晋西黄土区苹果农作物间作系统种间关系研究
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摘要
农林复合经营作为解决水土流失、恢复生态平衡、提高土地利用率和增加经济效益的最有效的措施和途径之一,在黄土区被广泛的应用。但农林复合系统内部存在着一定程度的种间竞争,对农林复合系统种间关系的研究有助于更深层次地理解生态系统结构和功能的稳定性,探索资源合理和高效的利用方式,为经营种间关系协调的高产、高效和稳定的农林复合系统提供理论依据。为了提出黄土高原区适宜的间作模式和经营管理措施,本文以黄土高原地区典型苹果×农作物间作系统为研究对象,从果树和农作物对光照、土壤水分、土壤养分和等生态因素共同作用的角度,定量分析了系统界面光照、土壤水分、土壤养分的动态变化,量化了果农间作系统光、土壤水分、土壤养分各效应的程度,并对苹果×农作物间作系统的水肥耦合效应和管理措施进行研究,旨在使树木和农作物之间的资源竞争最小化,资源利用最大化,提高果农间作系统的土地利用率和经济效益,为该地区农林复合系统调控和管理技术的研究提供重要的基础理论依据和决策依据。研究结果表明：
(1)果农间作系统光分布特征及作物光合响应：间作模式的净光合作用效应变化趋势和光效应变化趋势基本一致,均表现为负值,并随着距离树行距离的增加得到逐步的缓解。间作花生比间作大豆能够获得更好的光照条件,但是净光合速率受到果树遮荫的影响反而大于间作大豆,花生相对于大豆更易受到果树光胁迫的影响。
(2)果农间作系统土壤水分分布特征：时间上,果农间作系统土壤水分在不同物候期变化极为显著。在垂直方向上,两种间作模式和对应单作的土壤含水量均随着土壤深度的增加而递增,呈现出明显的梯度特征；在水平方向上,土壤含水量变化与离果树行的距离有关,随着与树行距离的增加,土壤含水量增加。在当前树龄下,果树和农作物对于土壤水分的主要竞争区域为距离树行1.5m的范围内。就土壤水分的角度,综合比较而言苹果×大豆间作模式要优于苹果×花生间作模式。
(3)果农间作系统土壤养分分布特征：各间作模式土壤养分的垂直分布特征相似,均随着土层深度的增加而降低,且各土层之间存在着显著差异；水平方向上,两个间作模式的土壤养分含量随着离苹果树行的距离表现为高低高的分布特征,最低值出现在距离果树行1.5m处；两个间作模式各种土壤养分均表现为负效应,种间关系主要表现为竞争,但两个模式对于不同养分元素的竞争程度存在差异。就土壤养分的角度,综合比较而言苹果×花生间作模式要优于苹果×大豆间作模式。
(4)苹果×花生和苹果×大豆果农间作系统的水肥耦合正交试验表明水分仍是影响黄土区间作系统果树生长和作物产量的最重要因素,肥力次之。
(5)不同管理措施对间作系统各组分生长的影响差异显著。其中地膜覆盖和根障措施可以有效提高农作物的产量增加农民收入,但是由于根障会在一定程度上对果树产生不利影响,因此从整体上考虑地膜覆盖措施应是苹果树与作物间作田间管理措施的首要选择。
在果农间作系统的研究中,还需要通过长期定位试验观测,从而更好地实现果农间作系统功能,最大程度地提高生态、经济及社会效益,充分的发挥果农间作系统优势。
Agroforestry management is widely applied in Loess Plateau as one of the effective measures to reduce soil and water loss, restore ecological balance, raise land utilization rate and increase economic benefits. However, interspecific competition exists in agroforestry system to some extent, the study on the relationship among different species in agroforestry system could contribute to intensively understanding the stability of ecosystem structure and function, explore reasonable and efficient utilization ways of resource, provide theoretical basis for managing agroforestry system with high-yield, high-efficiency and stabilization. In order to find suitable intercropping models and managements in Loess Plateau, two typical apple-crop intercropping models were selected as research objects. Combined with effects of fruit trees and crops on light, soil moisture, soil nutrients and other ecological factors, the dynamic changes of light, soil moisture and soil nutrients in the system interface were quantitative analyzed. Coupling effect of water and fertilizer and the different management techniques of apple-crops intercropping systems also been studied. The objectives of the paper are:1) to minimize the competition between trees and crops and maximize resource utilization,2) to provide a theoretical basis for the agroforestry control and management in this region. The results showed that:
(1) Light distribution characteristics and crop photosynthetic responses in economic tree and crop intercropping system showed that:the change trend of net photosynthesis effect and light effect in the intercropping system were almost the same, both were negative. With the increase distance from tree line, the negative trend gradually eased. Intercropped peanuts can obtain better light conditions than intercropped soybeans, but owing to the influence of tree shading, the net photosynthetic rate of intercropped peanuts had a greater reduction than intercropped soybeans. Compared with soybeans, peanuts were more vulnerable to the effects of fruit light stress.
(2) Soil moisture distribution in economic tree and crop intercropping system showed that:In temporal, the soil moisture was significant different in different phenological phases. In spatial direction, the soil moisture in both of the intercropping systems and the corresponding monoculture systems was increasing with soil depth, showing a significant gradient characteristics. In horizontal direction, soil moisture content was related to distance from tree line. The closer to tree line, the lower soil moisture was. Within the range1.5m of apple tree line was the main competition area between apple trees and crops for soil moisture in the current tree age. On the perspective of soil moisture, apple-soybean intercropping system was superior to apple-peanut intercropping system.
(3) Soil nutrient distribution in economic tree and crop intercropping system showed that:In vertical direction, similar patterns were found in both intercropping systems that soil nutrient decreased with increasing soil depth and showed significant differences. In horizontal direction, the soil nutrient content showed the same distribution characteristics of high-low-high with the distance increasing from the tree line. The minimum value was the area1.5m from the apple line. In both intercropping systems, soil nutrient showed negative effect. The relationship between intercropping species mainly performanced as competition. However, for different soil nutrient elements, there were difference between the two intercropping systems. On the perspective of soil nutrient, the results showed that apple-peanut intercropping system was superior to apple-soybean intercropping system.
(4) The water and fertilizer coupling orthogonal test of apple-peanut and apple-soybean intercropping systems showed that:water was still the most important factor influencing the tree growth and crop yield in the intercropping system in loess region.
(5) Different management measures had significant differences on the growth of different species. The plastic film mulching and root barrier measures could effectively raise the yield of crops and increase the income of farmers. But, the root barrier would cause adverse effects on apple trees. Therefore, from the overall consideration of the intercropping systems, the plastic film mulching measures should be taken as the primary choice of field management measures in economic tree and crop intercropping systems.
In the research of economic tree and crop intercropping, long-term experiment observation should be carried to achieve the functions of economic tree and crop intercropping system, thus better realize the function of economic tree and crop intercropping system, improve ecology, economy and social benefits in the maximal degree, and make better use of the advantages of economic tree and crop intercropping system.
(1)果农间作系统光分布特征及作物光合响应：间作模式的净光合作用效应变化趋势和光效应变化趋势基本一致,均表现为负值,并随着距离树行距离的增加得到逐步的缓解。间作花生比间作大豆能够获得更好的光照条件,但是净光合速率受到果树遮荫的影响反而大于间作大豆,花生相对于大豆更易受到果树光胁迫的影响。
(2)果农间作系统土壤水分分布特征：时间上,果农间作系统土壤水分在不同物候期变化极为显著。在垂直方向上,两种间作模式和对应单作的土壤含水量均随着土壤深度的增加而递增,呈现出明显的梯度特征；在水平方向上,土壤含水量变化与离果树行的距离有关,随着与树行距离的增加,土壤含水量增加。在当前树龄下,果树和农作物对于土壤水分的主要竞争区域为距离树行1.5m的范围内。就土壤水分的角度,综合比较而言苹果×大豆间作模式要优于苹果×花生间作模式。
(3)果农间作系统土壤养分分布特征：各间作模式土壤养分的垂直分布特征相似,均随着土层深度的增加而降低,且各土层之间存在着显著差异；水平方向上,两个间作模式的土壤养分含量随着离苹果树行的距离表现为高低高的分布特征,最低值出现在距离果树行1.5m处；两个间作模式各种土壤养分均表现为负效应,种间关系主要表现为竞争,但两个模式对于不同养分元素的竞争程度存在差异。就土壤养分的角度,综合比较而言苹果×花生间作模式要优于苹果×大豆间作模式。
(4)苹果×花生和苹果×大豆果农间作系统的水肥耦合正交试验表明水分仍是影响黄土区间作系统果树生长和作物产量的最重要因素,肥力次之。
(5)不同管理措施对间作系统各组分生长的影响差异显著。其中地膜覆盖和根障措施可以有效提高农作物的产量增加农民收入,但是由于根障会在一定程度上对果树产生不利影响,因此从整体上考虑地膜覆盖措施应是苹果树与作物间作田间管理措施的首要选择。
在果农间作系统的研究中,还需要通过长期定位试验观测,从而更好地实现果农间作系统功能,最大程度地提高生态、经济及社会效益,充分的发挥果农间作系统优势。
Agroforestry management is widely applied in Loess Plateau as one of the effective measures to reduce soil and water loss, restore ecological balance, raise land utilization rate and increase economic benefits. However, interspecific competition exists in agroforestry system to some extent, the study on the relationship among different species in agroforestry system could contribute to intensively understanding the stability of ecosystem structure and function, explore reasonable and efficient utilization ways of resource, provide theoretical basis for managing agroforestry system with high-yield, high-efficiency and stabilization. In order to find suitable intercropping models and managements in Loess Plateau, two typical apple-crop intercropping models were selected as research objects. Combined with effects of fruit trees and crops on light, soil moisture, soil nutrients and other ecological factors, the dynamic changes of light, soil moisture and soil nutrients in the system interface were quantitative analyzed. Coupling effect of water and fertilizer and the different management techniques of apple-crops intercropping systems also been studied. The objectives of the paper are:1) to minimize the competition between trees and crops and maximize resource utilization,2) to provide a theoretical basis for the agroforestry control and management in this region. The results showed that:
(1) Light distribution characteristics and crop photosynthetic responses in economic tree and crop intercropping system showed that:the change trend of net photosynthesis effect and light effect in the intercropping system were almost the same, both were negative. With the increase distance from tree line, the negative trend gradually eased. Intercropped peanuts can obtain better light conditions than intercropped soybeans, but owing to the influence of tree shading, the net photosynthetic rate of intercropped peanuts had a greater reduction than intercropped soybeans. Compared with soybeans, peanuts were more vulnerable to the effects of fruit light stress.
(2) Soil moisture distribution in economic tree and crop intercropping system showed that:In temporal, the soil moisture was significant different in different phenological phases. In spatial direction, the soil moisture in both of the intercropping systems and the corresponding monoculture systems was increasing with soil depth, showing a significant gradient characteristics. In horizontal direction, soil moisture content was related to distance from tree line. The closer to tree line, the lower soil moisture was. Within the range1.5m of apple tree line was the main competition area between apple trees and crops for soil moisture in the current tree age. On the perspective of soil moisture, apple-soybean intercropping system was superior to apple-peanut intercropping system.
(3) Soil nutrient distribution in economic tree and crop intercropping system showed that:In vertical direction, similar patterns were found in both intercropping systems that soil nutrient decreased with increasing soil depth and showed significant differences. In horizontal direction, the soil nutrient content showed the same distribution characteristics of high-low-high with the distance increasing from the tree line. The minimum value was the area1.5m from the apple line. In both intercropping systems, soil nutrient showed negative effect. The relationship between intercropping species mainly performanced as competition. However, for different soil nutrient elements, there were difference between the two intercropping systems. On the perspective of soil nutrient, the results showed that apple-peanut intercropping system was superior to apple-soybean intercropping system.
(4) The water and fertilizer coupling orthogonal test of apple-peanut and apple-soybean intercropping systems showed that:water was still the most important factor influencing the tree growth and crop yield in the intercropping system in loess region.
(5) Different management measures had significant differences on the growth of different species. The plastic film mulching and root barrier measures could effectively raise the yield of crops and increase the income of farmers. But, the root barrier would cause adverse effects on apple trees. Therefore, from the overall consideration of the intercropping systems, the plastic film mulching measures should be taken as the primary choice of field management measures in economic tree and crop intercropping systems.
In the research of economic tree and crop intercropping, long-term experiment observation should be carried to achieve the functions of economic tree and crop intercropping system, thus better realize the function of economic tree and crop intercropping system, improve ecology, economy and social benefits in the maximal degree, and make better use of the advantages of economic tree and crop intercropping system.
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