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穿越边界—艺术史中的丢勒
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摘要
作为德国文艺复兴的灵魂人物,阿尔布莱希特·丢勒是第一位享有世界声誉的德国艺术家,他也是第一位越过阿尔卑斯山,亲眼目睹意大利文艺复兴的成果并且深受其影响的北方艺术家。他本人既把自己看作是意大利文艺复兴的学生,同时是它的传教士。因而,他在文艺复兴艺术史中的地位和当时在同一地区的北方艺术家的区别是十分突出的,他的生平、艺术以及后人对他的评述连同对他的作品的鉴赏都无法离开与艺术史学科发展之间的联系,他越过阿尔卑斯山的经历可以被看作是一个隐喻,不断提示着后来的欣赏者和研究者以及后来艺术史研究。
     在对丢勒的艺术被接受、被批评以及被研究的历史中我们会发现总有一些持续不断的趋势贯穿于其中,而这些趋势始终与艺术史的书写密切相关,在这些文字里随处可见的实际上是一个由新旧成分共同组成的混合体,只是在比例上有所不同。而所有这些线索,使得丢勒能够成为一面镜子,映照出所有他穿越的边界,以及因他而被穿越的边界。
As a soul figure in German Renaissance, Albrecht Dürer is the first German artistto enjoy worldwide reputation. He is also the first northern artist that crossed the Alpsand witnessed the achievements of Italian Renaissance with his own eyes, and thatwas under its profound influence. He regarded himself as one of the students andpreachers of Italian Renaissance. Therefore, his status in the art history ofRenaissance and his differences from northern artists in the same region are quitehighlighted. His lifetime, his art, and the comments he receives after his death and hisappreciation of works are intertwined with the development of the history of arthistory. His experience of crossing the Alps is considered as a metaphor which keepsinspiring the art history.
     In the history when Dürer’s art was accepted, criticized and studied, we can findout that there are always some continuous trends throughout the art history. And thesetrends is always very closely associated with the principles of the art history, as amatter of fact, what we see everywhere is a mixture jointly made up of new and oldelements, and there’s no doubt that both of them are different in proportion. Due to allthese clues, Dürer can become a mirror casting light on all boundaries he had crossedand those being crossed because of him.
引文
1贡布里希《文艺复兴》, p.110。
    2Bialostocki, Dürer and His Critics,1500-1971: Chapters in the History of Ideas, Including a Collection of Texts,introduction.
    1Bialostocki,op.cit, p.74.
    2参见史密斯[Jeffrey Chipps Smith]为潘诺夫斯基《丢勒》所作的序言。
    1引自《意大利和德国的形式感》p.2。
    1Panofsky, Dürer,1943, Introduction, p.3.
    2Hutchison, Dürer, p.202.
    3按作者的原文,这个概括引用自君特·格拉斯的演讲,On Stasis in Progress为Vom Stillstand im Fortschritt的英译。
    4参见Stechow, Recent Dürer Studies及Dagmar Eichberger&Charles Zika,Dürer and his culture,CambridgeUniversity Press,1998.
    1Bialostocki,op.cit, p.7.
    1参见Jonathan Petropoulos, The Faustian Bargain-The Art World in Nazi Germany.
    1Karen Michels,“Transfer and Transformation: The German Period in American Art History”, p.304.
    1卡尔维诺,《为什么读经典》,pp13-14,译林出版社2006年版。
    1曹意强,《中世纪观念与北欧复兴思想》,p.52
    2同上,p.54
    3同上,p.55
    4贡布里希,《文艺复兴》,p.93
    5Christian Daniel Rauch:Dürer Bust for the Walhalla.
    1韦措尔特,《丢勒和他的时代》,p.21
    2参见曹意强,《中世纪观念与北欧复兴思想》。
    3丢勒的这一束发丝现今收藏于维也纳美术学院[Akademie der bildenden Künste, Vienna]的版画陈列室
    [Kupferstichkabinett]。
    4参见Hutchison, Dürer, Chapter1, Dürer’s Family Chronicle.
    2参见Keith Moxey, Impossible Distance: Past andPresent in the Study of Dürer and Grünewald。
    4引自《丢勒与他的时代》p23。
    1参见Joseph Leo Koerner, The Moment of Self-Portraiture in German Renaissance Art, Prosopopoeia.
    2引自《艺术家的传奇》pp43-44。
    3陶辛首次明确指出这幅自画像呈现出基督般的面貌。
    1贡布里希《文艺复兴》p.76。
    2参见Kim H. Veltman, Panofsky's Perspective: a Half Century Later。
    3贡布里希《文艺复兴》p57。
    1Panofsky, Perspective as Symbolic Form, p.36-38.
    2贡布里希《文艺复兴》pp76-77,贡布里希转译自原文。
    3参见[德]汉诺·克鲁夫特著,《建筑理论史——从维特鲁威到现在》。
    4参见The social position of artists,Artistic Theory in Italy1450-1600。
    1引自《文艺复兴时期的思想与艺术》p.51。
    2《剑桥插图世界科学史》p.218,山东画报出版社2009年版。
    3贡布里希《文艺复兴》pp.92-93,出自梅兰克森给安哈尔特[Georg von Anhalt]的信
    1贡布里希,《文艺复兴》p.75,Michael Baxandall, Giotto and the Orators。
    1Bialostocki, op.cit.,p.18,Rupprich, Nachla Ⅰ,pp.290-291
    2参见Olga Kotková, The Feast of the Rose Garlands: What Remains of Dürer?见The Burlington Magazine, Vol.144, No.1186(Jan.,2002), pp.4-13。图见附录,油画No.30。
    3Bialostocki, op.cit.,p.20, Sch ber, Albrecht Düres, eines der gr esten Meister und Künstler seiner Zeit, Leben,Schriften und Kunstwerke. Leipzig/Schleiz1769
    4从丢勒的自述和他写给皮克海默的信件来看,这样的故事是符合他的性格的。
    5参见克里斯和库尔茨,《艺术家的传奇》。
    6Conway, Literary Remains of Albrecht Dürer, pp.136-138, Bialostocki, op.cit.,pp.27-28
    1Bialostocki, op.cit.,pp.26-27
    1Bialostocki, op.cit.,pp.26-28
    2贡布里希曾回忆到年轻的库尔茨曾通过课外阅读发现了丢勒艺术理论的一个葡萄牙文版本。
    3Bialostocki, op.cit.,pp.24-25,原文为拉丁文,根据英文译文译出。
    1Pirckheimer, Opera politica, historica, philologica et epistolica, Melchior Goldast编辑,1610年出版于法兰克福。
    1Bialostocki, op.cit.,p.27
    2W lfflin, The Art of Albrecht Dürer, p.45,译文版译为“My life is determined by what is written in the stars”,但在FedjaAnzelewsky, Dürer: HisArt and Life, translate by Heide Grieve中译为“My fate is determined above”,无论如何,都可以从这句题铭中看到丢勒是一个虔诚于信仰的基督教徒。
    3写信的时间也可能在1528年年初。
    4Bialostocki, op.cit.,p.27.
    5Conway, p.38-39.
    6Conway, p.39.
    7Narberg,原文如此。
    1W lfflin, The Art of Albrecht Dürer, p.30.
    2Panofsky, Erwin Panofsky,The Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer,2005. p.7.
    1瓦萨里《名人传》中的丢勒部分,瓦萨里对于艺术史实在太过重要,以下是全段引用,Translated by GastonDu C. De Vere Volume2,part3pp74Marc’Antonio Bolognese, and others。
    120inches, ca51cm
    1即Francesco Raibolini,1450-1517
    2即Lucas van Leyden,1494-1533
    3中世纪爱情传奇里的内容,表现女性的狡猾以及男性在爱情中的软弱和愚蠢,即使如维吉尔的聪慧尚不能免俗。
    1Bialostocki,op.cit, pp54-59
    2Ibid pp52-53,这种观念在接下来的两个世纪不断被重复,在多尔奇[Lodovico Dolce,1508-1568]、希利亚
    德[Nicholas Hilliard,1547-1619]、法国的古典主义者、雷诺尔兹、温克尔曼、歌德的著作中都很常见。
    3《画家之书》,pp30-36,东方出版中心2010年版
    4Bialostocki,op.cit, pp54-59
    1Bialostocki,op.cit, pp64-65
    1J.C.Hutchison, Albrecht Dürer(Princeton,1990),p.187,J.Bialostocki,Durer and his critics.
    1引自The Life andArt ofAlbrecht Dürer, p8-9,107-109
    2参见Alistair Smith ‘Germania’ and ‘Italia’: Albrecht Dürer and Venetian Art和Katherine Crawford Luber,Albrecht Dürer and the Venetian Renaissance.
    3[奥]施洛塞尔等著,《维也纳美术史学派》p.17
    1Bialostocki,op.cit, p.74
    2《西方美术史学史》,p.47
    3参见Isaiah Berlin,Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas, London,1980; Bialostocki, p.75
    4伯林,《浪漫主义的根源》,p.67
    1Bialostocki,op.cit, p.74.
    2Bialostocki,op.cit, p.76,参见谷裕著,《隐匿的神学——启蒙前后的德语文学》,华东师范大学出版社2008年版。
    3Bialostocki,op.cit, p.79.
    1此书中译本为:三联书店,古裕翻译的版本,此段引文根据英译本译出。
    2参见《施特恩巴尔德的游历》,上海译文出版社2010年版,Bialostocki,op.cit, pp.86-88
    3与此相关的视觉艺术品有:Franz Pforr, Dürer and Raphael at the Throne ofArt, etching by Carl Hoff1832/35,after Pforr’s drawing; Friedrich Overbeck, Dürer and Raphael at the Throne of Art, drawing; Johann Philipp Walter,Dürer and Raphael at the Throne of Art, drawing after the composition by Adam Eberle.
    1《一个热爱艺术的修士的内心倾诉》p.136
    2参见柏林《浪漫主义的根源》,Bialostocki,op.cit, p.91
    1Friedrich Overbeck写给Joseph Sutter的信,1815年7月,在Ludecke和Heiland,《丢勒与后人》Durer unddie Nachweilt,p.168。
    2参见Paul Münch, Changing German Perceptions of the historical role ofAlbrecht Dürer。
    3原文为德语,由Hutchison翻译,Dürer,p.194。
    4Dürer and his culture,p185;Hutchison, Der vielgefeierte Durer, p.35.
    5德语:Biedermeier,是指德意志邦联诸国在1815年(维也纳公约签订)至1848年(资产阶级革命开始)的历史时期,现则多用指文化史上的中产阶级艺术时期。
    1参见展览会目录Albrecht Dürer,1471-1971
    2Dürer and his culture,p193,引自G. Biermann,Albrecht Dürer. Festschrift der internationalen Durer-Forschung
    (Leipzig/Berlin,1928),pp.1-2
    1扎克斯尔,《为什么要有艺术史》,《新美术》2010年01期。
    2《美术史的视野》p.249。
    1Kurt Gerstenberg,英文版的《丢勒的艺术》前言《沃尔夫林和他的丢勒研究》p.7
    2F.Antal,‘Remarks on the Method of Art History: I’, The Burlington Magazine, Vol.91, No.551,(Feb.,1949),pp.49.3如上
    1Michael Levey, To Honour Albrecht Dürer, p.29.
    2Carlo Antoni, From History to Sociology, The transition in German Historical Thinking, Detroit1959,pp.207-209, Bialostocki, op, cit.,p.309-311.
    1Antoni’s footnote: W lfflin, Italien und das deutsche Kunstgefühl, p.Ⅵ
    2Antoni’s footnote:Preface to Erinnerungen aus Rubens, in: Gesamtausgabe der Werke Jakob Burckhardt,Berlin/Leipzig1934, XIII, p.389.参见Burckhardt, Recollection of Rubens, Phaidon1950.
    3W lfflin, Die Kunst Albrecht Dürers(1905), Introduction to the1stedition, quoted from English:1971, p.10
    1Introduction to the3rdedition, quoted from Bialostocki, op, cit.,p.312
    2Bialostocki原注:沃尔夫林在1928年“丢勒逝世400周年纪念演讲”,收入Gedanken zur Kunstgeschichte.Gedruckets und Ungedrucktes, Basel31941, p.127. Cf. the anonymous [Jürgen Hohmeyer] article in Der Spiegel,ⅩⅩⅤ/1971, Nr.11(March8th),p.164;《明镜》的引文误导读者,由此得出的负面观点并不是沃尔夫林的本意;这次引用以后他立刻表示了反对。
    1同上
    23Wilhelm Pinder, Die deutsche Kunst der Dürerzeit, Leipzig1940, pp.180-281, Bialostocki, op, cit.,p.313Hans Weigert, Geschichte der deutschen Kunst von der Vorgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart, Berlin1942,pp.350-366, Bialostocki, op, cit.,p.314
    4Hans Kauffmann, Albrecht Dürer als denkender Künstler, Bonn1944, pp.7-8. Bialostocki, op, cit.,p.314
    5见附录,水彩、水粉画,No.8
    6Winkler, Die Zeichnungen Albrecht Dürers, Ⅰ, p.Ⅷ. Bialostocki, op, cit.,p.314
    1Grimm,“Bemerkungen über den Zusammenhang von Werken A. Dürers mit der Antike”, Jahrbuch derK niglichen Preu ischen Kunstsammlungen,Ⅱ/1881, pp.189-191. Bialostocki, op, cit.,p.314
    2W lfflin,“Zum Thema Nationale Kunst”, in his: Gedanken zur Kunstgeschichte, op.cit.(in note10), p.131,Bialostocki, op, cit.,p.314
    3Sanderson, Graphice, or The Most Excellent Art of Painting,London1658, p.18; quoted in Vey,“NicholasHilliard and Albrecht Dürer”, p.167, Bialostocki, op, cit.,p.311
    4Antoni, op.cit.,p.219, Bialostocki, op, cit.,p.314
    1W lfflin, English, pp.206-207
    1W lfflin, English, pp.207-208,提及的作品请见文后附录雕版画,No.50.53.55.17
    1W lfflin, English, pp.275-277,281-282.
    1《美术史的形状》,p.208
    1扎克斯尔,《为什么要有艺术史》
    1Bialostocki, Erwin Panofsky(1892-1968): Thinker, Historian, Human Being, p.71
    2参见Georges Didi-Huberman,Translated by John Goodman, Confronting Images, Questioning the Ends of aCertain History of Art以及Kim H. Veltman, Panofsky's Perspective: a Half Century Later.
    3Gombrich,“Obituary-Erwin Panofsky”, Burlington Magazine110, June1968,p.359
    4Holly, Panofsky and W lfflin, pp.62-68
    5Bialostocki, op.cit, p.9
    1即今日的柏林洪堡大学。
    2潘之所谓艺术理论的定义更接近于“审美观”[aesthetics]
    3参见下文中关于《博士环绕的基督》的章节。
    4古斯塔夫·保利[Gustav Pauli]是斯普林格[Anton Springer]的学生,汉堡美术馆的馆长,瓦尔堡的挚友,当时汉堡文化界的翘楚之一。
    1参见文后作品目录中汉堡美术馆的馆藏。
    2这两篇文章后来由经过作者本人的修订,并译为英文,即为1955年出版于纽约的《视觉艺术的意义》中的《由人体比例理论的演变观风格史》pp.55-107以及《丢勒与古典古物》pp.236-94
    3参见后文关于《忧郁I》的章节。
    4参见高士明译《理念》,《美术史与观念史》pp.646-657。
    5参见Jeffrey Chipps Smith, Introduction to the Princeton Classic Edition.
    6Christopher S.Wood, Introduction, Perspective as Symbolic Form.
    7Bialostocki, op.cit,p.375.
    1波德罗《批判的艺术史家》,《美术史的视野》p.147
    2Gombrich,Warburg,p.190
    1Warburg,“Heidnisch-antike Weissagung in Wort und Bild zu Luthers Zeiten”, Bialostocki, op.cit, p.333
    2Bialostocki, op.cit, p.333
    3Panofsky, Meaning,由239-245和247-249页摘录,这段内容中相关的附图请见附录,雕版画No.15,16,18,素描No.8,9,10,15。
    1见附录,油画No.65
    2Panofsky, Meaning,由269-272,274-275和279-285页摘录,此段中所提到的附图,见附录雕版画No.23,24,素描No.6,13,25,29。
    1Panofsky, Meaning, pp.236-237
    2Pauli,Dürer,“Italien und die Antike” Bialostocki, op.cit, p.352
    3Pauli, op.cit, Bialostocki, op.cit, p.352
    1Ulrich Middeldorf,“Martin Schongauers klassischer Stil”, Bialostocki, op.cit, p.353
    1参阅Forgery, Replica, Fiction—Temporalities of German RenaissanceArt,这一段内容中凡涉及德国人文主义学者的拉丁文著作或者信件,均引自该书的英文译文
    2原文为“The chain of German emperors had after all never broken. To the German vision of an unbroken bondbetween antiquity and moderity corresponds the fascination”。
    1伊拉斯谟致卡皮托的信中这样写道:“我相信,不仅道德规范和基督教的虔诚会带来新生和辉煌,更纯粹
    的真正的文学也能如此;尤其是当世界上不同地区的人都以同样的热情追寻着这个目标——教皇利奥在罗
    马;红衣主教托莱多在西班牙;亨利陛下在英国,他本人于文学相当娴熟;在我们这儿是年轻的查理国王;
    在法国是弗朗西斯国王,他似乎是为此而生的,为此他邀请并吸引了所有国家的贤能而博学的人才。在德
    国人当中,许多杰出的诸侯和主教们也孜孜于这个目标,尤其是马克西米利安皇帝,他年事已高,厌倦了
    连绵战事,决心用和平来寻求安宁,这是个适合于他年纪的决心,对整个基督教世界来说也是幸事一桩。
    正是由于这些君主们的虔诚,我们看到:就像得到了信号一般,各地杰出的人才风云般的涌现,并聚集起
    来重建最优秀的文学。”引自《文艺复兴书信集》p11,学林出版社2002年版从这位北方最著名的人文主义者的书信里我们可以看到相比意大利的人文主义者更关心宗教问题,也
    更依赖于世俗的王权,当然当时的政治环境也不允许他不关心,不依赖。
    1原文为:Sophiam me Greci vocant Lantini SapienciamEgipcii et Chaldei me invenere Greci scripsereLatini transtulere Germani ampliavere.
    1贡布里希,《艺术与人文科学》,第430页
    1《丢勒和他的时代》p.144,译为《医生群中的耶稣》,把doctor译为医生,应为误译。此画情节应出于《路加福音》中“孩童耶稣在圣殿”的记载:“过了三天,就遇见他在殿里,坐在教师中间,一面听,一面问。凡听见他的,都希奇他的聪明和他的应对。”此处教师应即是doctors或称elders,译为医生全无道理。此外括号中所言此画藏于罗马巴贝里尼美术陈列室,实则1934年起此画已另归别处,现今此画在马德里提森-博内米萨博物馆,参见附图
    2Jan Bialostocki,“Opus Quinque Dierum”: Dürer’s Christ among the Doctor’s and Its Sources, p.17
    3Katherine Crawford Luber, Albrecht Dürer and the Venetian Renaissance,
    4Jane Campbell Hutchison, Albrecht Dürer:A Biography
    5Panofsky, op. cit p.110
    1Panofsky, op. cit pp.110-112
    2W lfflin,英p.148.
    3Conway, Literary Remains of Albrecht Dürer
    4参见1506年10月13日给皮克海默的信
    1Panofsky, op. cit p.114
    2Bialostocki, loc.cit, Ludwig Baldass.
    3Panofsky, op. cit p.114
    4Thausing,op.cit.,Ⅰ,p.350
    5这些素描在F.Winkler、Tietze和Panofsky的作品目录都有不同程度的提及
    6Bialostocki, loc.cit., p19
    7Thausing,op.cit.,Ⅰ,p.349
    8W lfflin,英p.152,德文为“ein blo es Kuriosum”
    1Leonardo, Treatise on Painting, p.156, Bialostocki, loc.cit., p.20
    2韦措尔特,p.146
    3Bialostocki, loc.cit., p21,比亚洛斯托基原注:1957年纽约出版的“The Caricature from Leonardo to Picasso”,中,作者Werner Hofmann认定博希在画晚期的那些半身像构图的绘画时至少是看过列奥纳多那些“丑相”的复制品的。
    4Bialostocki, loc.cit., p19
    1文杜里,《西方艺术批评史》p.58
    1Heinrich W lfflin, The Art of Albrecht Dürer, Translated by Alastair and Heide Grieve, pp.200-203.
    2本雅明在1925年完成的《德意志悲苦剧的起源》一书中谈“忧郁”的章节大量引用了基洛的《丢勒的<忧郁Ⅰ>与马克西米利安皇帝的人文主义学者圈子》、瓦尔堡的《路德时期文字与图像中的异教-古典预言》以及潘诺夫斯基与扎克斯尔合著的《丢勒的忧郁I:它的来源和类型史探讨》中的内容。
    1这篇文章由他的朋友Arpad Weixlgartner编辑,汇编入1915年的维也纳年鉴当中。
    2Warburg’s footnote[Karl Giehlow],“Dürers Stich ‘MelencoliaⅠ’ und der Maximilianische Humanistenkreis”,Bialostocki, op.cit.,pp.357-358.
    3比亚洛斯托基注:之前瓦尔堡在文章中曾提及里希滕伯格的预言,Warburg, p.513, Bialostocki,op.cit.,pp.357-358
    4比亚洛斯托基注:瓦尔堡脚注中说此段由De vita triplici, Firenze,1489概括而成。
    5梅兰希通《论灵魂》,瓦尔堡引用“木星与土星以天平建立的联结越平稳,忧郁就越缓和,正如圣奥古斯特的忧郁一样。”原文为拉丁文,译文出自本雅明《悲苦剧与悲剧》p.177
    1即“Saturn and Melancholy—Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion and Art”中对这个主题进行了最后的总结:从古希腊开始,包括中世纪,再到文艺复兴时期,对三个阶段的忧郁从哲学、医学、占星学、图像学等等领域进行深入广泛的调查研究,其幅度远远超出了《忧郁I》的范畴。直到今天,潘诺夫斯基的观点仍是丢勒版画研究中最常被引用的诠释,但在其后50年间,也还一直不断有人发表有关这幅版画的探讨文章,试图做出新的解释或补充。
    1Panofsky,2005年版,pp.161-171
    2意大利语中专指带翼的小男孩
    1文艺复兴时期的哲学家,专研犹太秘教[Cabala]的学者。卡巴拉基础的一部分是来自于据信上帝对摩西的口授,而另外一部分则是微妙的数字命理学。当时他的《神秘学》很受欢迎。
    1许多数学家都对这个巨大菱形体有着特殊的兴趣,丢勒本人显然对平面图和立面图都非常感兴趣,他把巨大菱形体的平面图称之为“cuboctahedron truncum之网。”见丢勒《测量法指南》插图
    1哈斯克尔,《赫伊津哈与弗莱芒文艺复兴》,《新美术》2014年第一期,p.63
    2W lfflin, The Art of Albrecht Dürer, p.14
    3Carlo Ginzburg and Anna Davin, Morelli, Freud and Sherlock Holmes: Clues and Scientific, p.5
    4Hubert Damisch, The Part and the Whole
    1波德罗《批判的艺术史家》,《艺术史的视野》p.141
    1Otto Kurz, Fakes, p.106, Bialostocki, op.cit, p.145
    2Thausing, he Life and Works of Albrecht Dürer,Ⅰ, p.336
    3Hilliard, Treatise concerning the Art of Limning(1912), Bialostocki, op.cit, p.145
    4阿尔布希莱特的拉丁文写法。
    5Bialostocki, op.cit, p.145-146
    1Wolfgang Stechow, Recent Dürer Studies, p.260.
    2Hans Tietze, Dürer in America, p.250.
    1参见Moriz Thausing, The Life and Works of Albrecht Dürer,第六章,婚姻和家庭生活,pp.152-166对丢勒的遗产的分配情况以及艾格尼丝和皮克海默的纠纷进行了细致的叙述和分析。
    2参见KlausAlbrecht Schr der,Albrecht Dürer in theAlbertina.
    3Otto Kurz, Fakes, p.34, Bialostocki, op.cit, p.147
    4[奥]施洛塞尔等著,《维也纳美术史学派》p.37
    1历年重要展览参见KlausAlbrecht Schr der,Albrecht Dürer in theAlbertina及相关展览的作品目录与手册。
    1Beireis,Helmstedt,现藏于莱比锡的艺术博物馆
    2比亚洛斯托基,《维也纳学派发展中的博物馆工作与历史学》pp.179-181,[奥]施洛塞尔等著,《维也纳美术史学派》
    3黑尔德教授[Julius S. Held]是文艺复兴与巴洛克时期北方艺术领域的专家,他曾经指导威廉姆斯学院克拉克艺术研究院[Williams College-ClarkArt Institute]艺术史系的研究生们策划并组织的展览《他眼观丢勒——三个世纪中丢勒的版画作品在仿品与赝品中的镜像》[Dürer, through other eyes—His graphic work mirrored incopies and forgeries of three centuries]
    4Bialostocki, op.cit, p.147-151
    1参见展览目录,多个版画展览都会强调和对比这种感觉,比如Albrecht Dürer Master Printmaker,Boston1971(Museum of Fine Arts)
    2参见瓦萨里《名人传》,前注
    1Bialostocki, op.cit, p.160-164
    2Heller, Das Leben und die Werke Albrecht Dürers, Bamberg1827-1831, Thausing,op.cit, english:1882
    3Essays in Honor of Hans Tietze,1880-1954, ed. E.H.Gombrich, J.S.Held, and O. Kurz, Paris1958;Tietze/Tietze-Conrat, Der junge Dürer; Bialostocki, op.cit, p.164-180
    1Winkler, Die Zeichnungen
    1.[德]威尔赫姆·韦措尔特著朱艳辉叶桂红译《丢勒与他的时代》北京大学出版社2009年版
    2.[德]丢勒著《版画插图丢勒游记》彭萍译中国人民大学出版社2004年版
    3范景中主编傅新生李本正翻译《美术史的形状——从瓦萨里到20世纪20年代》中国美术学院出版社2003年版
    4.[美]欧文·潘诺夫斯基著戚印平范景中译,《图像学研究:文艺复兴时期艺术的人文主题》上海三联书店2011年版
    5.[瑞士]沃尔夫林著张坚译《意大利和德国的形式感》,北京大学出版社2009年版
    6.[奥]本内施著戚印平毛羽译,《北方文艺复兴艺术——艺术与精神及知识运动的关系》中国美术学院出版社2001年版
    7.[奥]施洛塞尔等著陈平编选,《维也纳美术史学派》,北京大学出版社2013年版
    8.[荷兰]约翰·赫伊津哈著《中世纪的秋天:14世纪和15世纪法国与荷兰的生活、思想与艺术》,何道宽译广西师范大学出版社2008年版
    9.[英]贡布里希著《象征的图像》,上海书画出版社1990年版
    10.[美]保罗·奥斯卡·克里斯特勒著,《文艺复兴时期的思想与艺术》,邵宏译东方出版社2008年版
    11.[英]彼得·伯克著《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化与社会》刘君译,东方出版社2007年版
    12.陈平著,《西方美术史学史》,中国美术学院出版社2008年版
    13.[古罗马]维特鲁威著,《建筑十书》者::高履泰译,知识产权出版社2004年版
    14.[德]汉诺·克鲁夫特著,《建筑理论史——从维特鲁威到现在》王贵祥译中国建筑工业出版社2005年版
    15.[奥]恩斯特·克里斯、奥托·库尔茨,《艺术家的传奇——一次史学上的尝试》潘耀珠、邱建华译,中国美术学院出版社1990年版
    16.[英]贡布里希著,《文艺复兴》,李本正范景中编选,中国美术学院出版社2000年版
    17.陈平著,《李格尔与艺术科学》,中国美术学院出版社2002年版
    1. Sir.William M. Conway, Literary Remains of Albrecht Dürer,Cambridge University Press,1889
    2. Moriz Thausing, The Life and Works of Albrecht Dürer,London: John Murray, Albemarle Street,1882
    3.Edited by Roger Fry, Records of Journeys to Venice and the Low Countries by Albrecht DürerThe Merrymount Press,1913
    4.Hermann Grimm, Albrecht Dürer,
    5.Heinrich W lfflin, Die Kunst Albrecht Dürer, München,1919
    6.Heinrich W lfflin, The Art of Albrecht Dürer, Translated by Alastair and Heide Grieve,Phaidon Press,1971
    7. Erwin Panofsky,The Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer,Princeton University Press,1943(2.Vol)&2005
    8.Erwin Panofsky, Perspective as Symbolic Form, Trans. Christopher S. Wood, Zone Books,1997
    9.Wilhelm Waetzoldt, Dürer and His Time, trans. R.H.Boothroyd, Phaidon Press,1955.
    10.Wilhelm Waetzoldt, Dürers Befestigungslehre, J. Bard in Berlin,1916.
    11. Fedja Anzelewsky, Dürer: His Art and Life, translate by Heide Grieve,Alpine Fine Arts Collection,1980
    12. Jan Bia ostocki, Dürer and His Critics,1500-1971: Chapters in the History of Ideas, Includinga Collection of Texts,Verlag Valentin Koerner,1986
    13. Jane Campbell Hutchison, Albrecht Dürer:A Biography, Princeton University Press,1990
    14.Dürer and his culture, Edited by Dagmar Eichberger and Charles Zika,Cambridge University Press,1998
    15.Michael Ann Holly, Panofsky and the Foundations of Art History,Cornell University Press,1984
    16.Katherine Crawford Luber, Albrecht Dürer and the Venetian Renaissance,Cambridge University Press,2005
    17.Lewis W.Spitz, The Course of German Humanism, Itinerarium Italicum: The Profile of theItalian Renaissance in the Mirror of its European Transformations, Dedicated to Paul OskarKristeller on the Occasion of his70th Birthday, Edited by H.A. Oberman and T.A. Brady, Jr.
    18.Albrecht Dürer, Sketchbook of His Journey to the Netherlands1520-21, with extracts from hisDiary, Praeger Publishers,1971
    19.Meaning in the Visual Arts, Erwin PanofskyUniversity Of Chicago Press1983
    20.Erwin Panofsky, Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art, HarperCollins Publishers1969
    21.Erwin Panofsky, Studies in Iconology—Humanistic Themes in the Art of Renaissance,Westview Press1972
    22. Anthony Blunt, Artistic Theory in Italy1450-1600,Oxford University Press,1962
    23. Jonathan Petropoulos, The Faustian Bargain-The Art World in Nazi GermanyOxford University Press,2000
    24.Keith P. F. Moxey,Dürer’s MeⅡ, The Practice of Theory: Poststructuralism, Cultural Politics,and Art History
    25.Joseph Leo Koerner, The Moment of Self-Portraiture in German Renaissance Art,University Of Chicago Press1997
    26.Susan Dackerman, Prints and the Pursuit of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe,Yale University Press,2011
    27.Forgery, Replica, Fiction—Temporalities of German Renaissance Art, Christopher S. WoodUniversity Of Chicago Press2008
    28.Worldly Goods——A New History of the Renaissance,Lisa Jardine, W.W. Norton&Co.1998
    29. Georges Didi-Huberman,Translated by John Goodman, Confronting Images, Questioning theEnds of a Certain History of Art, The Pennsylvania State University Press2005
    1.曹意强《欧美艺术史学史与方法论》[讲稿之四]《新美术》2001年第4期
    2.曹意强《文艺复兴人的文艺复兴观》,《新美术》2002年第3期
    3.曹意强《中世纪的观念与北欧复兴思想》,《新美术》2003年第3期
    4.张坚,《“精神科学”与“文化科学”语境中的视觉模式—沃尔夫林、沃林格艺术史学思想中的若干问题》,《文艺研究》2009年第3期
    5.潘耀昌《沃尔夫林的德意志情感》,《新美术》2008年第4期
    6.[德]韦措尔特《歌德与德国艺术科学》,《新美术》2005年第2期
    1. C.J.Holmes, The History of Our New DürerThe Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs Vol.5, No.17(Aug.,1904), pp.426+431-435+437
    2. Some Portrait Drawings by Dürer in English Collection, Recently IdentifiedThe Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs Vol.7, No.26(May.,1905), pp.152-153+157
    3.Martin Conway, Dürer and the Housebook Master,The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs Vol.18, No.96(Mar.,1911), pp.316-319+322-324
    4.Erwin Panofsky and Fritz Saxl, Classical Mythology in Mediaeval ArtMetropolitan Museum Studies, Vol.4, No.2,(Mar.,1933), pp.228-280
    5.Erwin Panofsky, Conrad Celtes and Kunz von der Rosen: Two Problems in PortraitIdentification, The Art Bulletin, Vol.24, No.1,(Mar.,1942), pp.39-54
    6.Erwin Panofsky,‘Erasmus and the Visual Arts’,The Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol.32(1969), pp.220-227.
    7.Erwin Panofsky, Dürer’s Last Picture?The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs Vol.89, No.528(Mar.,1947), pp.55-56+58-61+63
    8.Erwin Panofsky and Ernest C.Hassold, Wihelm V ge: A Biographical Memoir,Art Journal, Vol.28, No.1,(Autumn.,1968), pp.27-37
    9.Heinrich Leporini, Dürer and Other Drawings for the Albertina,The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol.62, No.359,(Feb.,1933), pp.78-79+82-83
    10.Craig Harbison, Dürer and the Reformation: The Problem of the Re-dating of the St.PhilipEngraving, The Art Bulletin, Vol.58, No.3,(Sep.,1976), pp.368-373
    11.Matthew Rampley, From Symbol to Allegory: Aby Warburg’s Theory of ArtThe Art Bulletin, Vol.79, No.1,(Mar.,1997), pp.41-55
    12.Hinrich Sieveking, German Draftsmanship in the Ages of Dürer and Goethe: Parallels andResonance, Master Drawings, Vol.39, No.2,(Summer.,2001), pp.114-142
    13.Wolfgang Stechow, Recent Dürer StudiesThe Art Bulletin, Vol.56, No.2,(Jun.,1974), pp.259-270
    14.E. Tietze-Conrat, Two Dürer Woodcuts and an Italian ModelThe Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol.62, No.362,(May.,1933), pp.241-243+245
    15.H. Tietze-Conrat and E. Tietze-Conrat, A Hieroglyph by Dürer,The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol.70, No.407,(Feb.,1937), pp.80-82
    16.Campbell Dodgson and Werner Weisbach, Two Versions of The Prodigal Son by DürerThe Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol.74, No.434,(May.,1939), pp.228-229+233
    17.Edgar Wind ‘Hercules’ and ‘Orpheus’: Two Mock-Heroic Design by DürerJournal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol.2, No.3(Jan.,1939), pp.206-218
    18.Hans Tietze, the Dürer Plagiarists,The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery, Vol.4,(1941), pp.88-95,122
    19.Roland H. Bainton, Dürer and Luther as the Man of sorrows,The Art Bulletin, Vol.29, No.4(Dec.,1947), pp.269-272
    20.F.Antal,‘Remarks on the Method of Art History: I’, The Burlington Magazine, Vol.91, No.551,(Feb.,1949)
    21. Jan Bialostocki,“Opus Quinque Dierum”: Dürer’s Christ among the Doctor’s and Its SourcesJournal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol.22, No.1/2(Jan.-Jun.,1959), pp.17-34
    22.Harry B.Wehle, Preparatory Drawing on a Panel by Dürer,Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, N.S.,Ⅰ,1942, pp.156ff.
    23.Irving L.Zupnick, The Iconology of style(or W lfflin Reconsidered)The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol.19, No.3(Spring,1961), pp.263-273
    24.Jan Bialostocki, Erwin Panofsky(1892-1968): Thinker, Historian, Human BeingNetherlands Quarterly for the History of Art, Vol.4, No.2(1970), pp.68-89
    25.Michael Levey,To Honour Albrecht Dürer:Some1971Manifestations,The Burlington Magazine, Vol.114, No.827,(Feb.,1972), pp.63-69+71
    26. Alistair Smith ‘Germania’ and ‘Italia’: Albrecht Dürer and Venetian ArtJournal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol.127, No.5273(April1979), pp.273-290
    27.Andreé Hayum, Dürer’s Portrait of Erasmus and the Ars Typographorum,Renaissance Quarterly, Vol.38, No.4(Winter,1985), pp.650-687
    28.Margaret A. Sullivan, The Witches of Dürer and Hans Baldung GrienRenaissance Quarterly, Vol.53, No.2(Summer,2000), pp.333-401
    29.Alistair Smith, Dürer and Bellini, Apelles and Protogenes,The Burlington Magazine, Vol.114, No.830,(May,1972), pp.326+329
    30. Avigdor W. G. Poseq, Left and Right Orientation of “Pathosformel” in DürerNotes in the History of Art, Vol.16, No.1(Fall1996), pp.7-17
    31.Eckhard Schaar, A Newly Discovered Proportional Study by Dürer in Hamburg,Master Drawing, Vol.36, No.1(Spring,1998), pp.59-66
    32.Olga Kotková, The Feast of the Rose Garland’: What Remains of DürerThe Burlington Magazine, Vol.144, No.1186,(Jan.,2002), pp.4-13
    33. Keith Moxey, Impossible Distance: Past and Present in the study of Dürer and GrünewaldThe Art Bulletin Vol.86, No.4(Dec.,2004), pp.750-763
    34.Jeroen Stumpel, Dürer and death: on the iconography of “Knight, Death and the devil”,Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art, Vol.34, No.2(2009/2010), pp.75-88
    35.Jeffrey Chipps Smith, The2010Josephine Chipps Smith,Renaissance Quarterly, Vol.64, No.1(Spring.,2011), pp.1-49
    36.Carlo Ginzburg and Anna Davin, Morelli, Freud and Sherlock Holmes: Clues and ScientificMethod, History Workshop,No.9(Spring,1980), pp.5-36
    37. Hubert Damisch, Translated by Kent Minturn and Priya Wadhera, The Part and the Whole, Artin Translation, Volume4, Issue2, pp.245–266
    1.Sylvester Rosa Koehler, Dürer-Engravings, dry-points and Etchings,the Grolier Club of New York,1897
    2.British Museum, Guide to the Woodcut, Drawings, and Engravings of Albrecht Dürer in theDepartment of Prints and Drawings exhibited in Commemoration of the Fourth Centenary of theArtist’s Death on April6th,1528. Printed by order of the Trustees1928.
    3.Boston Museum, Albrecht Dürer: Master Printer,the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts,1971
    4.Walter L.Strauss, Intaglio Prints, Engravings, Etchings&DrypointsPublished by Kennedy Galleries, Inc.
    5.Selected and with an Introduction by Heinrich W lfflin: Drawings of Albrecht DürerDover Publication,1970
    6.Edited by Walter L.Strauss, The Complete Engravings, Etchings&Drypoints of Albrecht Dürer,Dover Publication,1972
    7.Edited by Walter L.Strauss, The Human Figure, the complete “Dresden sketchbook”,Dover Publication,1972
    8. Albrecht Dürer,1471-1971, Nuremberg,1971
    9.Walter Koschatzky, Alice Strobl, Die Dürer Zeichnungen der AlbertinaResidenz Verlag,1971
    10.Dürer Drawings in the Albertina
    11.Vorbid Dürer: Kupferstiche und Holzschnitte Albrecht Dürers im Spiegel der EuropaoschenDruckgraphik des6. Jahrhunderts, Prestel-Verlag,1978
    12.Albrecht Dürer und die Tier-und Pflanzenstudien der RenaissancePrestel-Verlag,1985
    13.Fedja Anzelewsky, Dürer and His Time, Circulated by the Smithsonian Institution
    14.Fedja Anzelewsky, The Drawings and Graphic Works of Dürer, Hamlyn,1970
    15.Charles W.Talbot, Wolfgang Stechow, Dürer in America:His Graphic Work1971.4.25-6.6
    16.Andrew Robison, Klaus Albrecht Schrd er, Albrecht Dürer-Master Drawings, Watercolors, andPrints from the Albertina, Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art,2013.
    17.Clifton C. Olds, Egon Verheyen, Warren David Tresidder,
    18.Dürer’s Cities: Nuremberg&Venice: Essays and Catalogue,1971.9.19-10.17
    19.Richard S. Field, Albrecht Dürer1471-1528: A Study Exhibition of Print Connoisseurship,1970.12.21-1971.2.21
    20. Albrecht Dürer: The Early Graphic Works-An Exhibition in Celebration of the Quincentennialof Dürer’s Birth,1971.9.21-1971.10.24, the Trustees of Princeton University,1971.
    22.Prepared by Students in the William College-Clark Art Institute Graduate Program in ArtHistory, Dürer through other eyes—His graphic work mirrored in copies and forgeries of threecenturies,1975.3.14-6.15

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