考虑荷载随机性影响的桥梁振动及噪声环境研究
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摘要
随着我国人车流量激增及交通空间与人居空间的紧邻化,交通、人群作用下结构振动引起的舒适性及噪声问题日益突显。本文以桥梁振动引起的舒适性问题和辐射低频噪声问题为对象,针对传统的确定性方法对在结构受力及人体感觉不确定性方面中考虑的不足,本文基于概率方法提出了能同时考虑荷载随机性及个体差异性影响的振动舒适性及声环境评价方法。一方面通过建立随机人群及车流荷载下结构振动响应计算分析体系,实现了结构响应的概率化分析；另一方面,结合已有的实验结果及标准,建立了考虑个体感觉差异性影响下,振感和噪声上的概率分布曲线,从而实现了对结构在多方面随机因素影响下的全面客观评价。
通过结合实际工程的应用分析,本文的工作及得到的主要结论如下：
1、开发了精确模拟步行荷载下人行天桥振动响应的计算方法,通过与现场振动试验结果的对比,检验了算法的精度及有效性；并基于本文提出的振动舒适性评估方法,系统研究了随机人群荷载下结构振动的舒适性。结果表明,对于基频大于3Hz的人行桥,也有可能出现振动不舒适性。
2、以柔性索道桥在步伐荷载作用下的振动响应计算和舒适性评价为对象,建立了简便的索道桥非线性振动方程及算法,并通过与振动实测结果的对比验证了算法的有效性。在此基础上,研究了随机人群荷载下结构的舒适性。结果表明,柔性索道桥由于结构刚度小、频率低,在步伐荷载下易在高阶振型频率发生步伐共振,影响桥梁的使用舒适性。
3、以下挂式人行桥为研究对象,分别对在随机人群荷载及随机车流作用下,结构振动的概率分布特点及舒适性进行了研究；特别是在车流作用分析中,考虑了车过伸缩缝时的冲击效应,通过与试验结果对比,对伸缩缝冲击效应的模拟方法及其对结构舒适性的影响进行了研究；结果表明,这类人行桥的舒适性主要受伸缩缝冲击效应的影响。
4、以一分离式钢箱梁桥的振动声辐射预测及声环境评价为对象,通过与实测结果对比,验证了车桥耦合振动结合点声源法求解体系在预测振动声辐射上的有效性；在此基础上,对随机车流作用下,结构振动声辐射的声压分布特点进行了分析；并基于烦恼率,分别采用G声级和C声级对结构振动辐射的次声噪声和低频噪声进行了概率意义上的评价。结果表明：由桥面板局部振动引起的频率在10～20Hz之间的噪声为这类桥梁振动辐射噪声最主要的原因,通过降低路面粗糙度和提高桥面板刚度能有效实现减振降噪的目的。
Nowadays, China is undergoing the process rapid urbanization. With the increase of population density, there has been great increase in traffic density which in turn caused troubles such as structural vibration and noise problem. This thesis is focused on the vibration serviceability problem and low frequency noise radiated from bridge vibration. In order to consider the uncertainty of excitation and human vibration sense a probability-based approach is proposed. The stochastic pedestrian load and stochastic traffic flow were simulated by simultaneously considering the effect of several random factors and the probability distributions of bridge vibration under stochastic loads were then investigated. Additionally, according to the existing test result or standard a probability-based evaluation method is proposed considering the individual difference between pedestrians. Therefore, the vibration serviceability and noise can be evaluated objectively and comprehensively.
Bridges with different forms were considered for investigation, and the main contents of this study include:
1. A vibration calculation method with accurate simulation of footfall force is present in this thesis. The accuracy of proposed method was verified by comparison with field test. The probability distribution of bridge vibration under stochastic pedestrian load was studied theoretically considering its randomness. Based on the serviceability analysis, structural vibration induced uncomfortable may occur even when the fundamental frequency of the footbridge is higher than3Hz.
2. The vibration analysis and serviceability evaluation of suspension footbridge was adopted for study. A simple nonlinear vibration calculation method based on cable theory was proposed. The accuracy of proposed method was verified by comparison with field test. The results show that the fundamental frequency of suspension footbridge is very low. Step load is prone to resonate with higher order modes of the bridge in vertical direction, which may cause uncomfortable feelings.
3. A below-hanging footbridge is adopted for study. The vibration characteristics and serviceability evaluation under stochastic human and vehicle excitation are investigated. Especially the impact action from vehicles when passing expansion joint is included for investigation. The simulation method and effect of impact action from expansion joint is investigated. The result shows that impact effect is the main reason for causing uncomfortable feelings in this type of footbridge.
4. The calculation method and evaluation of low-frequency noise radiated from bridge vibration of a separated steel box girder bridge were investigated. The low frequency noise was calculated from bridge traffic vibration based on the summation of point sources. Then the character of low-frequency noise radiated from the bridge vibration under random traffic load is analyzed. Based on annoyance method, G-weighted SPL and C-weighted SPL were used as evaluating indicators of infrasound and low-frequency noise respectively for noise evaluation. The result shows that the low-frequency noise mainly comes from the local vibration of bridge deck in the frequency range of10-20Hz. The infrasound and low-frequency noise can be alleviated by reducing the road roughness or by increasing the bridge deck stiffness.
通过结合实际工程的应用分析,本文的工作及得到的主要结论如下：
1、开发了精确模拟步行荷载下人行天桥振动响应的计算方法,通过与现场振动试验结果的对比,检验了算法的精度及有效性；并基于本文提出的振动舒适性评估方法,系统研究了随机人群荷载下结构振动的舒适性。结果表明,对于基频大于3Hz的人行桥,也有可能出现振动不舒适性。
2、以柔性索道桥在步伐荷载作用下的振动响应计算和舒适性评价为对象,建立了简便的索道桥非线性振动方程及算法,并通过与振动实测结果的对比验证了算法的有效性。在此基础上,研究了随机人群荷载下结构的舒适性。结果表明,柔性索道桥由于结构刚度小、频率低,在步伐荷载下易在高阶振型频率发生步伐共振,影响桥梁的使用舒适性。
3、以下挂式人行桥为研究对象,分别对在随机人群荷载及随机车流作用下,结构振动的概率分布特点及舒适性进行了研究；特别是在车流作用分析中,考虑了车过伸缩缝时的冲击效应,通过与试验结果对比,对伸缩缝冲击效应的模拟方法及其对结构舒适性的影响进行了研究；结果表明,这类人行桥的舒适性主要受伸缩缝冲击效应的影响。
4、以一分离式钢箱梁桥的振动声辐射预测及声环境评价为对象,通过与实测结果对比,验证了车桥耦合振动结合点声源法求解体系在预测振动声辐射上的有效性；在此基础上,对随机车流作用下,结构振动声辐射的声压分布特点进行了分析；并基于烦恼率,分别采用G声级和C声级对结构振动辐射的次声噪声和低频噪声进行了概率意义上的评价。结果表明：由桥面板局部振动引起的频率在10～20Hz之间的噪声为这类桥梁振动辐射噪声最主要的原因,通过降低路面粗糙度和提高桥面板刚度能有效实现减振降噪的目的。
Nowadays, China is undergoing the process rapid urbanization. With the increase of population density, there has been great increase in traffic density which in turn caused troubles such as structural vibration and noise problem. This thesis is focused on the vibration serviceability problem and low frequency noise radiated from bridge vibration. In order to consider the uncertainty of excitation and human vibration sense a probability-based approach is proposed. The stochastic pedestrian load and stochastic traffic flow were simulated by simultaneously considering the effect of several random factors and the probability distributions of bridge vibration under stochastic loads were then investigated. Additionally, according to the existing test result or standard a probability-based evaluation method is proposed considering the individual difference between pedestrians. Therefore, the vibration serviceability and noise can be evaluated objectively and comprehensively.
Bridges with different forms were considered for investigation, and the main contents of this study include:
1. A vibration calculation method with accurate simulation of footfall force is present in this thesis. The accuracy of proposed method was verified by comparison with field test. The probability distribution of bridge vibration under stochastic pedestrian load was studied theoretically considering its randomness. Based on the serviceability analysis, structural vibration induced uncomfortable may occur even when the fundamental frequency of the footbridge is higher than3Hz.
2. The vibration analysis and serviceability evaluation of suspension footbridge was adopted for study. A simple nonlinear vibration calculation method based on cable theory was proposed. The accuracy of proposed method was verified by comparison with field test. The results show that the fundamental frequency of suspension footbridge is very low. Step load is prone to resonate with higher order modes of the bridge in vertical direction, which may cause uncomfortable feelings.
3. A below-hanging footbridge is adopted for study. The vibration characteristics and serviceability evaluation under stochastic human and vehicle excitation are investigated. Especially the impact action from vehicles when passing expansion joint is included for investigation. The simulation method and effect of impact action from expansion joint is investigated. The result shows that impact effect is the main reason for causing uncomfortable feelings in this type of footbridge.
4. The calculation method and evaluation of low-frequency noise radiated from bridge vibration of a separated steel box girder bridge were investigated. The low frequency noise was calculated from bridge traffic vibration based on the summation of point sources. Then the character of low-frequency noise radiated from the bridge vibration under random traffic load is analyzed. Based on annoyance method, G-weighted SPL and C-weighted SPL were used as evaluating indicators of infrasound and low-frequency noise respectively for noise evaluation. The result shows that the low-frequency noise mainly comes from the local vibration of bridge deck in the frequency range of10-20Hz. The infrasound and low-frequency noise can be alleviated by reducing the road roughness or by increasing the bridge deck stiffness.
引文
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