多孔建筑材料湿物理性质的测试方法研究
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摘要
多孔建筑材料的湿物理性质是分析建筑围护结构热湿传递过程的重要参数。用准确可靠的方法测试多孔建筑材料的湿物理性质对围护结构的热工设计、室内热湿环境的分析及建筑能耗的计算有着重要意义。
本文以加气混凝土（国产及比利时产）、硅钙板和瓷砖等典型多孔建筑材料为测试材料，首先研究了测试试件的最佳称重方法和干燥方法。通过理论和实验分析，发现对大尺寸的试件可以进行直接称重，而小尺寸的试件在称重过程中应用非吸湿容器密封。对大多数材料推荐采用70°C烘干法进行干燥。
其次，本文参考多项国际和地区标准，在各种条件下进行了平衡吸放湿实验、蒸汽渗透实验、毛细吸水实验、真空饱和实验以及压力平板实验，测试了上述材料的等温吸放湿曲线、蒸汽渗透系数、吸水系数、毛细饱和含湿量、液态水扩散系数、表观密度、孔隙率、真空饱和含湿量和保水曲线等各种物理性质。研究发现，上述实验的重复性都较好，测试结果的重复性误差一般不大于材料不均一性引起的误差。等温吸湿曲线、蒸汽渗透系数、毛细饱和含湿量、表观密度、孔隙率和真空饱和含湿量对温度的变化不敏感，在10-40°C范围内温度变化造成的影响一般不大于实验的重复性误差。吸水系数和液态水扩散系数随温度的升高而变大，其关系可根据Lucas-Washburn公式预测。此外，本文进一步对测试过程中的各种潜在影响因素（如试件尺寸、中间步骤、预处理方法、测试时长、实验压力等）进行了系统研究，发现大多数因素对实验结果没有明显影响。本文还改进了蒸汽渗透实验、毛细吸水实验和压力平板实验的装置，对平衡吸放湿实验和蒸汽渗透实验的结果提出了新的表达方法，并证明了对毛细吸水实验第一阶段的数据进行分析时只需要进行普通的线性拟合。
最后，本文以一维稳态蒸汽渗透过程为例，分析了物性参数的误差对传湿计算的影响。结果表明，蒸汽渗透系数的常物性取值会对蒸汽传递过程的计算带来明显误差。蒸汽渗透系数的误差对蒸汽传递速率的影响程度恒定，而含湿量或相对湿度的误差对蒸汽传递速率的影响程度与当前含湿量或相对湿度有关。
The hygric properties of porous building materials are indispensable parameters in theanalysis of heat and moisture transfer in building envelopes. The reliable determination ofthem is important for the design of building envelopes, the analysis of indoor hygrothermalenvironment, as well as the calculation of the energy consumption of buildings.
In this thesis autoclaved aerated concrete (produced in China and Belgium), calciumsilicate board and ceramic brick are chosen as target materials. The best methods for weighingand drying their samples are studied first. Theoretical and experimental results reveal that forlarge samples it is acceptable to weigh them directly, while for small samples it is better toseal them in non-hygroscopic containers during the weighing process. For most materialsoven drying at70°C is recommended.
Next, referring to many international and national standards, static gravimetric tests, cuptests, capillary absorption tests, vacuum saturation tests and pressure plate tests are performedunder various conditions. The sorption isotherms, vapor permeability, water absorptioncoefficient, capillary saturation moisture content, liquid diffusivity, bulk density, openporosity, vacuum saturation moisture content and moisture retention curve of these materialsare determined. Results show that the repeatability errors of these tests are generally smallerthan the inhomogeneity errors from materials. In addition, within10-40°C, the influence oftemperature on all these properties is limited, except for the capillary absorption coefficientand liquid diffusivity (their temperature dependence can be predicted by the Lucas-Washburnequation). What’s more, different influence factors (such as sample sizes, intermediate steps,pre-conditioning methods, test time and pressure control) are studied. It is proved that testresults are generally not sensitive to these factors. Moreover, the experimental facilities forcup tests, capillary absorption tests and pressure plate tests are improved. Methods forexpressing the results from static gravimetric tests and cup tests are innovated. It is alsoproved that ordinary linear fitting is accurate enough for analyzing the first stage in thecapillary absorption test.
Finally, the influence of errors from material properties on the moisture transfercalculation is studied. The one-dimensional steady-state vapor diffusion process is taken asthe example. Study shows that the constant vapor permeability will cause noticeable errors onthe vapor flow rate calculation. The influence of errors from vapor permeability on vapor flowrate is constant, while the influence of errors from moisture content and RH depends on theactual moisture content and RH.
本文以加气混凝土（国产及比利时产）、硅钙板和瓷砖等典型多孔建筑材料为测试材料，首先研究了测试试件的最佳称重方法和干燥方法。通过理论和实验分析，发现对大尺寸的试件可以进行直接称重，而小尺寸的试件在称重过程中应用非吸湿容器密封。对大多数材料推荐采用70°C烘干法进行干燥。
其次，本文参考多项国际和地区标准，在各种条件下进行了平衡吸放湿实验、蒸汽渗透实验、毛细吸水实验、真空饱和实验以及压力平板实验，测试了上述材料的等温吸放湿曲线、蒸汽渗透系数、吸水系数、毛细饱和含湿量、液态水扩散系数、表观密度、孔隙率、真空饱和含湿量和保水曲线等各种物理性质。研究发现，上述实验的重复性都较好，测试结果的重复性误差一般不大于材料不均一性引起的误差。等温吸湿曲线、蒸汽渗透系数、毛细饱和含湿量、表观密度、孔隙率和真空饱和含湿量对温度的变化不敏感，在10-40°C范围内温度变化造成的影响一般不大于实验的重复性误差。吸水系数和液态水扩散系数随温度的升高而变大，其关系可根据Lucas-Washburn公式预测。此外，本文进一步对测试过程中的各种潜在影响因素（如试件尺寸、中间步骤、预处理方法、测试时长、实验压力等）进行了系统研究，发现大多数因素对实验结果没有明显影响。本文还改进了蒸汽渗透实验、毛细吸水实验和压力平板实验的装置，对平衡吸放湿实验和蒸汽渗透实验的结果提出了新的表达方法，并证明了对毛细吸水实验第一阶段的数据进行分析时只需要进行普通的线性拟合。
最后，本文以一维稳态蒸汽渗透过程为例，分析了物性参数的误差对传湿计算的影响。结果表明，蒸汽渗透系数的常物性取值会对蒸汽传递过程的计算带来明显误差。蒸汽渗透系数的误差对蒸汽传递速率的影响程度恒定，而含湿量或相对湿度的误差对蒸汽传递速率的影响程度与当前含湿量或相对湿度有关。
The hygric properties of porous building materials are indispensable parameters in theanalysis of heat and moisture transfer in building envelopes. The reliable determination ofthem is important for the design of building envelopes, the analysis of indoor hygrothermalenvironment, as well as the calculation of the energy consumption of buildings.
In this thesis autoclaved aerated concrete (produced in China and Belgium), calciumsilicate board and ceramic brick are chosen as target materials. The best methods for weighingand drying their samples are studied first. Theoretical and experimental results reveal that forlarge samples it is acceptable to weigh them directly, while for small samples it is better toseal them in non-hygroscopic containers during the weighing process. For most materialsoven drying at70°C is recommended.
Next, referring to many international and national standards, static gravimetric tests, cuptests, capillary absorption tests, vacuum saturation tests and pressure plate tests are performedunder various conditions. The sorption isotherms, vapor permeability, water absorptioncoefficient, capillary saturation moisture content, liquid diffusivity, bulk density, openporosity, vacuum saturation moisture content and moisture retention curve of these materialsare determined. Results show that the repeatability errors of these tests are generally smallerthan the inhomogeneity errors from materials. In addition, within10-40°C, the influence oftemperature on all these properties is limited, except for the capillary absorption coefficientand liquid diffusivity (their temperature dependence can be predicted by the Lucas-Washburnequation). What’s more, different influence factors (such as sample sizes, intermediate steps,pre-conditioning methods, test time and pressure control) are studied. It is proved that testresults are generally not sensitive to these factors. Moreover, the experimental facilities forcup tests, capillary absorption tests and pressure plate tests are improved. Methods forexpressing the results from static gravimetric tests and cup tests are innovated. It is alsoproved that ordinary linear fitting is accurate enough for analyzing the first stage in thecapillary absorption test.
Finally, the influence of errors from material properties on the moisture transfercalculation is studied. The one-dimensional steady-state vapor diffusion process is taken asthe example. Study shows that the constant vapor permeability will cause noticeable errors onthe vapor flow rate calculation. The influence of errors from vapor permeability on vapor flowrate is constant, while the influence of errors from moisture content and RH depends on theactual moisture content and RH.
引文
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