土壤中多种雌激素干扰吸附、增强生物降解模型及机理研究
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摘要
雌激素(Endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs)是一类进入生物体后,通过影响内分泌系统功能,破坏其维持机体稳定性和调控作用的物质。雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)和雌三醇(E3)为自然雌激素,主要来自于动物体内,可对生物产生雌激素效应。乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)和双酚A(BPA)均为人工合成雌激素,并在工业、畜牧业和医药业中有广泛的应用。EE2是养殖业饲料、口服避孕药及激素补充用药的主要成分,ng/L水平就可减弱动物的繁殖能力。BPA作为化工原料被广泛用于食品包装和塑料器具的生产,在微量水平下亦可表现雌激素效应,影响人类和动物的生殖及内分泌系统。雌激素化合物进入环境中后,在自然水体、土壤、地下水以及土壤中均有不同程度残留。以往研究多关注于雌激素在水环境中的环境行为及控制,而在土壤环境中对雌激素的控制仍是较为薄弱的环节。土壤是雌激素进入环境后的迁移载体和蓄积场所,因此,对土壤-水环境中雌激素控制和去除是本文研究的重点。
本文以E1、E2、EE2、E3及BPA为雌激素特征污染物,以土壤为环境介质,分别建立分散液液微萃取-上浮溶剂固化-高效液相色谱法(DLLME-SFO-HPLC)和超声辅助-表面活性剂增强乳化微萃取-柱前衍生-高效液相色谱法(UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC)并进行评价。结果表明,UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC法在萃取过程中不添加分散剂,从而减少了有毒溶剂用量,是一种环境友好的雌激素测定方法。与此同时,UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC方法具有较高的灵敏度：E3、BPA、EE2和E2线性范围均为0.02～2.0mg/L,壬基酚(NP)的线性范围为0.02-1.0mg/L,相关系数为0.9950～0.9999,方法的检出限分别为1.06μg/L (E3)、2.22ug/L (BPA)、3.55μg/L(EE2)、3.41μg/L(E2)和5.04μg/L (NP);所建方法加标回收率介于88.08～117.33%范围,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.75～9.73%。因此,选取UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC方法作为水-土壤体系中多种雌激素的测定方法。
在揭示土壤中多种雌激素吸附行为的基础上,利用定量结构属性关系(Quantitative structure-property relationship, QSPR),从物理化学角度分析了雌激素在土壤一元、二元吸附体系的干扰吸附机理；通过夹角计算方法和计算土壤对雌激素的分配系数,考察了多元吸附体系中雌激素吸附能力差异的原因以及土壤对雌激素的选择性。研究结果表明,雌激素康德利分子体积(CSEV)、极化率及相关拓扑结构参数均为导致吸附存在差异的重要因素。土壤对多元雌激素吸附的选择性表明,三元吸附体系E2-EE2-BPA中土壤分配系数为43.48-87.86,表明在E2-EE2-BPA吸附体系中土壤对雌激素的选择性较高。在二元吸附体系中,土壤对雌激素选择性的顺序为：E1>EE2>E2>E3>BPA,与吸附能力顺序相一致,表明二元吸附体系中雌激素的吸附方式以分配作用为主。对比分析土壤中多种雌激素吸附能力及土壤对雌激素的选择性,雌激素在土壤中因吸附而去除的特征不仅仅依赖于雌激素自身的理化性质,土壤对雌激素化合物的选择性也是影响雌激素吸附去除的主导因素之一。
在土壤中多种雌激素增强吸附研究中,利用析因实验设计优化了掺杂MnO2土壤对多种雌激素化合物(El、E2、EE2、E3和BPA)的吸附条件,并利用液相-质谱(LC-MS)对MnO2土壤吸附多种雌激素的机理和降解产物进行了分析；土壤中多种雌激素增强生物降解研究中,利用BP神经网络与析因实验设计结合的方法,探讨了碳源、氮源、超声波辅助作用下恶臭假单胞菌对雌激素生物降解的影响,并在最优生物降解条件下,分析生物降解的增强效应及差异性机理。上述研究结果表明,掺杂MnO2土壤吸附5种雌激素的最优条件为：土壤质量为0.1g,离子强度为0,不调节pH(对于E2, pH=8.0;对于E3,pH=3.8),雌激素浓度为5.0mg/L及MnO2掺杂量为15%；在最优吸附条件下,E1、E2、EE2、E3和BPA的去除率均可达到90%以上,掺杂MnO2土壤对雌激素的吸附是物理吸附和化学降解共同作用的过程；此外,所建BP神经网络雌激素降解模型的相关系数(R2)和模拟效率系数(NSC)均在0.90～1.0范围内,降解模型具有较准确的预测功能：E1、E2、EE2、 E3和BPA最大生物降解率分别可达到53.95%、65.43%、87.13%、20.47和69.27%,对应的降解条件为：10%的碳源添加量、10%的氮源添加量、20mL的接种量、1min的超声时间和168h的降解时间。基于雌激素有机碳标化系数(logKoc)及半衰期的降解差异性分析表明,雌激素的降解效率与其移动性成正比,与持久性成反比。
本论文还通过向土壤中添加海藻酸钠、海藻酸钙和鼠李糖脂,在超声辅助作用下增强土壤中多种雌激素的生物降解,降解条件的优化主要通过中心复合设计的方法实现,同时从外因角度分析多种雌激素增强降解的机理,并借助生物降解性能关系(Quantitative structure-biodegrad relationship, QSBR)从内因角度分析土壤中多种雌激素生物降解的机理。研究结果表明,在鼠李糖脂辅助的土壤环境中雌激素可达到显著的降解效果,E1、E3.BPA.EE2和E2的生物降解率分别为100%、94.56%、94.56%、94.90%和94.86%。适宜的超声辅助时间可促进微生物在土壤中的生物降解；反之,超声时间过长或过短均会抑制微生物的降解效率。雌激素降解机理分析表明,海藻酸钠、海藻酸钙可将游离的恶臭假单胞菌固定在限定的空间区域内并提高微生物的稳定性,从而提高雌激素的生物降解率；处于临界胶束浓度以上的鼠李糖脂溶液对雌激素有显著地降解效果。极性表面积(Polar surface area, PSA)是影响土壤中多种雌激素生物降解的主导参数,而鼠李糖脂增强生物降解体系中,雌激素的表面张力与其降解效果成正比,雌激素分子的PSA和表面张力在降解体系中表现为拮抗作用。
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) were a kind of compound, which disrupted wildlife's reproductive system by imitating and blocking the activity of natural hormones. Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) were mainly from the secretion of animals, and it reversed the sex of animals even at low concentrations (μg/L). Both of17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and bisphenol A (BPA) were the synthetic EDCs, which were applied in industry, livestock, medicine and pharmacy industry. EE2was commonly used in livestock's feed, oral contraceptive and hormone drugs, which reduced animal's reproductive capacity and progeny even at ng/L level. Bisphenol A (BPA) was used in chemical industry for the production of synthetic plasticiser and food package, and expressed estrogen effect on human and animal's endocrinium at trace level. The residual EDCs will be found in water, soil, and sediment in different degree after enter environment. The previous studies mainly focused on the behaviour and transport of EDCs in water, but little in soil. The soil was an important place of EDCs'migration and accumulation. Therefore, the control and removal of EDCs in soil was the research point in the study.
The E1, E2, EE2, E3and BPA were selected as target pollution, and soil was the research environment. The dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-solidification of floating organic drop-high performance liquid chromatography (DLLME-SFO-HPLC) and ultrasonic assisted-surfactant enhanced emulsification microextraction-precolmn derivation-high performance liquid chromatography (UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC) were estalished, respectively. The result indicated that UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC was an environmental friendly method without dispersive agent (toxic solvent). Meanwhile, UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC was more sensitive for determination of trace EDCs. The linear range of E3, BPA, EE2and E2were0.02～2.0mg/L, while NP was0.02-1.0mg/L, and the correlation coefficients were ranged of0.9950～0.9999. The limits of detection were1.06μg/L (E3),2.22μg/L (BPA),3.55μg/L (EE2),3.41μg/L (E2) and5.04μg/L (NP), respectively. The spiked recoveries of estrogens under different spiked levels (0.02,0.20and1.00mg/L) for estrogens were88.08～117.33%, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) were0.75～9.73%. Therefore, UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC was chosen for analyzing the EDCs in water-soil system.
Based on the adsorption behaviour of EDCs in soil, the quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) was employed for analyzing the mechanism of EDCs' unitary and binary interference adsorption in soil. The differences of EDCs adsorption capacity and the selectivity of soil in multiple systems were investigated by angle calculation method and partition coefficient of soil, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption differences of EDCs were dominanted by Connolly solvent excluded volume (CSEV), polarisability, and some other topological structure parameters of EDCs molecular. The developed QSPR models were helpful to reveal the mechanism of multiple EDCs. EDCs in E2-EE2-BPA system presented a superior selectivity of sediment with the (3of43.48～87.86, which suggested the high selectivity of soil for EDCs. The order of sediment selectivity (E1>EE2>E2>E3>BPA) in binary system was agreed with EDCs'adsorption capacity, which suggested the adsorption was dominated by partition adsorption. The result sugguested the adsorption of EDCs in soil was not only depended on the physicochemical property of EDCs, but also the selectivity of soil.
In the study of enhanced adsorption of multiple EDCs onto soil, a factorial design was employed for opitmizing the conditions of EDCs adsorption onto MnO2. soil. The liquid phase-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were ultilized for the analyzing the adsorption mechanism and degradation products of EDCs onto MnO2; in the study of enchanced biodegradation of EDCs in soil, a BP neural network and factorial design were combined for condition optimization (amount of carbon source, amount of nitrogen source and ultrasonic time), and the mechanism of biodegradation differences were explained. The results showed that the optimized conditions of EDCs adsorption onto the soil doped with MnO2were:0.1g of soil quality,0of ionic strength, without control pH (pH=8.0for E2, pH=3.8for E3),5.0mg/L of EDCs concentration, and15%of MnO2doping ratio; the removal rate of E1, E2, EE2, E3and BPA were all above on90%, the adsorption progress of EDCs onto was the soil doped with MnO2was the dominated by physical absorption and chemical degradation, simultaneously. The correlation coefficient and Nash-Suttclife coefficient values (NSC) of BP neural network model were in the range of0.90-1, which indicated the accuracy prediction of models. The maximum degradation rates of E1, E2, EE2, E3and BPA were53.95%,65.43%,87.13%,20.47and69.27%, respectively. The optimum conditions for degradation were as follow:10%of carbon source,10%of nitrogen source,20mL of inoculum dose,1min of ultrasonic time, and168h of degradation time. The biodegradation differences analysis showed the degradation rate of E1, E2, EE2, E3and BPA were proportional to mobility of EDCs, while inversely proportional to the persistence of EDCs.
Finally, the sodium alginate, calcium alginate and rhamnolipid were spiked into the soil to enhance the biodegradation with ultrasoni-assistant. Central composite design was ultilized for the optimizaiton of biodegradation conditions of EDCs in soil. The biodegradation differences mechanism of EDCs in soil was analyzed by experimental results and quantitative structure-biodegradability relationship (QSBR), which was from the perspective of external and internal reason. The results suggested that the addition of rhamnolipid with ultrasoni-assistant achieved the best removal of EDCs, and the biodegradation rate of E1, E3, BPA, EE2and E2was100%,94.56%,94.56%,94.90%and94.86%, respectively. The suitable ultrasonic time would promote the biodegadation rate of EDCs in soil; on the contrary, both of long or short ultrasonic time would inhibit the degradation efficiency of pseudomonas putida. The sodium alginate and calcium alginate could fix the free pseudomonas putida in an area, and which was benefit for the growth and stability of pseudomonas putida. Meanwhile, the degradation of EDCs dominanted by polar surface area (PSA). For the enhaced biodegradation by rhamnolipid with ultrasoni-assistant, the surface tension above on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was obviously enhanced the degradation of EDCs, and the interaction of PSA*surface tension performed an antagonism effect on the degradation of EDCs.
本文以E1、E2、EE2、E3及BPA为雌激素特征污染物,以土壤为环境介质,分别建立分散液液微萃取-上浮溶剂固化-高效液相色谱法(DLLME-SFO-HPLC)和超声辅助-表面活性剂增强乳化微萃取-柱前衍生-高效液相色谱法(UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC)并进行评价。结果表明,UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC法在萃取过程中不添加分散剂,从而减少了有毒溶剂用量,是一种环境友好的雌激素测定方法。与此同时,UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC方法具有较高的灵敏度：E3、BPA、EE2和E2线性范围均为0.02～2.0mg/L,壬基酚(NP)的线性范围为0.02-1.0mg/L,相关系数为0.9950～0.9999,方法的检出限分别为1.06μg/L (E3)、2.22ug/L (BPA)、3.55μg/L(EE2)、3.41μg/L(E2)和5.04μg/L (NP);所建方法加标回收率介于88.08～117.33%范围,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.75～9.73%。因此,选取UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC方法作为水-土壤体系中多种雌激素的测定方法。
在揭示土壤中多种雌激素吸附行为的基础上,利用定量结构属性关系(Quantitative structure-property relationship, QSPR),从物理化学角度分析了雌激素在土壤一元、二元吸附体系的干扰吸附机理；通过夹角计算方法和计算土壤对雌激素的分配系数,考察了多元吸附体系中雌激素吸附能力差异的原因以及土壤对雌激素的选择性。研究结果表明,雌激素康德利分子体积(CSEV)、极化率及相关拓扑结构参数均为导致吸附存在差异的重要因素。土壤对多元雌激素吸附的选择性表明,三元吸附体系E2-EE2-BPA中土壤分配系数为43.48-87.86,表明在E2-EE2-BPA吸附体系中土壤对雌激素的选择性较高。在二元吸附体系中,土壤对雌激素选择性的顺序为：E1>EE2>E2>E3>BPA,与吸附能力顺序相一致,表明二元吸附体系中雌激素的吸附方式以分配作用为主。对比分析土壤中多种雌激素吸附能力及土壤对雌激素的选择性,雌激素在土壤中因吸附而去除的特征不仅仅依赖于雌激素自身的理化性质,土壤对雌激素化合物的选择性也是影响雌激素吸附去除的主导因素之一。
在土壤中多种雌激素增强吸附研究中,利用析因实验设计优化了掺杂MnO2土壤对多种雌激素化合物(El、E2、EE2、E3和BPA)的吸附条件,并利用液相-质谱(LC-MS)对MnO2土壤吸附多种雌激素的机理和降解产物进行了分析；土壤中多种雌激素增强生物降解研究中,利用BP神经网络与析因实验设计结合的方法,探讨了碳源、氮源、超声波辅助作用下恶臭假单胞菌对雌激素生物降解的影响,并在最优生物降解条件下,分析生物降解的增强效应及差异性机理。上述研究结果表明,掺杂MnO2土壤吸附5种雌激素的最优条件为：土壤质量为0.1g,离子强度为0,不调节pH(对于E2, pH=8.0;对于E3,pH=3.8),雌激素浓度为5.0mg/L及MnO2掺杂量为15%；在最优吸附条件下,E1、E2、EE2、E3和BPA的去除率均可达到90%以上,掺杂MnO2土壤对雌激素的吸附是物理吸附和化学降解共同作用的过程；此外,所建BP神经网络雌激素降解模型的相关系数(R2)和模拟效率系数(NSC)均在0.90～1.0范围内,降解模型具有较准确的预测功能：E1、E2、EE2、 E3和BPA最大生物降解率分别可达到53.95%、65.43%、87.13%、20.47和69.27%,对应的降解条件为：10%的碳源添加量、10%的氮源添加量、20mL的接种量、1min的超声时间和168h的降解时间。基于雌激素有机碳标化系数(logKoc)及半衰期的降解差异性分析表明,雌激素的降解效率与其移动性成正比,与持久性成反比。
本论文还通过向土壤中添加海藻酸钠、海藻酸钙和鼠李糖脂,在超声辅助作用下增强土壤中多种雌激素的生物降解,降解条件的优化主要通过中心复合设计的方法实现,同时从外因角度分析多种雌激素增强降解的机理,并借助生物降解性能关系(Quantitative structure-biodegrad relationship, QSBR)从内因角度分析土壤中多种雌激素生物降解的机理。研究结果表明,在鼠李糖脂辅助的土壤环境中雌激素可达到显著的降解效果,E1、E3.BPA.EE2和E2的生物降解率分别为100%、94.56%、94.56%、94.90%和94.86%。适宜的超声辅助时间可促进微生物在土壤中的生物降解；反之,超声时间过长或过短均会抑制微生物的降解效率。雌激素降解机理分析表明,海藻酸钠、海藻酸钙可将游离的恶臭假单胞菌固定在限定的空间区域内并提高微生物的稳定性,从而提高雌激素的生物降解率；处于临界胶束浓度以上的鼠李糖脂溶液对雌激素有显著地降解效果。极性表面积(Polar surface area, PSA)是影响土壤中多种雌激素生物降解的主导参数,而鼠李糖脂增强生物降解体系中,雌激素的表面张力与其降解效果成正比,雌激素分子的PSA和表面张力在降解体系中表现为拮抗作用。
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) were a kind of compound, which disrupted wildlife's reproductive system by imitating and blocking the activity of natural hormones. Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) were mainly from the secretion of animals, and it reversed the sex of animals even at low concentrations (μg/L). Both of17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and bisphenol A (BPA) were the synthetic EDCs, which were applied in industry, livestock, medicine and pharmacy industry. EE2was commonly used in livestock's feed, oral contraceptive and hormone drugs, which reduced animal's reproductive capacity and progeny even at ng/L level. Bisphenol A (BPA) was used in chemical industry for the production of synthetic plasticiser and food package, and expressed estrogen effect on human and animal's endocrinium at trace level. The residual EDCs will be found in water, soil, and sediment in different degree after enter environment. The previous studies mainly focused on the behaviour and transport of EDCs in water, but little in soil. The soil was an important place of EDCs'migration and accumulation. Therefore, the control and removal of EDCs in soil was the research point in the study.
The E1, E2, EE2, E3and BPA were selected as target pollution, and soil was the research environment. The dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-solidification of floating organic drop-high performance liquid chromatography (DLLME-SFO-HPLC) and ultrasonic assisted-surfactant enhanced emulsification microextraction-precolmn derivation-high performance liquid chromatography (UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC) were estalished, respectively. The result indicated that UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC was an environmental friendly method without dispersive agent (toxic solvent). Meanwhile, UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC was more sensitive for determination of trace EDCs. The linear range of E3, BPA, EE2and E2were0.02～2.0mg/L, while NP was0.02-1.0mg/L, and the correlation coefficients were ranged of0.9950～0.9999. The limits of detection were1.06μg/L (E3),2.22μg/L (BPA),3.55μg/L (EE2),3.41μg/L (E2) and5.04μg/L (NP), respectively. The spiked recoveries of estrogens under different spiked levels (0.02,0.20and1.00mg/L) for estrogens were88.08～117.33%, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) were0.75～9.73%. Therefore, UAE-SEEME-PD-HPLC was chosen for analyzing the EDCs in water-soil system.
Based on the adsorption behaviour of EDCs in soil, the quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) was employed for analyzing the mechanism of EDCs' unitary and binary interference adsorption in soil. The differences of EDCs adsorption capacity and the selectivity of soil in multiple systems were investigated by angle calculation method and partition coefficient of soil, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption differences of EDCs were dominanted by Connolly solvent excluded volume (CSEV), polarisability, and some other topological structure parameters of EDCs molecular. The developed QSPR models were helpful to reveal the mechanism of multiple EDCs. EDCs in E2-EE2-BPA system presented a superior selectivity of sediment with the (3of43.48～87.86, which suggested the high selectivity of soil for EDCs. The order of sediment selectivity (E1>EE2>E2>E3>BPA) in binary system was agreed with EDCs'adsorption capacity, which suggested the adsorption was dominated by partition adsorption. The result sugguested the adsorption of EDCs in soil was not only depended on the physicochemical property of EDCs, but also the selectivity of soil.
In the study of enhanced adsorption of multiple EDCs onto soil, a factorial design was employed for opitmizing the conditions of EDCs adsorption onto MnO2. soil. The liquid phase-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were ultilized for the analyzing the adsorption mechanism and degradation products of EDCs onto MnO2; in the study of enchanced biodegradation of EDCs in soil, a BP neural network and factorial design were combined for condition optimization (amount of carbon source, amount of nitrogen source and ultrasonic time), and the mechanism of biodegradation differences were explained. The results showed that the optimized conditions of EDCs adsorption onto the soil doped with MnO2were:0.1g of soil quality,0of ionic strength, without control pH (pH=8.0for E2, pH=3.8for E3),5.0mg/L of EDCs concentration, and15%of MnO2doping ratio; the removal rate of E1, E2, EE2, E3and BPA were all above on90%, the adsorption progress of EDCs onto was the soil doped with MnO2was the dominated by physical absorption and chemical degradation, simultaneously. The correlation coefficient and Nash-Suttclife coefficient values (NSC) of BP neural network model were in the range of0.90-1, which indicated the accuracy prediction of models. The maximum degradation rates of E1, E2, EE2, E3and BPA were53.95%,65.43%,87.13%,20.47and69.27%, respectively. The optimum conditions for degradation were as follow:10%of carbon source,10%of nitrogen source,20mL of inoculum dose,1min of ultrasonic time, and168h of degradation time. The biodegradation differences analysis showed the degradation rate of E1, E2, EE2, E3and BPA were proportional to mobility of EDCs, while inversely proportional to the persistence of EDCs.
Finally, the sodium alginate, calcium alginate and rhamnolipid were spiked into the soil to enhance the biodegradation with ultrasoni-assistant. Central composite design was ultilized for the optimizaiton of biodegradation conditions of EDCs in soil. The biodegradation differences mechanism of EDCs in soil was analyzed by experimental results and quantitative structure-biodegradability relationship (QSBR), which was from the perspective of external and internal reason. The results suggested that the addition of rhamnolipid with ultrasoni-assistant achieved the best removal of EDCs, and the biodegradation rate of E1, E3, BPA, EE2and E2was100%,94.56%,94.56%,94.90%and94.86%, respectively. The suitable ultrasonic time would promote the biodegadation rate of EDCs in soil; on the contrary, both of long or short ultrasonic time would inhibit the degradation efficiency of pseudomonas putida. The sodium alginate and calcium alginate could fix the free pseudomonas putida in an area, and which was benefit for the growth and stability of pseudomonas putida. Meanwhile, the degradation of EDCs dominanted by polar surface area (PSA). For the enhaced biodegradation by rhamnolipid with ultrasoni-assistant, the surface tension above on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was obviously enhanced the degradation of EDCs, and the interaction of PSA*surface tension performed an antagonism effect on the degradation of EDCs.
引文
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