人类活动和自然因子对流域水质影响的定量评估与河流营养物基准研究
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摘要
基于区域性的河流营养物基准,是制定水质标准和实行水环境污染预防、控制、管理和评价的科学依据；而建立起相应的理论和技术方法体系是我国水环境保护和水污染治理工作的紧迫需求。本论文在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,选择我国东南地区典型流域-曹娥江流域为研究对象,通过对曹娥江水系20个监测点的逐月连续、多年的水质监测,结合流域自然、经济、社会条件的调查分析,运用土壤学、环境科学、生态学等理论,应用相关分析、回归分析和冗余分析等多种统计分析方法,采用定性和定量相结合的技术手段,围绕区域性河流营养物基准制定的关键问题,即人类活动和自然因子对流域水质影响的定量评估,建立了区域性的河流营养物基准制定的理论和方法体系。取得的主要结果如下：
1.系统分析了曹娥江水系河流水质的时空变异。研究表明,曹娥江雨季TN、pH和水温较高,而旱季BOD5、DO和浊度较大。水质的空间变异主要与人类活动和自然因子有关。城镇土地面积比是BOD5、CODMn、TN、DN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP、DO和pH等水质变化最重要的解释变量。此外,单位面积畜禽产值是TP和浊度的主要影响因子,单位面积GDP是EC的主要预测因子。剩下的未解释方差主要由其它因子决定,例如地形、地貌和坡度等。在点源污染较少的农业流域(如曹娥江水系的长乐江流域),水体中的TN、TP和悬浮Ch1-a浓度随流域农地面积比的增加而增加,趋势非常明显；悬浮Ch1-a浓度随流域面积的增加而增加的趋势也比较明显。
2.为了更好研究整体水质状况变化(而不是单个水质指标),本研究采用冗余分析方法,揭示环境变量对整体水质的影响情况。冗余分析所估算的单个环境变量对整体河流水质变化的贡献方差百分比,可以帮助我们在流域尺度上定量确定主要的污染控制因子,为设计流域尺度上高效的污染控制政策提供参考。
3.采用三种方法,即75%参照河流的频率分布法、25%全部河流的频率分布法及回归方法用来估算我国东部典型集约化农业区河流的参照营养物浓度。最终的结果显示,曹娥江水系TN参照浓度的最大和最小值是1.84和1.59mg L-1,分别由25%全部河流频率分布法和75%参照河流频率分布法估算；TP最大和最小参照浓度分别是56.03和49.88μg L-1,分别由25%全部河流频率分布法和回归分析方法估算。因此,我们建议采用这三种方法的平均值,曹娥江水系TN和TP参照浓度分别为1.70mg L-1和55.00μg L-1.
4.长乐江流域(曹娥江主要支流)河流TN/TP主要集中在10-60,均值>30,与国外一些研究相比,我们的研究区域TN/TP明显偏高,结合河流TP与悬浮Chl-a浓度之间的关系,我们初步判断长乐江水系为磷限制型河流。
5.长乐江流域河流悬浮Chl-a浓度随TP浓度的增加而增加,但有很高的变异性。流域内河流TP生态临界值约为80μg L-1。比较流域内河流营养物的参照状态值与生态临界值,我们初步估算曹娥江水系河流TP基准值约为55.80μg L-1。
Nutrient criteria is a scientific basis for the development of water quality standards and implement of water pollution evaluation, prevention, control and management. Correspondingly theory and methodology are our urgent needs for water environmental protection and pollution control work. Cao-E River basin (a typical watershed in south-east China) was selected as the research object. The water quality for20sampling sites throughout the Cao-E river system (2003-2006) were monthly and continuously monitorred, the natural, social and economic conditions was investigated. Application of correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and redundancy analysis, combining qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, centering on the key issues of regional river nutrient criteria development, we established the theories and methods system for developing river nutrient criteria. The primary results of this study can be summarized as follows:
1) The in-stream water quality in the Cao-E River basin streams suggested that TN, pH and T were generally higher in the rainy season, whereas BOD5, DO and turbidity were higher in the dry season. Spatial variations in river water quality are typically associated with several anthropogenic and natural factors. Urban land cover was determined to be the most important explanatory variable for BOD5, COD Mn, TN, DN, NH4+-N, NO3--N, TP, DO and pH. Moreover, Animal husbandry output per capita was an important predictor for TP and turbidity, and Gross domestic product per capita largely determined the spatial variations in EC. The remaining unexplained variance resulted from other factors, such as topography.
2) RDA can reveal the influences of environmental factors on overall water quality, not only on single water quality variables. The percentage of total overall river water quality variance explained by individual variables and/or all environmental variables in the study area (as determined using RDA) can assist in quantitatively identifying primary pollution control factors at the watershed scale.
3) Three approaches, the75th percentile of the frequency distribution of nutrient data in reference streams, the25th percentile of frequency distribution of nutrient data in general population and regression-extrapolation approach were selected to estimate reference nutrient (TN and TP) concentrations in a typical mountainous intensive agricultural region in eastern China. Final results showed that the maximum and minimum reference concentrations for TN were1.84and1.59mg L-1, respectively, obtained from25%general streams population and75%reference streams population approaches; for TP, the maximum and minimum reference value were56.03and49.88μg L-1, respectively, obtained from25%general streams population and regression approaches. Accordingly, we suggest that based on the average resulted from these three approaches, the reference nutrient concentrations for TN and TP in the study river system are1.70mg L-1and55.00μg L-1, respectively.
4) TN/TP ratio of monitoring data in the study area mostly center on10-60, the average values>30, the TN/TP ratio in our research area is obviously high, compared with some foreign studies. Combined with the relationship of TP and the sestonic chl-a, we determine preliminarily Chang-Le River system is phosphorus-limited river.
5) The sestonic chl-a concentration is positively correlated with TP in Chang-Le River basin. When TP concentrations of water quality in the study area are less than0.080mg L-1, Suspenic chl-a concentration does not exceed6μg L-1, we preliminary estimate TP ecological threshed is approximate at0.080mg L-1. The substrate and water depth have obvious impacts on benthic algal biomass.
1.系统分析了曹娥江水系河流水质的时空变异。研究表明,曹娥江雨季TN、pH和水温较高,而旱季BOD5、DO和浊度较大。水质的空间变异主要与人类活动和自然因子有关。城镇土地面积比是BOD5、CODMn、TN、DN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP、DO和pH等水质变化最重要的解释变量。此外,单位面积畜禽产值是TP和浊度的主要影响因子,单位面积GDP是EC的主要预测因子。剩下的未解释方差主要由其它因子决定,例如地形、地貌和坡度等。在点源污染较少的农业流域(如曹娥江水系的长乐江流域),水体中的TN、TP和悬浮Ch1-a浓度随流域农地面积比的增加而增加,趋势非常明显；悬浮Ch1-a浓度随流域面积的增加而增加的趋势也比较明显。
2.为了更好研究整体水质状况变化(而不是单个水质指标),本研究采用冗余分析方法,揭示环境变量对整体水质的影响情况。冗余分析所估算的单个环境变量对整体河流水质变化的贡献方差百分比,可以帮助我们在流域尺度上定量确定主要的污染控制因子,为设计流域尺度上高效的污染控制政策提供参考。
3.采用三种方法,即75%参照河流的频率分布法、25%全部河流的频率分布法及回归方法用来估算我国东部典型集约化农业区河流的参照营养物浓度。最终的结果显示,曹娥江水系TN参照浓度的最大和最小值是1.84和1.59mg L-1,分别由25%全部河流频率分布法和75%参照河流频率分布法估算；TP最大和最小参照浓度分别是56.03和49.88μg L-1,分别由25%全部河流频率分布法和回归分析方法估算。因此,我们建议采用这三种方法的平均值,曹娥江水系TN和TP参照浓度分别为1.70mg L-1和55.00μg L-1.
4.长乐江流域(曹娥江主要支流)河流TN/TP主要集中在10-60,均值>30,与国外一些研究相比,我们的研究区域TN/TP明显偏高,结合河流TP与悬浮Chl-a浓度之间的关系,我们初步判断长乐江水系为磷限制型河流。
5.长乐江流域河流悬浮Chl-a浓度随TP浓度的增加而增加,但有很高的变异性。流域内河流TP生态临界值约为80μg L-1。比较流域内河流营养物的参照状态值与生态临界值,我们初步估算曹娥江水系河流TP基准值约为55.80μg L-1。
Nutrient criteria is a scientific basis for the development of water quality standards and implement of water pollution evaluation, prevention, control and management. Correspondingly theory and methodology are our urgent needs for water environmental protection and pollution control work. Cao-E River basin (a typical watershed in south-east China) was selected as the research object. The water quality for20sampling sites throughout the Cao-E river system (2003-2006) were monthly and continuously monitorred, the natural, social and economic conditions was investigated. Application of correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and redundancy analysis, combining qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, centering on the key issues of regional river nutrient criteria development, we established the theories and methods system for developing river nutrient criteria. The primary results of this study can be summarized as follows:
1) The in-stream water quality in the Cao-E River basin streams suggested that TN, pH and T were generally higher in the rainy season, whereas BOD5, DO and turbidity were higher in the dry season. Spatial variations in river water quality are typically associated with several anthropogenic and natural factors. Urban land cover was determined to be the most important explanatory variable for BOD5, COD Mn, TN, DN, NH4+-N, NO3--N, TP, DO and pH. Moreover, Animal husbandry output per capita was an important predictor for TP and turbidity, and Gross domestic product per capita largely determined the spatial variations in EC. The remaining unexplained variance resulted from other factors, such as topography.
2) RDA can reveal the influences of environmental factors on overall water quality, not only on single water quality variables. The percentage of total overall river water quality variance explained by individual variables and/or all environmental variables in the study area (as determined using RDA) can assist in quantitatively identifying primary pollution control factors at the watershed scale.
3) Three approaches, the75th percentile of the frequency distribution of nutrient data in reference streams, the25th percentile of frequency distribution of nutrient data in general population and regression-extrapolation approach were selected to estimate reference nutrient (TN and TP) concentrations in a typical mountainous intensive agricultural region in eastern China. Final results showed that the maximum and minimum reference concentrations for TN were1.84and1.59mg L-1, respectively, obtained from25%general streams population and75%reference streams population approaches; for TP, the maximum and minimum reference value were56.03and49.88μg L-1, respectively, obtained from25%general streams population and regression approaches. Accordingly, we suggest that based on the average resulted from these three approaches, the reference nutrient concentrations for TN and TP in the study river system are1.70mg L-1and55.00μg L-1, respectively.
4) TN/TP ratio of monitoring data in the study area mostly center on10-60, the average values>30, the TN/TP ratio in our research area is obviously high, compared with some foreign studies. Combined with the relationship of TP and the sestonic chl-a, we determine preliminarily Chang-Le River system is phosphorus-limited river.
5) The sestonic chl-a concentration is positively correlated with TP in Chang-Le River basin. When TP concentrations of water quality in the study area are less than0.080mg L-1, Suspenic chl-a concentration does not exceed6μg L-1, we preliminary estimate TP ecological threshed is approximate at0.080mg L-1. The substrate and water depth have obvious impacts on benthic algal biomass.
引文
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