桑沟湾海洋生态系统服务价值评估
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摘要
现代生态学的目标之一就是成为联系科学与社会的桥梁,将科学的理念和手段应用于管理过程一直是我国管理部门和科研工作者们努力的方向。生态系统服务及价值评估作为近年来兴起的一门生态学、社会学与经济学的交叉科学,因其很好地将自然生态系统与人类社会系统结合在一起,受到了公众和政府的越来越多的重视。本文以桑沟湾为例,试尝在海洋生态系统中应用这一理念。
本论文共分为6章。第1章全面地论述了海洋生态系统服务的国内外研究现状及进展,第2章系统地研究了海洋生态系统服务的内涵、来源、分类、计量与评估方法等,第3章分析了研究海域—桑沟湾的生态环境现状,第4章具体计算了桑沟湾的海洋生态系统服务价值,第5章讨论了对海洋生态系统服务的管理和应用,第6章对全文进行了归纳与总结。主要研究结果如下:
1、目前国外对生态系统服务的研究较多,主要研究领域集中在基础理论研究、价值评估研究和应用研究等3个方面。国内的研究起步较晚,在海洋生态系统中的研究相对较少和落后,缺乏系统性和原创性。
2、海洋生态系统服务的内涵可以从服务产生的载体、途径和对人类的效应等3个方面来界定。以海洋生态系统及其生物多样性为载体,通过系统内一定生态过程来实现的对人类有益的所有效应集合都是海洋生态系统的服务。海洋生态系统的服务来源于其系统内的各个组份、生态过程和生物多样性,开放性和异地实现性是海洋生态系统服务的2个最显著特性。参照MA的分类体系以及海洋生态系统各服务的性质,可以将这些服务分为4类15种,其主要的计量方法有物质计量法、能值计量法和经济计量法等3种,其中经济计量法作为最主要和最常用方法之一,得到了广泛的应用。对于海洋生态系统的每一种服务,可以采用多种方法进行评估,可以根据数据拥有情况选择最适的评估方法。
3、根据对桑沟湾2003-2004年的调查,桑沟湾水质整体较好,全年各站位的综合质量指数为0.55,处于0.3-0.7范围内,属于尚清洁水平。仅1个站位富营养化指数大于1,其它各站位的富营养化水平较低。浮游植物73种,其中在夏季甲藻占优势,而在其它的3个季节则硅藻占优势。浮游动物及鱼卵、仔鱼共27种,各季度的浮游动物种类差别不大,主要优势种类为强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassaTokioka)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus Brodsky)等。
4、2003-2004年桑沟湾的总服务价值为6.07×10~8元,平均单位海域面积的服务价值为4.24×10~6元/km~2。在总服务价值中,供给服务、调节服务和文化服务分别占51.29%,17.34%,和31.37%。在所评估的桑沟湾8项主要和次要生态系统服务中,食品供给服务价值最高(50.45%),其次是旅游和娱乐服务价值(29.89%),再次为气候调节服务价值(9.18%),最低的是有害生物与疾病的生物调节与控制服务价值(0.0017%)。桑沟湾的养殖活动不仅对当地社会经济有所贡献(占总服务51.29%),也对环境调节和社会文化具有重要意义(占总服务48.71%)。
5、对于海洋生态系统服务的管理既要减少各种直接驱动力和间接驱动力的影响,又要克服对海洋生态系统服务的轻视。管理过程可以分为修复、维持和提高等3个层次,以实现效率性、公平性和可持续性的目标。对海洋生态系统服务的研究,除了在科学发展本身上的意义外,还具有显著的社会意义。但目前对海洋生态系统服务的应用范围还比较有限,建议在更多的领域进行尝试和应用。
One of the objectives for modern ecology is to be a bridge between science and society,and application of scientific theories and measures to management has always been our efforts to pursuit.As a cross-discipline of ecology,sociology,and economics, ecosystem services and its valuation get more and more attention by government and public because of good connection between natural ecosystem and human society system.This dissertation is trying to put these theories into marine ecosystem by case study of Sanggou Bay.
The dissertation includes 6 chapters.Chapter 1 gives a general progress description by reviewing worldwide research on marine ecosystem services;Chapter 2 is the systemic research on the connotation,source,classification,quantification,and valuation methods of marine ecosystem services;Chapter 3 analyzes the ecological and environmental situation of Sanggou Bay;Chapter 4 calculates the value of marine ecosystem services in Sanggou Bay;Chapter 5 discusses the management of marine ecosystem services and its application;and Chapter 6 is the main conclusions of the dissertation.The major study results include:
1.Abroad researches are relative rich,and mainly focus on the ecological theories, valuation methods,and its applications.However,domestic researches start late and develop behind.It is specially lack of systematical research on the marine ecosystem.
2.The connotation of marine ecosystem services could be defined by 3 characteristics,the carriers,process,and final effects.The assembly of all good effects to human beings by marine ecosystem and its biodiversity through ecological process is the marine ecosystem services.Those services are born from marine ecosystem's components,ecological process,and biodiversity. Hetero-location and open-access are two significant characteristics of marine ecosystem services.Referring to MA's classification and character similarity, those services could be classified into 4 groups and 15 types.The main quantification methods include substance assessment,emergy assessment,and economic assessment.While the economic valuation gets more and more popular and accepted,which becomes the most important and common method.
3.Based on the site survey of Sanggou Bay 2003-2004,the water quality is fair clean and annual average of Integrated Quality Index is 0.55 with a range of 0.3-0.7.The eutrohpication level is very low except 1 station.There are 73 phytoplankton species,Pyrrophyta is dominant in summer and Bacillariophta in other seasons.There are 27 zooplankton species,no significant difference in various seasons.The dominant species are Sagitta crassa and Calanus sinicus.
4.Total value of ecosystem services(VES) in Sanggou Bay is 6.07×10~8￥from 2003 to 2004,and average unit VES is 4.24×10~6￥/km~2.Within the total VES,the provision services,regulating services,and culture services account for 51.29%, 17.34%,and 31.37%,respectively.Among the eight services valuated in Sanggou Bay,food provision services hold highest value(50.45%),followed by(29.89%), and then climate regulating services(9.18%),harmful organism and disease control services have the lowest value(0.0017%).Those results present that the aquaculture activities not only contribute to the local social economic(51.29%), but also important to the environmental regulation and social culture(48.71%).
5.The management of marine ecosystem services should not only consider reducing the impacts from direct and indirect drivers,but also overcoming traditional depreciation to ecosystem services.The management process could be included 3 tiers,services repair,maintenance,and improvement,to achieve the objective of efficiency,fairness,and sustainable.The study of marine ecosystem services is both meaningful in science and society.However,the application of marine ecosystem services is limited right now,and it should be attempted to apply in more fields.
本论文共分为6章。第1章全面地论述了海洋生态系统服务的国内外研究现状及进展,第2章系统地研究了海洋生态系统服务的内涵、来源、分类、计量与评估方法等,第3章分析了研究海域—桑沟湾的生态环境现状,第4章具体计算了桑沟湾的海洋生态系统服务价值,第5章讨论了对海洋生态系统服务的管理和应用,第6章对全文进行了归纳与总结。主要研究结果如下:
1、目前国外对生态系统服务的研究较多,主要研究领域集中在基础理论研究、价值评估研究和应用研究等3个方面。国内的研究起步较晚,在海洋生态系统中的研究相对较少和落后,缺乏系统性和原创性。
2、海洋生态系统服务的内涵可以从服务产生的载体、途径和对人类的效应等3个方面来界定。以海洋生态系统及其生物多样性为载体,通过系统内一定生态过程来实现的对人类有益的所有效应集合都是海洋生态系统的服务。海洋生态系统的服务来源于其系统内的各个组份、生态过程和生物多样性,开放性和异地实现性是海洋生态系统服务的2个最显著特性。参照MA的分类体系以及海洋生态系统各服务的性质,可以将这些服务分为4类15种,其主要的计量方法有物质计量法、能值计量法和经济计量法等3种,其中经济计量法作为最主要和最常用方法之一,得到了广泛的应用。对于海洋生态系统的每一种服务,可以采用多种方法进行评估,可以根据数据拥有情况选择最适的评估方法。
3、根据对桑沟湾2003-2004年的调查,桑沟湾水质整体较好,全年各站位的综合质量指数为0.55,处于0.3-0.7范围内,属于尚清洁水平。仅1个站位富营养化指数大于1,其它各站位的富营养化水平较低。浮游植物73种,其中在夏季甲藻占优势,而在其它的3个季节则硅藻占优势。浮游动物及鱼卵、仔鱼共27种,各季度的浮游动物种类差别不大,主要优势种类为强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassaTokioka)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus Brodsky)等。
4、2003-2004年桑沟湾的总服务价值为6.07×10~8元,平均单位海域面积的服务价值为4.24×10~6元/km~2。在总服务价值中,供给服务、调节服务和文化服务分别占51.29%,17.34%,和31.37%。在所评估的桑沟湾8项主要和次要生态系统服务中,食品供给服务价值最高(50.45%),其次是旅游和娱乐服务价值(29.89%),再次为气候调节服务价值(9.18%),最低的是有害生物与疾病的生物调节与控制服务价值(0.0017%)。桑沟湾的养殖活动不仅对当地社会经济有所贡献(占总服务51.29%),也对环境调节和社会文化具有重要意义(占总服务48.71%)。
5、对于海洋生态系统服务的管理既要减少各种直接驱动力和间接驱动力的影响,又要克服对海洋生态系统服务的轻视。管理过程可以分为修复、维持和提高等3个层次,以实现效率性、公平性和可持续性的目标。对海洋生态系统服务的研究,除了在科学发展本身上的意义外,还具有显著的社会意义。但目前对海洋生态系统服务的应用范围还比较有限,建议在更多的领域进行尝试和应用。
One of the objectives for modern ecology is to be a bridge between science and society,and application of scientific theories and measures to management has always been our efforts to pursuit.As a cross-discipline of ecology,sociology,and economics, ecosystem services and its valuation get more and more attention by government and public because of good connection between natural ecosystem and human society system.This dissertation is trying to put these theories into marine ecosystem by case study of Sanggou Bay.
The dissertation includes 6 chapters.Chapter 1 gives a general progress description by reviewing worldwide research on marine ecosystem services;Chapter 2 is the systemic research on the connotation,source,classification,quantification,and valuation methods of marine ecosystem services;Chapter 3 analyzes the ecological and environmental situation of Sanggou Bay;Chapter 4 calculates the value of marine ecosystem services in Sanggou Bay;Chapter 5 discusses the management of marine ecosystem services and its application;and Chapter 6 is the main conclusions of the dissertation.The major study results include:
1.Abroad researches are relative rich,and mainly focus on the ecological theories, valuation methods,and its applications.However,domestic researches start late and develop behind.It is specially lack of systematical research on the marine ecosystem.
2.The connotation of marine ecosystem services could be defined by 3 characteristics,the carriers,process,and final effects.The assembly of all good effects to human beings by marine ecosystem and its biodiversity through ecological process is the marine ecosystem services.Those services are born from marine ecosystem's components,ecological process,and biodiversity. Hetero-location and open-access are two significant characteristics of marine ecosystem services.Referring to MA's classification and character similarity, those services could be classified into 4 groups and 15 types.The main quantification methods include substance assessment,emergy assessment,and economic assessment.While the economic valuation gets more and more popular and accepted,which becomes the most important and common method.
3.Based on the site survey of Sanggou Bay 2003-2004,the water quality is fair clean and annual average of Integrated Quality Index is 0.55 with a range of 0.3-0.7.The eutrohpication level is very low except 1 station.There are 73 phytoplankton species,Pyrrophyta is dominant in summer and Bacillariophta in other seasons.There are 27 zooplankton species,no significant difference in various seasons.The dominant species are Sagitta crassa and Calanus sinicus.
4.Total value of ecosystem services(VES) in Sanggou Bay is 6.07×10~8￥from 2003 to 2004,and average unit VES is 4.24×10~6￥/km~2.Within the total VES,the provision services,regulating services,and culture services account for 51.29%, 17.34%,and 31.37%,respectively.Among the eight services valuated in Sanggou Bay,food provision services hold highest value(50.45%),followed by(29.89%), and then climate regulating services(9.18%),harmful organism and disease control services have the lowest value(0.0017%).Those results present that the aquaculture activities not only contribute to the local social economic(51.29%), but also important to the environmental regulation and social culture(48.71%).
5.The management of marine ecosystem services should not only consider reducing the impacts from direct and indirect drivers,but also overcoming traditional depreciation to ecosystem services.The management process could be included 3 tiers,services repair,maintenance,and improvement,to achieve the objective of efficiency,fairness,and sustainable.The study of marine ecosystem services is both meaningful in science and society.However,the application of marine ecosystem services is limited right now,and it should be attempted to apply in more fields.
引文
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