面向方案设计阶段的产品生命周期设计方法研究
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摘要
资源耗竭与生态环境破坏问题要求我们否定“高生产、高消费、高污染”的传统发展模式和“先污染、后治理”的处理方式，转而走“可持续”的发展道路，进行环境问题的“源头控制”。产品生命周期设计是解决环境问题的最有效方法之一，是在产品设计阶段就考虑产品全生命周期各个阶段各种因素的一种设计方法，其目标是在满足产品必要的功能、性能和经济性要求的基础上，实现生命周期资源利用效率的最大化，环境影响的最小化。
方案设计是产品设计过程中的最为重要的阶段之一，在很大程度上决定着产品最终性能，因此在该阶段开展生命周期设计对提高产品生命周期性能具体关键作用。本研究在国家自然科学基金《基于仿真技术和遗传算法的环境调和性产品的设计研究》（50775141）资助下，重点针对方案设计阶段进行了以下产品生命周期设计方法研究：
1.面向方案设计阶段的产品生命周期设计框架
基于公理化设计原理对产品生命周期设计进行了描述。通过对传统产品设计“域”的扩展，提出了产品生命周期设计的“需求域”、“功能域”和“方案域”，给出了各个“域”所包含的设计元素，分析和重构了“域”间映射关系，为产品生命周期设计方法研究提供了理论基础。
通过理论分析提出了产品生命周期设计是将“产品”和“产品生命周期过程”有机地组合在一起进行设计，并从“产品”和“过程”两个方面分析了方案设计阶段产品生命周期设计的核心内容，即产品绿色方案设计和产品生命周期过程闭环化方案设计。在此基础上，提出了基于“目标定义”-“产品初步方案设计”-“产品生命周期过程方案设计”-“产品方案绿色改进设计”-“产品生命周期方案评价”的设计过程模型，分析了设计实现方法和关键技术，提出了支持生命周期设计的产品信息模型。
2.面向方案设计阶段的产品生命周期设计方法
基于“可持续性”内涵，提出了产品生命周期设计目标体系和目标描述方法。给出了基于需求分析的产品生命周期环境目标定义方法，通过对生命周期环境需求信息的收集、整理、筛选和规范化描述，将其转化为明确、可量化产品生命周期环境设计目标和约束，从而能更有效地指导设计开展。提出了基于产品层次的过程设计策略分析和结构单元层次的过程设计选项适用性分析的两层次产品生命周期过程方案设计方法，实现了环境目标到生命周期过程方案的转化。提出了基于设计准则和QFD的产品方案绿色改进设计方法，指出了产品绿色设计准则具体应用方法，通过生命周期环境目标与产品绿色设计措施选项、产品绿色设计措施选项与结构单元相关性量化分析，实现环境性能目标到产品方案绿色设计改进要求的转化。
3.基于仿真的产品生命周期设计评价方法针对产品生命周期设计复杂性特点和方案设计阶段创新性特点，提出了基于生命周期仿真的产品生命周期设计评价框架，包括仿真输入建模、仿真执行和基于仿真结果的设计评价。在评价框架基础上，首先对产品周期设计方案的特性提炼，提出了基于“产品模型”、“生命周期过程模型”和“用户模型”的仿真输入模型，将设计方案信息有效转化为仿真输入参数；然后，提出了离散制造型产品的一般化生命周期仿真模型。基于离散事件系统仿真原理分析并定义了产品生命周期仿真系统的“实体”、“事件”和“活动”要素，分析了要素间的内在逻辑关系，在此基础上提出了产品生命周期仿真控制逻辑、仿真输出指标、构成生命周期过程的主要“活动”模型（包括产品制造、分配、使用、维修/维护/升级和回收处理）、生命周期成本计算模型和清单分析模型。
4.应用软件开发和案例研究
在以上研究成果的基础上，进行了产品生命周期设计原型系统的开发，开展了家用冰箱产品生命周期设计案例研究。
Due to the rapid deterioration of ecosystems and depletion of natural resources, it is amust to shift from the "mass production, mass consumption, high pollution and end-of-pipetreatment" development mode to a more sustainable development mode which is focused on"source control" of environmental problems.
Product life cycle design is one of the most effective source control methods ofenvironmental problems. It is a design methodology that considers various factors throughoutthe whole product life cycle during the design process. It aims to maximize the resourceutilization efficiency and minimize the environmental impacts through the product life cyclewhile fulfilling product functional and economic requirements.
Scheme design is one of the most important phases of the whole product design process,as it greatly affects the product performance throughout its life cycle. Therefore, product lifecycle design in scheme design phase has crucial contributions to improve product lifeperformance. This research, which is part of the "Research Project on EnvironmentallyFriendly Product Design Based on Simulation and Genetic Algorithm (No.50775141)" fundedby National Science Foundation Grant of China, is focused on product life cycle designmethods in scheme design phase and its major efforts and contributions include:
1. Framework of product life cycle design in scheme design phaseBy expansion of contexts of the Axiomatic Design Domain,"requirementdomain","function domain" and "concept domain" of product life cycle design isdefined. The realization of product life cycle design is described by reconstruction ofprojection between the three design domains. On the basis of theoretic analysis, it isproposed that life cycle design is to generate combined solutions of both product andlife cycle process which fulfills not only functional and economic requirements butalso environmental ones. Thus, core contents of life cycle design in scheme design phase are analyzed from perspectives of "product" and "life cycle process". Designprocess model consisting of "life cycle requirements analysis and design goaldefinition","product concept generation","life cycle process planning","productconcept green revision" and "product life cycle design evaluation", key designtechnologies and design information model to support life cycle design are thenproposed.
2. Product life cycle design methods and technologies in scheme design phase
A comprehensive product life cycle design goal system is developed fromperspectives of sustainability. Life cycle design goal definition method based onrequirement analysis is then proposed. Close-looped product life cycle processscheming method based on product level life cycle strategy analysis and structuralelement level life cycle process option applicability analysis is presented to realizethe projections from life cycle environmental goals to life cycle process designsolutions. Product concept revision method based on green design principals andQFD is proposed to realize projections from environmental goals to product designsolutions.
3. Evaluation of product life cycle scheme based on product life cycle simulation
Life cycle simulation (LCS) as a powerful tool of describing and analyzingproduct life cycles can effectively handle the complexity and innovation of productlife cycle design. A product life cycle scheme evaluation method based on LCS isproposed in this research. First, a LCS input model which consists of sub-modes ofproduct, life cycle process and users is proposed based on identifying life cycledesign properties. It translates life cycle design information into LCS inputparameters. Second, a general life cycle simulation model of discretely manufacturedproducts is established based on discrete-event simulation theory. Elements ofproduct life cycle system are defined. Simulation strategies and output indicators areproposed. Simulation models of life cycle process including "manufacturing","use","maintenance","upgrade" and " recovery" are constructed and calculation modelof life cycle costs and inventory are formulated.
4. Development of software prototype of product life cycle design and case study.
In order to encourage applications of life cycle design methods, a softwareprototype of product life cycle design is developed. A case study of household refrigerator life cycle scheme design is conducted to verify the proposed methods.
方案设计是产品设计过程中的最为重要的阶段之一，在很大程度上决定着产品最终性能，因此在该阶段开展生命周期设计对提高产品生命周期性能具体关键作用。本研究在国家自然科学基金《基于仿真技术和遗传算法的环境调和性产品的设计研究》（50775141）资助下，重点针对方案设计阶段进行了以下产品生命周期设计方法研究：
1.面向方案设计阶段的产品生命周期设计框架
基于公理化设计原理对产品生命周期设计进行了描述。通过对传统产品设计“域”的扩展，提出了产品生命周期设计的“需求域”、“功能域”和“方案域”，给出了各个“域”所包含的设计元素，分析和重构了“域”间映射关系，为产品生命周期设计方法研究提供了理论基础。
通过理论分析提出了产品生命周期设计是将“产品”和“产品生命周期过程”有机地组合在一起进行设计，并从“产品”和“过程”两个方面分析了方案设计阶段产品生命周期设计的核心内容，即产品绿色方案设计和产品生命周期过程闭环化方案设计。在此基础上，提出了基于“目标定义”-“产品初步方案设计”-“产品生命周期过程方案设计”-“产品方案绿色改进设计”-“产品生命周期方案评价”的设计过程模型，分析了设计实现方法和关键技术，提出了支持生命周期设计的产品信息模型。
2.面向方案设计阶段的产品生命周期设计方法
基于“可持续性”内涵，提出了产品生命周期设计目标体系和目标描述方法。给出了基于需求分析的产品生命周期环境目标定义方法，通过对生命周期环境需求信息的收集、整理、筛选和规范化描述，将其转化为明确、可量化产品生命周期环境设计目标和约束，从而能更有效地指导设计开展。提出了基于产品层次的过程设计策略分析和结构单元层次的过程设计选项适用性分析的两层次产品生命周期过程方案设计方法，实现了环境目标到生命周期过程方案的转化。提出了基于设计准则和QFD的产品方案绿色改进设计方法，指出了产品绿色设计准则具体应用方法，通过生命周期环境目标与产品绿色设计措施选项、产品绿色设计措施选项与结构单元相关性量化分析，实现环境性能目标到产品方案绿色设计改进要求的转化。
3.基于仿真的产品生命周期设计评价方法针对产品生命周期设计复杂性特点和方案设计阶段创新性特点，提出了基于生命周期仿真的产品生命周期设计评价框架，包括仿真输入建模、仿真执行和基于仿真结果的设计评价。在评价框架基础上，首先对产品周期设计方案的特性提炼，提出了基于“产品模型”、“生命周期过程模型”和“用户模型”的仿真输入模型，将设计方案信息有效转化为仿真输入参数；然后，提出了离散制造型产品的一般化生命周期仿真模型。基于离散事件系统仿真原理分析并定义了产品生命周期仿真系统的“实体”、“事件”和“活动”要素，分析了要素间的内在逻辑关系，在此基础上提出了产品生命周期仿真控制逻辑、仿真输出指标、构成生命周期过程的主要“活动”模型（包括产品制造、分配、使用、维修/维护/升级和回收处理）、生命周期成本计算模型和清单分析模型。
4.应用软件开发和案例研究
在以上研究成果的基础上，进行了产品生命周期设计原型系统的开发，开展了家用冰箱产品生命周期设计案例研究。
Due to the rapid deterioration of ecosystems and depletion of natural resources, it is amust to shift from the "mass production, mass consumption, high pollution and end-of-pipetreatment" development mode to a more sustainable development mode which is focused on"source control" of environmental problems.
Product life cycle design is one of the most effective source control methods ofenvironmental problems. It is a design methodology that considers various factors throughoutthe whole product life cycle during the design process. It aims to maximize the resourceutilization efficiency and minimize the environmental impacts through the product life cyclewhile fulfilling product functional and economic requirements.
Scheme design is one of the most important phases of the whole product design process,as it greatly affects the product performance throughout its life cycle. Therefore, product lifecycle design in scheme design phase has crucial contributions to improve product lifeperformance. This research, which is part of the "Research Project on EnvironmentallyFriendly Product Design Based on Simulation and Genetic Algorithm (No.50775141)" fundedby National Science Foundation Grant of China, is focused on product life cycle designmethods in scheme design phase and its major efforts and contributions include:
1. Framework of product life cycle design in scheme design phaseBy expansion of contexts of the Axiomatic Design Domain,"requirementdomain","function domain" and "concept domain" of product life cycle design isdefined. The realization of product life cycle design is described by reconstruction ofprojection between the three design domains. On the basis of theoretic analysis, it isproposed that life cycle design is to generate combined solutions of both product andlife cycle process which fulfills not only functional and economic requirements butalso environmental ones. Thus, core contents of life cycle design in scheme design phase are analyzed from perspectives of "product" and "life cycle process". Designprocess model consisting of "life cycle requirements analysis and design goaldefinition","product concept generation","life cycle process planning","productconcept green revision" and "product life cycle design evaluation", key designtechnologies and design information model to support life cycle design are thenproposed.
2. Product life cycle design methods and technologies in scheme design phase
A comprehensive product life cycle design goal system is developed fromperspectives of sustainability. Life cycle design goal definition method based onrequirement analysis is then proposed. Close-looped product life cycle processscheming method based on product level life cycle strategy analysis and structuralelement level life cycle process option applicability analysis is presented to realizethe projections from life cycle environmental goals to life cycle process designsolutions. Product concept revision method based on green design principals andQFD is proposed to realize projections from environmental goals to product designsolutions.
3. Evaluation of product life cycle scheme based on product life cycle simulation
Life cycle simulation (LCS) as a powerful tool of describing and analyzingproduct life cycles can effectively handle the complexity and innovation of productlife cycle design. A product life cycle scheme evaluation method based on LCS isproposed in this research. First, a LCS input model which consists of sub-modes ofproduct, life cycle process and users is proposed based on identifying life cycledesign properties. It translates life cycle design information into LCS inputparameters. Second, a general life cycle simulation model of discretely manufacturedproducts is established based on discrete-event simulation theory. Elements ofproduct life cycle system are defined. Simulation strategies and output indicators areproposed. Simulation models of life cycle process including "manufacturing","use","maintenance","upgrade" and " recovery" are constructed and calculation modelof life cycle costs and inventory are formulated.
4. Development of software prototype of product life cycle design and case study.
In order to encourage applications of life cycle design methods, a softwareprototype of product life cycle design is developed. A case study of household refrigerator life cycle scheme design is conducted to verify the proposed methods.
引文
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