雾对短空气间隙与绝缘子交流放电特性影响研究
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摘要
运行经验表明，雾中外绝缘放电对我国电网的安全和稳定运行构成了巨大威胁。国内外采用蒸汽雾研究了输电线路绝缘子的电气特性，但尚未系统开展自然雾及其电导率对输电线路外绝缘影响的研究。因此，系统研究输电线路绝缘子与空气间隙交流雾闪特性及其影响规律有助于更深入地认识雾闪的本质规律，对湿雾天气中输电线路外绝缘防雾闪和保障电网的安全运行具有重要的参考意义。
在国家重大基础研究发展计划973项目的资金支持与国内外研究成果的基础上，论文在重庆大学高电压实验室和雪峰山试验站对输电线路绝缘子与棒－板短空气间隙交流雾闪特性进行了系统的研究分析，得到的主要成果有：
根据雪峰山试验站自然环境的测量结果，统计近4年试验站的月平均雾天气分布与雾物理特征，使用最小二乘法拟合液态水含量、雾滴浓度综合影响的能见度计算公式；采用雾发生装置产生模拟雾方法开展了瓷、玻璃绝缘子交流雾闪试验，其结果较蒸汽雾闪络电压高6.8%～7.2%；比较分析了染污方式对复合绝缘子交流雾闪特性的影响，即定量涂层法与喷涂法试验结果的百分偏差为7.1%～9.3%，可忽略染污方法对污秽特征指数的影响。
基于人工模拟与自然环境试验，分析了雾物理特征（雾的水含量、雾水电导率与雾水温度）以及环境参数对棒－板短空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响规律。结果表明，雾的水含量在1～3g/m3时，击穿电压增大了5.1%；而雾的水含量在3～4g/m3时无明显变化；雾水电导率从100μS/cm增加至5150μS/cm时，击穿电压减小了2.7%～9.1%。
根据试验结果及其分析，提出了浓雾地区雾水电导率对绝缘子交流闪络电压的附加影响规律，即绝缘子表面污秽度达Ⅲ级及以上严重污秽等级时（盐密≥0.15mg/cm2），雾水电导率不影响其闪络电压；而对于Ⅰ级及以下污秽等级（盐密≤0.06mg/cm2），雾水电导率从0.01mS/cm升至3.0mS/cm时将导致绝缘子交流闪络电压降低4.1%～25.6%。即严重污秽时可以不考虑雾水电导率的影响，清洁、轻度污秽时却存在明显影响；清洁、轻污秽绝缘子在高电导率浓雾环境中的交流闪络电压须进行校正，随着雾水电导率的增加（0.01～3.0mS/cm），校正系数K为1.00～0.80，雾水电导率对憎水性绝缘子交流闪络电压的影响小于亲水性绝缘子。
根据测量结果，分析了绝缘子表面凝露与湿润特性，基于此建立了雾水电导率影响的附加盐密与预染污盐密的综合等值盐密计算模型，并提出了盐密、雾水电导率附加盐密综合影响的绝缘子交流闪络电压计算模型，模型计算结果与试验结果很吻合，百分偏差小于6.8%；分析了0级污秽时雾水电导率对四种绝缘子交流闪络电压梯度的影响。研究结果可为重污染浓雾地区绝缘子的污秽等级划分提供参考建议。
根据雪峰山试验站基地开展的自然雾中绝缘子交流闪络试验结果，提出了盐密和环境温度综合影响的绝缘子交流闪络电压计算公式，与重庆大学青藏铁路高海拔沿线的试验结果吻合；提出与冻雾闪相比，复合绝缘子凝雾交流闪络时贯穿绝缘子两端的闪络电弧的持续时间明显变短，这主要由于冻雾时绝缘子伞群表面粗糙度发生改变，电弧将融化其表面冻结的雾滴而延长闪络时间，使电弧的形状极不规则，而呈现出弯曲或摇摆的剧烈燃烧现象。
According to operation experience, discharge of external insulation in fogconditions poses a significant threat to the safety and stable operation of power grid inChina. The flashover performance of insulators wetting by steam fog in a climatechamber has been extensively studied by researchers. However, there is little researchon the flashover performance of transmission line external insulation influenced bynatural fog and its conductivity. Therefore, the investigation of the ac flashoverperformance of insulators and air gaps in fog conditions and their influential factors cannot only make the fog flashover well understood, but also provide very importantreference for the prevention of flashover of transmission lines in fog conditions and thesafety operation of the power grid.
Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973Program:2009CB724503) and based on the existing studies at home and abroad, a large numberof tests have been carried out in the laboratory and Xuefeng Mountain test station ofChongqing University to investigate the flashover performance of rod-plane air gapsand several types of transmission line insulators in fog conditions. The mainconclusions in the thesis are as follows:
According to the meteorological observation at Xuefeng Mountain test station, themonthly average foggy days and the characteristic parameters are obtained. By usingthe least square method, the visibility formula combining the effect of liquid watercontent and droplet concentration is proposed. With the use of ultrasonic fog nozzles,the artificial fog is generated and applied to investigate the ac flashover performance ofceramic and glass insulators in fog conditions. The test results obtained by the methodof steam fog and artificial fog proposed in this thesis are compared. The effect ofdifferent polluting methods on the flashover performance of composite insulators in fogconditions is analyzed. The deviations Δ1%of ac flashover voltage between quantitativebrushing method and spraying method are ranged in7.1%-9.3%at various SDDs.Moreover, the differences on exponents a characterizing the influence of SDD on theflashover voltage are negligible for the specimen whichever polluting method is used.
Based on the tests in artificial chamber and Xuefeng Mountain test station, thispaper analyzed and summarized the influence of the fog characteristic parameters(water content, fog-water conductivity or temperature) and environmental factors on the AC discharge voltage of air-gap various separations. The results show that as the waterconcentration ranges from1to3g/m3, the discharge voltage increases by5.1%.However, as the water concentration ranges from3to4g/m3, the discharge voltage hasno obvious change. As the fog-water conductivity increases from100to5150μS/cm,the discharge voltage decreases by2.7%～9.1%.
According to the test results and analysis, the effect of the fog-water conductivityon the ac flashover voltage of insulators in the area with heavy fog is put forward. It isproposed that the fog-water conductivity does not affect the flashover voltage if thecontamination degree on insulator surface is not smaller than0.15mg/cm2. While the acfog flashover voltage decreases by4.1%-25.6%with the fog-water conductivityincreasing from0.01to3.0mS/cm if the contamination degree is not larger than grade0.06mg/cm2. This means the effect of fog-water conductivity can be ignored in thecondition of severe pollution. On the contrary, the effect of fog-water conductivityshould be taken into account in light pollution conditions. The flashover voltage of theinsulator should be corrected for the clean or slightly polluted insulators in fog areaswith high conductivity and high concentration. The correction coefficient K ranges from1.0to0.8as the fog-water conductivity γ increasing from0.01to3.0mS/cm. The effectof fog-water conductivity on the flashover voltage of hydrophobic insulator is less thanthe hydrophilic insulators.
According to the test results, the wetting characteristics of the surface pollutionlayers of insulators and condensation growth model are analyzed. The model tocalculate the equivalent salt deposit density reflecting the fog-water conductivity andpre-polluting salt density is established. Based on that, the formula to calculate the acflashover voltage of insulators in fog conditions is proposed by considering the effect offog water conductivity and equivalent salt deposit density. It is shown that thecalculation results have a good agreement with the test results, and the difference issmaller than6.8%. The fog flashover voltage gradient of the leakage distance of fourdifferent types of insulators under various fog water conductivities are investigated inthe0degree pollution condition. The results can provide valuable reference forcontamination classification of insulators under regions with the severe contaminationand heavy fog.
According to a mass of fog flashover results of insulators under the natural fogconditions at natural testing station of Chongqing University, the flashover voltageformula is proposed by considering the effects of the salt density and ambient temperature. It is shown that the calculation results are consistent with the test resultsbased on Qinghai-Tibet railway of Chongqing University. It is proposed the duration ofarc throughout the composite insulator in condensation ceter was significantly lowerthan ones of the freezing fog flashover due to the fact of the change of the surfaceroughness of insulator sheds, which leads the arc melt the frozen fog droplets on thesurface of shed and extends its flashover time. Moreover, the discharge arc presentsvery irregular shapes bends, and has red burning flame or sway violently characteristics.
在国家重大基础研究发展计划973项目的资金支持与国内外研究成果的基础上，论文在重庆大学高电压实验室和雪峰山试验站对输电线路绝缘子与棒－板短空气间隙交流雾闪特性进行了系统的研究分析，得到的主要成果有：
根据雪峰山试验站自然环境的测量结果，统计近4年试验站的月平均雾天气分布与雾物理特征，使用最小二乘法拟合液态水含量、雾滴浓度综合影响的能见度计算公式；采用雾发生装置产生模拟雾方法开展了瓷、玻璃绝缘子交流雾闪试验，其结果较蒸汽雾闪络电压高6.8%～7.2%；比较分析了染污方式对复合绝缘子交流雾闪特性的影响，即定量涂层法与喷涂法试验结果的百分偏差为7.1%～9.3%，可忽略染污方法对污秽特征指数的影响。
基于人工模拟与自然环境试验，分析了雾物理特征（雾的水含量、雾水电导率与雾水温度）以及环境参数对棒－板短空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响规律。结果表明，雾的水含量在1～3g/m3时，击穿电压增大了5.1%；而雾的水含量在3～4g/m3时无明显变化；雾水电导率从100μS/cm增加至5150μS/cm时，击穿电压减小了2.7%～9.1%。
根据试验结果及其分析，提出了浓雾地区雾水电导率对绝缘子交流闪络电压的附加影响规律，即绝缘子表面污秽度达Ⅲ级及以上严重污秽等级时（盐密≥0.15mg/cm2），雾水电导率不影响其闪络电压；而对于Ⅰ级及以下污秽等级（盐密≤0.06mg/cm2），雾水电导率从0.01mS/cm升至3.0mS/cm时将导致绝缘子交流闪络电压降低4.1%～25.6%。即严重污秽时可以不考虑雾水电导率的影响，清洁、轻度污秽时却存在明显影响；清洁、轻污秽绝缘子在高电导率浓雾环境中的交流闪络电压须进行校正，随着雾水电导率的增加（0.01～3.0mS/cm），校正系数K为1.00～0.80，雾水电导率对憎水性绝缘子交流闪络电压的影响小于亲水性绝缘子。
根据测量结果，分析了绝缘子表面凝露与湿润特性，基于此建立了雾水电导率影响的附加盐密与预染污盐密的综合等值盐密计算模型，并提出了盐密、雾水电导率附加盐密综合影响的绝缘子交流闪络电压计算模型，模型计算结果与试验结果很吻合，百分偏差小于6.8%；分析了0级污秽时雾水电导率对四种绝缘子交流闪络电压梯度的影响。研究结果可为重污染浓雾地区绝缘子的污秽等级划分提供参考建议。
根据雪峰山试验站基地开展的自然雾中绝缘子交流闪络试验结果，提出了盐密和环境温度综合影响的绝缘子交流闪络电压计算公式，与重庆大学青藏铁路高海拔沿线的试验结果吻合；提出与冻雾闪相比，复合绝缘子凝雾交流闪络时贯穿绝缘子两端的闪络电弧的持续时间明显变短，这主要由于冻雾时绝缘子伞群表面粗糙度发生改变，电弧将融化其表面冻结的雾滴而延长闪络时间，使电弧的形状极不规则，而呈现出弯曲或摇摆的剧烈燃烧现象。
According to operation experience, discharge of external insulation in fogconditions poses a significant threat to the safety and stable operation of power grid inChina. The flashover performance of insulators wetting by steam fog in a climatechamber has been extensively studied by researchers. However, there is little researchon the flashover performance of transmission line external insulation influenced bynatural fog and its conductivity. Therefore, the investigation of the ac flashoverperformance of insulators and air gaps in fog conditions and their influential factors cannot only make the fog flashover well understood, but also provide very importantreference for the prevention of flashover of transmission lines in fog conditions and thesafety operation of the power grid.
Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973Program:2009CB724503) and based on the existing studies at home and abroad, a large numberof tests have been carried out in the laboratory and Xuefeng Mountain test station ofChongqing University to investigate the flashover performance of rod-plane air gapsand several types of transmission line insulators in fog conditions. The mainconclusions in the thesis are as follows:
According to the meteorological observation at Xuefeng Mountain test station, themonthly average foggy days and the characteristic parameters are obtained. By usingthe least square method, the visibility formula combining the effect of liquid watercontent and droplet concentration is proposed. With the use of ultrasonic fog nozzles,the artificial fog is generated and applied to investigate the ac flashover performance ofceramic and glass insulators in fog conditions. The test results obtained by the methodof steam fog and artificial fog proposed in this thesis are compared. The effect ofdifferent polluting methods on the flashover performance of composite insulators in fogconditions is analyzed. The deviations Δ1%of ac flashover voltage between quantitativebrushing method and spraying method are ranged in7.1%-9.3%at various SDDs.Moreover, the differences on exponents a characterizing the influence of SDD on theflashover voltage are negligible for the specimen whichever polluting method is used.
Based on the tests in artificial chamber and Xuefeng Mountain test station, thispaper analyzed and summarized the influence of the fog characteristic parameters(water content, fog-water conductivity or temperature) and environmental factors on the AC discharge voltage of air-gap various separations. The results show that as the waterconcentration ranges from1to3g/m3, the discharge voltage increases by5.1%.However, as the water concentration ranges from3to4g/m3, the discharge voltage hasno obvious change. As the fog-water conductivity increases from100to5150μS/cm,the discharge voltage decreases by2.7%～9.1%.
According to the test results and analysis, the effect of the fog-water conductivityon the ac flashover voltage of insulators in the area with heavy fog is put forward. It isproposed that the fog-water conductivity does not affect the flashover voltage if thecontamination degree on insulator surface is not smaller than0.15mg/cm2. While the acfog flashover voltage decreases by4.1%-25.6%with the fog-water conductivityincreasing from0.01to3.0mS/cm if the contamination degree is not larger than grade0.06mg/cm2. This means the effect of fog-water conductivity can be ignored in thecondition of severe pollution. On the contrary, the effect of fog-water conductivityshould be taken into account in light pollution conditions. The flashover voltage of theinsulator should be corrected for the clean or slightly polluted insulators in fog areaswith high conductivity and high concentration. The correction coefficient K ranges from1.0to0.8as the fog-water conductivity γ increasing from0.01to3.0mS/cm. The effectof fog-water conductivity on the flashover voltage of hydrophobic insulator is less thanthe hydrophilic insulators.
According to the test results, the wetting characteristics of the surface pollutionlayers of insulators and condensation growth model are analyzed. The model tocalculate the equivalent salt deposit density reflecting the fog-water conductivity andpre-polluting salt density is established. Based on that, the formula to calculate the acflashover voltage of insulators in fog conditions is proposed by considering the effect offog water conductivity and equivalent salt deposit density. It is shown that thecalculation results have a good agreement with the test results, and the difference issmaller than6.8%. The fog flashover voltage gradient of the leakage distance of fourdifferent types of insulators under various fog water conductivities are investigated inthe0degree pollution condition. The results can provide valuable reference forcontamination classification of insulators under regions with the severe contaminationand heavy fog.
According to a mass of fog flashover results of insulators under the natural fogconditions at natural testing station of Chongqing University, the flashover voltageformula is proposed by considering the effects of the salt density and ambient temperature. It is shown that the calculation results are consistent with the test resultsbased on Qinghai-Tibet railway of Chongqing University. It is proposed the duration ofarc throughout the composite insulator in condensation ceter was significantly lowerthan ones of the freezing fog flashover due to the fact of the change of the surfaceroughness of insulator sheds, which leads the arc melt the frozen fog droplets on thesurface of shed and extends its flashover time. Moreover, the discharge arc presentsvery irregular shapes bends, and has red burning flame or sway violently characteristics.
引文
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