催化裂化汽油光催化氧化脱硫研究
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摘要
随着全球范围环境意识的日益增强,世界各国对燃料油品中的硫含量提出了更严格的要求。光催化氧化以其具有成本低、反应条件温和、脱硫效果好等优点成为较有潜力的深度脱硫方法。目前国内外在以H_2O_2为氧化剂脱硫方面开展的研究工作较多,而以氧气为氧化剂脱硫的研究鲜见报道。本文利用氧气为氧化剂,考察了在加入吸附剂、光催化剂以及光敏剂等条件下催化裂化汽油的脱硫情况,研究了氧化脱硫机理,建立了动力学方程。
将噻吩溶于正辛烷配成模型汽油,以水为萃取剂,以空气中氧气为氧化剂,在紫外光照射下噻吩可以发生氧化脱硫,其氧化产物有砜、草酸、CO_2、SO4_2-等。加入具有适当孔径的高比表面积材料分子筛作为氧气吸附剂可以使脱硫率由58.9%提高到9_2.3%。
通过溶胶-凝胶法合成纳米TiO_2,并将其作为光催化剂应用于油品脱硫中。采用微分法拟合确定纳米TiO_2光催化氧化噻吩为表观一级动力学反应,初始浓度为800μL·L-1的模型汽油的脱硫率可以达到96.0% ,动力学方程为ln(C0/Ct)=0.6405t+0.3441。
以三氟乙酸和硝酸锌为掺杂剂制备了F、Zn共掺杂的TiO_2,确定了适宜的掺杂量为n(F)/n(TiO_2)=_2%,n(Zn)/n(TiO_2)=3%,探讨了掺杂后比表面积、粒径及光催化活性的变化。XPS、EDS、XRD、BET、FT-IR等测试表明,F、Zn已经掺杂进去。利用F/Zn/TiO_2为光催化剂时噻吩脱硫率可以提高到99.2%,半衰期由1.08h缩短到0.95h。
为了提高油相中光催化剂的分散量,利用非离子表面活性剂在乙醇溶剂中对TiO_2进行表面亲油改性。TEM表明改性后样品分散性较好。亲油性TiO_2光催化氧化催化裂化汽油可使其硫含量由550μg·g-1降低到10μg·g-1以下。
为提高光量子效率,在反应体系中加入核黄素作为光敏剂,发现核黄素光敏氧化噻吩为单重态氧机理。核黄素与TiO_2具有协同效应,光催化氧化噻吩脱硫率可以提高到99.1%。
Along with more attention being paid to environment protection worldwide, most countries have made laws or regulations to restrict the sulfur content in fuel oil with a more rigorous standard. Photochemical oxidation is a new technology to degrade sulfur-containing compounds in oil, and has received much attention as a new technology for deep desulfurization of light oil in recent years because of its advantage such as low cost, mild reaction condition and high desulphurization effect. In previous, people have mostly researched desulfurization of fuel oil phtooxidized by H_2O_2. In the paper, photocatalytic oxidation desulfurization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline and thiophene as its model sulfur-containing compound phtooxidized by O_2 was investigated, mechanisms of photooxidation of thiophene by O_2 were speculated, and kinetics equations were also established.
Thiophene was dissolved in n-octane to form model gasoline and mixed vigorously with water. The combined solution was UV irradiated by a high-pressure mercury lamp. During photoirradiation, air was introduced by a gas pump to dissolve O_2 as oxidant. By this method, Thiophene dissolved in n-octane was photodecomposed and removed into the water phase at ambient temperature and atmosphere pressure. Thiophene was photooxidized to sulfone and ethanedioic acid、SO4_2- and CO_2. Desulfurization yield was improved by adding zeolite with high specific surface area and suitable pore size as sorbent for O_2 from 58.9% to 9_2.3%.
Nano-TiO_2 was prepared by sol-gel method and used as photocatalyst in desulfurization of FCC gasoline. The results showed that the photooxidation kinetics of thiophene with TiO_2 as photocatalyst was the first-order by differential method. Desulfurization yield of model gasoline which initial sulfur content was 800μL·L-1 reached 96.0% and the kinetic equation was ln(C0/Ct)=0.6405t+0.3441.
Nano-F-/Zn_2+/TiO_2 particles were prepared via the sol-gel reaction of Ti(i-OC4H9)4 in an aqueous solution of CF3COOH and Zn(NO3)_2 and the appropriate doping content were n(F)/n(TiO_2)=_2%, n(Zn)/n(TiO_2)=3%. Specific surface area, crystal size and photocatalytic activities of F-/Zn2+/TiO_2 were investigated. The powders were characterized by energy dispersion X-ray spectrum (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and brunauer–emmett–teller (BET). The results showed that F- and Zn2+ were doped into TiO_2. Desulfurization yield of thiophene was improved from 96.0% to 99.2% using F-/Zn2+/TiO_2 as photocatalyst and half-time was shortened from 1.08h to 0.95h.
To disperse TiO_2 in the oil phase, nano-TiO_2 was modified by Span60 and Span40 which were non ionic surfactant in ethanol. The result obtained by FT-IR and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that there were Span60 or Span40 on the surface of TiO_2 nanoparticles and the degree of aggregation of nano-particles has been improved effectively. And sulfur content of FCC gasoline was decreased from 550μg·g-1 to 10μg·g-1.
Riboflavin was added into the reaction system to improve light quantum efficiency as a kind of photosensitizer. And the photooxidation of thiophene sensitized by riboflavin was conducted by singlet state oxygen. It was founded that riboflavin and nano-TiO_2 showed combined catalytic effects and desulfurization yield of thiophene reached 99.1%.
将噻吩溶于正辛烷配成模型汽油,以水为萃取剂,以空气中氧气为氧化剂,在紫外光照射下噻吩可以发生氧化脱硫,其氧化产物有砜、草酸、CO_2、SO4_2-等。加入具有适当孔径的高比表面积材料分子筛作为氧气吸附剂可以使脱硫率由58.9%提高到9_2.3%。
通过溶胶-凝胶法合成纳米TiO_2,并将其作为光催化剂应用于油品脱硫中。采用微分法拟合确定纳米TiO_2光催化氧化噻吩为表观一级动力学反应,初始浓度为800μL·L-1的模型汽油的脱硫率可以达到96.0% ,动力学方程为ln(C0/Ct)=0.6405t+0.3441。
以三氟乙酸和硝酸锌为掺杂剂制备了F、Zn共掺杂的TiO_2,确定了适宜的掺杂量为n(F)/n(TiO_2)=_2%,n(Zn)/n(TiO_2)=3%,探讨了掺杂后比表面积、粒径及光催化活性的变化。XPS、EDS、XRD、BET、FT-IR等测试表明,F、Zn已经掺杂进去。利用F/Zn/TiO_2为光催化剂时噻吩脱硫率可以提高到99.2%,半衰期由1.08h缩短到0.95h。
为了提高油相中光催化剂的分散量,利用非离子表面活性剂在乙醇溶剂中对TiO_2进行表面亲油改性。TEM表明改性后样品分散性较好。亲油性TiO_2光催化氧化催化裂化汽油可使其硫含量由550μg·g-1降低到10μg·g-1以下。
为提高光量子效率,在反应体系中加入核黄素作为光敏剂,发现核黄素光敏氧化噻吩为单重态氧机理。核黄素与TiO_2具有协同效应,光催化氧化噻吩脱硫率可以提高到99.1%。
Along with more attention being paid to environment protection worldwide, most countries have made laws or regulations to restrict the sulfur content in fuel oil with a more rigorous standard. Photochemical oxidation is a new technology to degrade sulfur-containing compounds in oil, and has received much attention as a new technology for deep desulfurization of light oil in recent years because of its advantage such as low cost, mild reaction condition and high desulphurization effect. In previous, people have mostly researched desulfurization of fuel oil phtooxidized by H_2O_2. In the paper, photocatalytic oxidation desulfurization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline and thiophene as its model sulfur-containing compound phtooxidized by O_2 was investigated, mechanisms of photooxidation of thiophene by O_2 were speculated, and kinetics equations were also established.
Thiophene was dissolved in n-octane to form model gasoline and mixed vigorously with water. The combined solution was UV irradiated by a high-pressure mercury lamp. During photoirradiation, air was introduced by a gas pump to dissolve O_2 as oxidant. By this method, Thiophene dissolved in n-octane was photodecomposed and removed into the water phase at ambient temperature and atmosphere pressure. Thiophene was photooxidized to sulfone and ethanedioic acid、SO4_2- and CO_2. Desulfurization yield was improved by adding zeolite with high specific surface area and suitable pore size as sorbent for O_2 from 58.9% to 9_2.3%.
Nano-TiO_2 was prepared by sol-gel method and used as photocatalyst in desulfurization of FCC gasoline. The results showed that the photooxidation kinetics of thiophene with TiO_2 as photocatalyst was the first-order by differential method. Desulfurization yield of model gasoline which initial sulfur content was 800μL·L-1 reached 96.0% and the kinetic equation was ln(C0/Ct)=0.6405t+0.3441.
Nano-F-/Zn_2+/TiO_2 particles were prepared via the sol-gel reaction of Ti(i-OC4H9)4 in an aqueous solution of CF3COOH and Zn(NO3)_2 and the appropriate doping content were n(F)/n(TiO_2)=_2%, n(Zn)/n(TiO_2)=3%. Specific surface area, crystal size and photocatalytic activities of F-/Zn2+/TiO_2 were investigated. The powders were characterized by energy dispersion X-ray spectrum (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and brunauer–emmett–teller (BET). The results showed that F- and Zn2+ were doped into TiO_2. Desulfurization yield of thiophene was improved from 96.0% to 99.2% using F-/Zn2+/TiO_2 as photocatalyst and half-time was shortened from 1.08h to 0.95h.
To disperse TiO_2 in the oil phase, nano-TiO_2 was modified by Span60 and Span40 which were non ionic surfactant in ethanol. The result obtained by FT-IR and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that there were Span60 or Span40 on the surface of TiO_2 nanoparticles and the degree of aggregation of nano-particles has been improved effectively. And sulfur content of FCC gasoline was decreased from 550μg·g-1 to 10μg·g-1.
Riboflavin was added into the reaction system to improve light quantum efficiency as a kind of photosensitizer. And the photooxidation of thiophene sensitized by riboflavin was conducted by singlet state oxygen. It was founded that riboflavin and nano-TiO_2 showed combined catalytic effects and desulfurization yield of thiophene reached 99.1%.
引文
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