似对数正态分布,频度最大值出现在100~200nm之间。
4.运用场发射透射电镜和图像处理技术,考察了微粒的形态特性、基本碳粒子的微观结构和粒径分布规律。研究结果发现,(1)微粒呈现两种形态,一种是由基本碳粒子凝结而成的典型微粒,另一种是富含金属和非金属元素的无定形微粒,其中金属元素主要来源于润滑机油,贯穿整个燃烧过程,且独立存在;另外,典型微粒具有分形结构特性,分维数介于1.2~1.74之间,且在扩散燃烧初期有降低的趋势。(2)在柴油机高温高压的燃烧过程中,基本碳粒子逐渐向石墨化过渡,最终形成洋葱状的微晶结构,其层数逐渐增多,层间距逐渐减小(0.39nm减小到0.36nm);(3)基本碳粒子粒径呈高斯分布,最大值出现在15~30nm之间;平均粒径介于19.7~29.7nm之间,且在12~15°CA ATDC出现最大值。
5.将燃烧过程中微粒及其中的可溶有机成分(SOF)进行测量与分离,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对SOF中的多环芳香烃进行检测分析。结果表明,(1)SOF质量随燃烧时刻的不同而有较大的变化。在燃烧初期,SOF占微粒的80%以上,随着燃烧的进程,SOF含量降低到20%左右。(2)多环芳香烃的总质量随曲轴转角的变化规律与碳烟质量浓度随曲轴转角的变化规律一致。另外,提高共轨压力和发动机转速,PAHs的质量降低。
6.采用通用STAR-CD软件,建立了碳烟计算模型,并与实验结果进行对比分析。碳烟质量形成历程的模拟结果与实测值的变化趋势基本一致。
With the increase of diesel engines in the world, the pollution of particulate emissions from diesel engines, which are harmful to the atmosphere environment and human health, is getting more and more serious. Therefore, it has a great practical significance to study the formation mechanism of the modern diesel particulates and then work out the control techniques for them. In this paper, a total cylinder sampling system was developed on the model CY6102 DI diesel engine with some advanced functions, such as simulating intercooling, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), high pressure common rail (CR) and so on. The physicochemical characteristics of in-cylinder particulates were investigated using this sampling system, and three-dimensional numerical simulation was adopted to shed light on the soot formation histories. The main contents of the dissertation are as follows:
1. The total cylinder dumpling equipment was developed, which mainly contained dumping mechanism, valves deactivator and sampling dilution system. During the development, the emphases were given on the design of cutter assembly, dumping port in the engine head and rebuilding of rocker arm shaft.
2. Based on the PC resources of hardware and software, the electronic control unit (ECU) was designed using the interruption technology. The closed loop control of common rail pressure was accomplished by fuzzy control strategy. This control system could not only assure the injection duration and the timing of fuel injection, sample dumping, valve closed and dilution to be controlled accurately, but also make injection pressure controlled intelligently. And the control for all the parameters was flexible and reliable.
3. The number and size distributions of in-cylinder particulate were investigated by the Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) detection method. The experimental results indicated that the particulate number concentration showed unimodal distribution with the crank angle (°CA), and the peak point lied at about 14~18°CA ATDC. The particulate was oxidized by above 70% in the late combustion phase. During the combustion process, the particulate number size distribution was lognormal analogously in form with the particulate diameter, and the maximum value was lied at about 100~200nm aerodynamics diameter.
4. The investigation on the morphology, microstructure and size distribution of primary carbon particle in-cylinder particulates were conducted on a field emission gun transmission electron microscopy (FEG TEM), and the results were analyzed by the image technology. The main study results obtained are as followed:
The in-cylinder particulates present two morphologies: One is representative particulate which formed through agglomeration of small sphere-like primary carbon particles during combustion process. The other is amorphous particulate which contained abundant metal elements mainly originating from lubricant and nonmetal element, and these particulate had absolute structure and existed cross the whole combustion process. The representative particles were aggregated in the form of fractal-like geometry. The fractal dimension was in a range of 1.2~1.74, and it declined at the early diffusive combustion period.
The primary particles translated to graphite gradually and formed crystallitic onion-shell carbon finally during the combustion process of diesel engine. The crystal plane spacing composed of graphite crystallites was decreased from 0.39nm to 0.36nm, and the crystal layer number was increased with the burning process.
It was also found that the size distribution of primary particles was Gauss distribution and the maximum value was lied at about 15~30nm particle diameter. The average diameter was measured in a range of 19.7~29.7nm, and the peak value present at 12~15°CA ATDC.
5. The soluble organic fraction (SOF) was extracted from the particulates, and its mass in particulates was measured. Meanwhile, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in SOF were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analytical results showed that the SOF mass changed much with the crank angle. In particular, at the initial combustion stage, the proportion could be over 80%, and it decreased in the combustion process, the minimum value was about 20%. The distribution curve of the total PAH mass with the sampling crank angle was in accord with that of the dry soot mass concentration. It was also found that whichever of fuel injection pressure or the engine speed increased could result in the loss of PAH mass.
6. A numerical simulation model was established by Star-CD software, and comparison was carried out between the simulation calculation and the data obtained from the total cylinder sampling experiments. The result showed that the simulation calculation of soot formation histories was consistent with the experiment data.
1.开发了柴油机全气缸取样装置,主要包括取样机构、稀释系统和气门停开机构;着重进行了筒刀总成、取样口的设计和对摇臂轴的改造。
2.充分利用计算机的软硬件资源,设计开发了以中断技术为核心的电控单元(ECU),并采用先进的模糊控制策略设计了共轨压力模糊闭环控制算法,使该系统不仅可以实现喷油量、喷油定时以及取样时刻、气门关闭时刻、稀释时刻的灵活可靠控制,而且能够实现共轨压力的柔性调节。
3.采用电子低压冲击仪(ELPI),测量燃烧过程中微粒的粒数、粒径分布规律。测量结果表明,微粒粒数浓度随曲轴转角呈单峰状分布,峰值出现在14~18°CA ATDC,燃烧后期约70%以上的微粒(粒数浓度)被氧化燃烧。微粒粒数、粒径呈类似对数正态分布,频度最大值出现在100~200nm之间。
4.运用场发射透射电镜和图像处理技术,考察了微粒的形态特性、基本碳粒子的微观结构和粒径分布规律。研究结果发现,(1)微粒呈现两种形态,一种是由基本碳粒子凝结而成的典型微粒,另一种是富含金属和非金属元素的无定形微粒,其中金属元素主要来源于润滑机油,贯穿整个燃烧过程,且独立存在;另外,典型微粒具有分形结构特性,分维数介于1.2~1.74之间,且在扩散燃烧初期有降低的趋势。(2)在柴油机高温高压的燃烧过程中,基本碳粒子逐渐向石墨化过渡,最终形成洋葱状的微晶结构,其层数逐渐增多,层间距逐渐减小(0.39nm减小到0.36nm);(3)基本碳粒子粒径呈高斯分布,最大值出现在15~30nm之间;平均粒径介于19.7~29.7nm之间,且在12~15°CA ATDC出现最大值。
5.将燃烧过程中微粒及其中的可溶有机成分(SOF)进行测量与分离,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对SOF中的多环芳香烃进行检测分析。结果表明,(1)SOF质量随燃烧时刻的不同而有较大的变化。在燃烧初期,SOF占微粒的80%以上,随着燃烧的进程,SOF含量降低到20%左右。(2)多环芳香烃的总质量随曲轴转角的变化规律与碳烟质量浓度随曲轴转角的变化规律一致。另外,提高共轨压力和发动机转速,PAHs的质量降低。
6.采用通用STAR-CD软件,建立了碳烟计算模型,并与实验结果进行对比分析。碳烟质量形成历程的模拟结果与实测值的变化趋势基本一致。
With the increase of diesel engines in the world, the pollution of particulate emissions from diesel engines, which are harmful to the atmosphere environment and human health, is getting more and more serious. Therefore, it has a great practical significance to study the formation mechanism of the modern diesel particulates and then work out the control techniques for them. In this paper, a total cylinder sampling system was developed on the model CY6102 DI diesel engine with some advanced functions, such as simulating intercooling, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), high pressure common rail (CR) and so on. The physicochemical characteristics of in-cylinder particulates were investigated using this sampling system, and three-dimensional numerical simulation was adopted to shed light on the soot formation histories. The main contents of the dissertation are as follows:
1. The total cylinder dumpling equipment was developed, which mainly contained dumping mechanism, valves deactivator and sampling dilution system. During the development, the emphases were given on the design of cutter assembly, dumping port in the engine head and rebuilding of rocker arm shaft.
2. Based on the PC resources of hardware and software, the electronic control unit (ECU) was designed using the interruption technology. The closed loop control of common rail pressure was accomplished by fuzzy control strategy. This control system could not only assure the injection duration and the timing of fuel injection, sample dumping, valve closed and dilution to be controlled accurately, but also make injection pressure controlled intelligently. And the control for all the parameters was flexible and reliable.
3. The number and size distributions of in-cylinder particulate were investigated by the Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) detection method. The experimental results indicated that the particulate number concentration showed unimodal distribution with the crank angle (°CA), and the peak point lied at about 14~18°CA ATDC. The particulate was oxidized by above 70% in the late combustion phase. During the combustion process, the particulate number size distribution was lognormal analogously in form with the particulate diameter, and the maximum value was lied at about 100~200nm aerodynamics diameter.
4. The investigation on the morphology, microstructure and size distribution of primary carbon particle in-cylinder particulates were conducted on a field emission gun transmission electron microscopy (FEG TEM), and the results were analyzed by the image technology. The main study results obtained are as followed:
The in-cylinder particulates present two morphologies: One is representative particulate which formed through agglomeration of small sphere-like primary carbon particles during combustion process. The other is amorphous particulate which contained abundant metal elements mainly originating from lubricant and nonmetal element, and these particulate had absolute structure and existed cross the whole combustion process. The representative particles were aggregated in the form of fractal-like geometry. The fractal dimension was in a range of 1.2~1.74, and it declined at the early diffusive combustion period.
The primary particles translated to graphite gradually and formed crystallitic onion-shell carbon finally during the combustion process of diesel engine. The crystal plane spacing composed of graphite crystallites was decreased from 0.39nm to 0.36nm, and the crystal layer number was increased with the burning process.
It was also found that the size distribution of primary particles was Gauss distribution and the maximum value was lied at about 15~30nm particle diameter. The average diameter was measured in a range of 19.7~29.7nm, and the peak value present at 12~15°CA ATDC.
5. The soluble organic fraction (SOF) was extracted from the particulates, and its mass in particulates was measured. Meanwhile, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in SOF were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analytical results showed that the SOF mass changed much with the crank angle. In particular, at the initial combustion stage, the proportion could be over 80%, and it decreased in the combustion process, the minimum value was about 20%. The distribution curve of the total PAH mass with the sampling crank angle was in accord with that of the dry soot mass concentration. It was also found that whichever of fuel injection pressure or the engine speed increased could result in the loss of PAH mass.
6. A numerical simulation model was established by Star-CD software, and comparison was carried out between the simulation calculation and the data obtained from the total cylinder sampling experiments. The result showed that the simulation calculation of soot formation histories was consistent with the experiment data.
引文
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