小流域面源污染特征与控制技术研究
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摘要
我国水资源和水环境问题日益突出，农业面源污染已经成为水环境质量恶化和湖泊富营养化的重要原因。为此，控制农业面源污染对我国保障粮食安全、协调资源环境有序发展、建设美丽中国具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本论文将实地调查、野外试验观测和模型模拟技术等研究手段结合起来，以辽河吉林段为例，分析面源污染时空分布特征及主要污染物负荷，运用GIS技术和AnnAGNPS模型模拟东辽小流域面源污染负荷和识别面源污染控制关键源区，研究坡耕地面源污染控制技术、植被过滤带技术，为北方低山丘陵区面源污染控制提供理论依据和技术方法。主要研究内容和结论如下：
1．通过对1999-2009年数据分析，采用等标污染负荷法，得出：总氮、总磷是辽河吉林段流域面源污染的主要污染物，其等标污染负荷总量分别为14,426.20t/a、5,423.44t/a，等标污染负荷比分别为27.55%、51.79%；4类污染源按污染负荷贡献由大到小分别是：畜禽养殖＞农村生活源＞种植业＞水产养殖，畜禽养殖业为流域最主要污染来源，污染负荷比为93.15%；总氮、总磷、COD和氨氮的污染负荷均在梨树县分布最多，其次是公主岭市、东辽县和双辽县。辽河吉林段划分为3个面源污染控制区。其中，第一类区(高风险区)主要分布于流域中东部地区，土地利用类型为耕地，面积约占流域面积的15.19%；第二类区(中风险区)主要分布于流域中部和东南部的平原丘陵区，即辽源地区、四平市的西部、梨树县的中部和西部及公主岭的南部地区，面积约占流域面积的71.67%；第三类区(低风险区)主要分布于流域西部地区，面积约占流域面积的13.15%。流域内梨树县南部、公主岭市东部和南部地区是面源污染控制的重点区域，畜禽污染防治和坡耕地治理是流域水污染防治的重点。
2．采用GIS技术和AnnAGNPS模型对东辽小流域面源污染负荷进行模拟和验证，结果表明：经过参数校正后的AnnAGNPS模型在东辽小流域具有适用性，对小流域(小于100km2)面源污染总氮负荷的模拟效果较好，对总磷负荷输出的模拟结果偏差较大，但模型模拟精度在可接受范围内；小流域内氮的流失量远大于磷流失量，氮流失主要以溶解态为主，磷流失则主要以吸附态为主，2010年面源污染总氮和总磷输出分别为364.7t和21.5t，主要来源于化肥施用带来的污染；面源污染物输出负荷具有季节性特点，降雨和化肥施用是主要驱动因素，总氮和总磷7-8月输出负荷分别占全年的52%和74%；总氮、总磷污染负荷分布在流域空间尺度上具有一定的相似性，面源污染负荷在区域之间具有差异性，以坡耕地的单位面积污染物输出量较大，林地输出较小；氮磷流失关键源区包括常年耕种的农业区、河流沿岸和坡耕地区，坡度、径流和侵蚀是主要驱动力。
3．2009-2011年3年径流小区试验结果表明：面源污染途径控制对污染物截留效果与各种阻控措施对降雨径流的阻控作用相似，阻控效果从大到小依次为：裸地(原生土著植被)＞地埂植物带＞水平梯田＞横垄＞顺坡垄，其中横垄单位面积氨氮和COD流失量较顺坡垄分别减少32%和26%，在横垄耕种的坡耕地上实施水土保持措施(梯田)、生物措施(地埂植物带)可使COD和氨氮单位面积流失量削减72%和77%，减少径流量30%以上；面源污染源头控制中农药减量和肥料减量2种措施条件下，污染物流失量与背景试验条件相差不明显。研究成果证明，在坡耕地实施退耕还林、还草等保护性耕作方式，可以最为有效地减缓面源污染物输出。
4．2009-2010年2年植被过滤带试验小区观测结果表明：不同植被配置的过滤带对COD、氨氮、总磷均有一定的去除效果。按COD平均去除率大小排序，乔灌草复合过滤带＞乔草复合过滤带＞灌草复合过滤带＞草地过滤带；按氨氮平均去除率大小排序，草地过滤带＞乔灌草复合过滤带＞灌草复合过滤带＞乔草复合过滤带；按总磷平均去除率大小排序，灌草复合过滤带＞乔灌草复合过滤带＞乔草复合过滤带＞草地过滤带。本试验条件下，采用本地种植物进行植被配置，植被过滤带为10m宽时，对农田地表漫流中的氮磷有良好的去除效果，平均去除率在32%-57%之间。
5.在野外试验基础上，研发了2项面源污染控制技术。一是坡耕地面源污染控制集成技术，根据坡耕地的地形、坡度、坡面大小、土地利用等，集成水平梯田、地埂植物带、改垄等防控技术。在8°以上坡耕地上横垄修筑梯田；3~8°坡耕地上修筑地埂植物带，带与带之间横垄种植，埂上栽植固土植物紫穗槐；0.25~3°顺坡垄改为横垄种植3种方式进行控制。一是植被过滤带技术，在未被硬质化的自然河道，配置植被过滤带，宽度在10m，植物种类以土著物种为主，其中沿河一侧配置乔木或灌丛，乔木优先选用萌芽力强、根系发达、抗冲刷性强的柳树等耐水淹植物护岸；沿农田一侧配置草被，优先选择多年生的草本植物芦蒿。
The problems of water resource shortage and environmental pollution inChina have become increasingly prominent, and agricultural nonpoint sourcepollution has become an important reason for water quality deterioration andeutrophication. To this end, the control of agricultural nonpoint source pollutionhas important theoretical and practical significance of ensuring food security,fully coordination of resources and environment, and building up a beautifulChina.
Taking the Jilin section of Liao River as an example, the thesis combinesthe techniques of in situ field investigation, field observation with modelsimulation, to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of nonpoint sourcepollution and major pollutants’ load, to simulate non-point source pollution inDongliao watershed and identify the critical source areas of non-point sourcepollution control by applying GIS technology and AnnAGNPS models, and tostudy nonpoint source pollution control technology for sloping field andvegetation filter strip technology as well. The research work will provide atheoretical basis and practical nonpoint source pollution control techniques forhilly areas in north China. The main contents and conclusions are listed asfollowing:
1. By applying the equal standard pollution loading method, the thesis hasanalyzed11-year data from1999to2009, and found that TN and TP are themain nonpoint source pollutants in the Jilin section of Liao River Basin, and thetotal pollution loads are14,426.20t/a and5,423.44t/a, while equal standardpollution load ratio are27.55%and51.79%, respectively. The contributedloads of4-type nonpoint source pollution from high to low are: livestock＞rural life source＞farming＞aquaculture, and the livestock breeding is themain source of nonpoint source pollution for the river basin, whose pollutionload ratio is93.15%. The heaviest load of TN, TP, COD and ammonia nitrogenis distributed in Lishu, followed by Gongzhuling, Dongliao and ShuangliaoCounty. The Jilin section of Liao River is divided into three nonpoint sourcepollution control areas. Wherein the first class area (high risk area) is mainly distributed in the eastern basin, lands are used as arable field, covering15.19%of the watershed. The second class area (medium risk area) is mainlydistributed in the basin plain and hilly areas in the central and southeasternwatershed, namely Liaoyuan city, western Siping city, western and central ofLishu county and southern Gongzhuling county, covering71.67%of thewatershed. The third class area (low-risk area) is mainly distributed in thewestern region of the watershed, covering13.15%of it. Within the watershed,the southern Lishu county, eastern and southern Gongzhuling city are the keyareas for nonpoint pollution control. Livestock pollution prevention and slopingland governance are crucial for preventing the water pollution in watershedarea.
2. The thesis has simulated the nonpoint source pollution in Dongliaowatershed by using GIS technology and AnnAGNPS model, the results showthat, after proper parameter corrections, the AnnAGNPS model is suitableto be used to simulate the nonpoint source pollution in Dongliao watershed,better fitting to the TN load in the small watershed (less than100km2), whileless better fitting to the TP load, nevertheless, the simulation accuracy is wellwithin the acceptable extent. In the small watershed, the loss of nitrogen ismuch higher than that of phosphorus, the loss of nitrogen is dominantly in adissolving form, while that of phosphorus is in an absorbing form. In2010, theoutput of nonpoint source pollution is364.7t for TN,21.5t for TP, respectively,which mainly come from the pollution caused by chemical fertilizer. Thenonpoint source pollutant loads show a characteristics of seasonal variation,rainfall and chemical fertilizer application are the main driving forces, theoutput of TN and TP from July to August account for52%and74%,respectively, of the annual output. The spatial distributions of TN and TP loadsshow a certain similarity, while they are different from one area to another, e.g.,pollutant output per unit area is larger in slope farmland and smaller inwoodland. Critical source areas include perennial cultivated agricultural areas,riparian and sloping land. Slope, runoff and erosion are the main driving forces.
3. An experiment of the small runoff collection zone was carried out from2009to2011, the results show that, the retention effects on pollutants byon-way nonpoint source pollution control are similar to the trapping effect on rainfall runoff by various control technologies, the effects in a descending orderare bare land (vegetation natural growth)＞ridge plants＞level terrace＞transverse ridge＞longitudinal ridge (down slope). The losses of ammonianitrogen and COD per unit area in transverse ridges reduce32%and26%,respectively as compared to the longitudinal ridges. For the longitudinalridged on sloping farmlands, the implementation of water and soil conservationmeasure (terraces), biological measures (ridge vegetation zones) can reducethe loss of ammonia nitrogen and COD by72%and77%, respectively, inaddition, reduce runoff by30%. For the two technologies of source-controlling,pesticide reduction and fertilizer reduction have no obvious difference from thebackground test condition in terms of reducing nonpoint source pollutant loss.The results prove that, the implementation of protective cultivation modes,such as returning sloping farmland to tree land and grasslands, could reducethe discharge of nonpoint source pollutants into rivers efficiently.
4. Observation of two years (2009-2010) on vegetation filter strip in theexperimental area demonstrates that, different configurations of vegetationfilter strips show some certain removal effects of COD, ammonia nitrogenand TP. The average COD removal rate can be sorted from the maximum tothe minimum as follows, tree-shrub-grass complexes＞tree-Grasscomplexes＞shrub-grass complexes＞grass filter strips; that of ammonianitrogen, grass filter strips＞Tree-shrub-grass complexes＞shrub-grasscomplexes＞tree-grass complexes; that of TP, shrub-grass complexes＞tree-shrub-grass complexes＞tree-grass complexes＞grass filter strips.Under the experimental conditions,10-m-width vegetative filter strip with nativeplant configuration have good removal effect on nitrogen and phosphorus inoverland flow of farmland, the average removal rate is within32%-57%.
5. Based on the in situ field investigation, the thesis develops two nonpointsource pollution control technology. One is the intergrated nonpoint sourcepollution control technology for sloping land. Considering the terrain, slope,sloping length and landuse of the sloping land, an intergrated technology isapplied. it is supposed that, transverse ridge with level terrace for the slopingland with an angle larger than8degree, ridge plants for the sloping land with an angle between3degree and8degree, and transverse ridge instead oflongitudinal ridge. River locust is recommended as the ridge plant for itscapability in fixing soil. The second technology is the vegetation filter striptechnology. It is suggested to layout a10-m-width the vegetation filter stripalong the watercourse without hardening, covered by native vegetation. On theriver side, tree or shrubs are configurated, and the priority is given to willowthat is strong in germination and root system and erosion resistence. On thefarmland side, grass is configurated, and the priority is to the perennial herbArtemisia.
本论文将实地调查、野外试验观测和模型模拟技术等研究手段结合起来，以辽河吉林段为例，分析面源污染时空分布特征及主要污染物负荷，运用GIS技术和AnnAGNPS模型模拟东辽小流域面源污染负荷和识别面源污染控制关键源区，研究坡耕地面源污染控制技术、植被过滤带技术，为北方低山丘陵区面源污染控制提供理论依据和技术方法。主要研究内容和结论如下：
1．通过对1999-2009年数据分析，采用等标污染负荷法，得出：总氮、总磷是辽河吉林段流域面源污染的主要污染物，其等标污染负荷总量分别为14,426.20t/a、5,423.44t/a，等标污染负荷比分别为27.55%、51.79%；4类污染源按污染负荷贡献由大到小分别是：畜禽养殖＞农村生活源＞种植业＞水产养殖，畜禽养殖业为流域最主要污染来源，污染负荷比为93.15%；总氮、总磷、COD和氨氮的污染负荷均在梨树县分布最多，其次是公主岭市、东辽县和双辽县。辽河吉林段划分为3个面源污染控制区。其中，第一类区(高风险区)主要分布于流域中东部地区，土地利用类型为耕地，面积约占流域面积的15.19%；第二类区(中风险区)主要分布于流域中部和东南部的平原丘陵区，即辽源地区、四平市的西部、梨树县的中部和西部及公主岭的南部地区，面积约占流域面积的71.67%；第三类区(低风险区)主要分布于流域西部地区，面积约占流域面积的13.15%。流域内梨树县南部、公主岭市东部和南部地区是面源污染控制的重点区域，畜禽污染防治和坡耕地治理是流域水污染防治的重点。
2．采用GIS技术和AnnAGNPS模型对东辽小流域面源污染负荷进行模拟和验证，结果表明：经过参数校正后的AnnAGNPS模型在东辽小流域具有适用性，对小流域(小于100km2)面源污染总氮负荷的模拟效果较好，对总磷负荷输出的模拟结果偏差较大，但模型模拟精度在可接受范围内；小流域内氮的流失量远大于磷流失量，氮流失主要以溶解态为主，磷流失则主要以吸附态为主，2010年面源污染总氮和总磷输出分别为364.7t和21.5t，主要来源于化肥施用带来的污染；面源污染物输出负荷具有季节性特点，降雨和化肥施用是主要驱动因素，总氮和总磷7-8月输出负荷分别占全年的52%和74%；总氮、总磷污染负荷分布在流域空间尺度上具有一定的相似性，面源污染负荷在区域之间具有差异性，以坡耕地的单位面积污染物输出量较大，林地输出较小；氮磷流失关键源区包括常年耕种的农业区、河流沿岸和坡耕地区，坡度、径流和侵蚀是主要驱动力。
3．2009-2011年3年径流小区试验结果表明：面源污染途径控制对污染物截留效果与各种阻控措施对降雨径流的阻控作用相似，阻控效果从大到小依次为：裸地(原生土著植被)＞地埂植物带＞水平梯田＞横垄＞顺坡垄，其中横垄单位面积氨氮和COD流失量较顺坡垄分别减少32%和26%，在横垄耕种的坡耕地上实施水土保持措施(梯田)、生物措施(地埂植物带)可使COD和氨氮单位面积流失量削减72%和77%，减少径流量30%以上；面源污染源头控制中农药减量和肥料减量2种措施条件下，污染物流失量与背景试验条件相差不明显。研究成果证明，在坡耕地实施退耕还林、还草等保护性耕作方式，可以最为有效地减缓面源污染物输出。
4．2009-2010年2年植被过滤带试验小区观测结果表明：不同植被配置的过滤带对COD、氨氮、总磷均有一定的去除效果。按COD平均去除率大小排序，乔灌草复合过滤带＞乔草复合过滤带＞灌草复合过滤带＞草地过滤带；按氨氮平均去除率大小排序，草地过滤带＞乔灌草复合过滤带＞灌草复合过滤带＞乔草复合过滤带；按总磷平均去除率大小排序，灌草复合过滤带＞乔灌草复合过滤带＞乔草复合过滤带＞草地过滤带。本试验条件下，采用本地种植物进行植被配置，植被过滤带为10m宽时，对农田地表漫流中的氮磷有良好的去除效果，平均去除率在32%-57%之间。
5.在野外试验基础上，研发了2项面源污染控制技术。一是坡耕地面源污染控制集成技术，根据坡耕地的地形、坡度、坡面大小、土地利用等，集成水平梯田、地埂植物带、改垄等防控技术。在8°以上坡耕地上横垄修筑梯田；3~8°坡耕地上修筑地埂植物带，带与带之间横垄种植，埂上栽植固土植物紫穗槐；0.25~3°顺坡垄改为横垄种植3种方式进行控制。一是植被过滤带技术，在未被硬质化的自然河道，配置植被过滤带，宽度在10m，植物种类以土著物种为主，其中沿河一侧配置乔木或灌丛，乔木优先选用萌芽力强、根系发达、抗冲刷性强的柳树等耐水淹植物护岸；沿农田一侧配置草被，优先选择多年生的草本植物芦蒿。
The problems of water resource shortage and environmental pollution inChina have become increasingly prominent, and agricultural nonpoint sourcepollution has become an important reason for water quality deterioration andeutrophication. To this end, the control of agricultural nonpoint source pollutionhas important theoretical and practical significance of ensuring food security,fully coordination of resources and environment, and building up a beautifulChina.
Taking the Jilin section of Liao River as an example, the thesis combinesthe techniques of in situ field investigation, field observation with modelsimulation, to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of nonpoint sourcepollution and major pollutants’ load, to simulate non-point source pollution inDongliao watershed and identify the critical source areas of non-point sourcepollution control by applying GIS technology and AnnAGNPS models, and tostudy nonpoint source pollution control technology for sloping field andvegetation filter strip technology as well. The research work will provide atheoretical basis and practical nonpoint source pollution control techniques forhilly areas in north China. The main contents and conclusions are listed asfollowing:
1. By applying the equal standard pollution loading method, the thesis hasanalyzed11-year data from1999to2009, and found that TN and TP are themain nonpoint source pollutants in the Jilin section of Liao River Basin, and thetotal pollution loads are14,426.20t/a and5,423.44t/a, while equal standardpollution load ratio are27.55%and51.79%, respectively. The contributedloads of4-type nonpoint source pollution from high to low are: livestock＞rural life source＞farming＞aquaculture, and the livestock breeding is themain source of nonpoint source pollution for the river basin, whose pollutionload ratio is93.15%. The heaviest load of TN, TP, COD and ammonia nitrogenis distributed in Lishu, followed by Gongzhuling, Dongliao and ShuangliaoCounty. The Jilin section of Liao River is divided into three nonpoint sourcepollution control areas. Wherein the first class area (high risk area) is mainly distributed in the eastern basin, lands are used as arable field, covering15.19%of the watershed. The second class area (medium risk area) is mainlydistributed in the basin plain and hilly areas in the central and southeasternwatershed, namely Liaoyuan city, western Siping city, western and central ofLishu county and southern Gongzhuling county, covering71.67%of thewatershed. The third class area (low-risk area) is mainly distributed in thewestern region of the watershed, covering13.15%of it. Within the watershed,the southern Lishu county, eastern and southern Gongzhuling city are the keyareas for nonpoint pollution control. Livestock pollution prevention and slopingland governance are crucial for preventing the water pollution in watershedarea.
2. The thesis has simulated the nonpoint source pollution in Dongliaowatershed by using GIS technology and AnnAGNPS model, the results showthat, after proper parameter corrections, the AnnAGNPS model is suitableto be used to simulate the nonpoint source pollution in Dongliao watershed,better fitting to the TN load in the small watershed (less than100km2), whileless better fitting to the TP load, nevertheless, the simulation accuracy is wellwithin the acceptable extent. In the small watershed, the loss of nitrogen ismuch higher than that of phosphorus, the loss of nitrogen is dominantly in adissolving form, while that of phosphorus is in an absorbing form. In2010, theoutput of nonpoint source pollution is364.7t for TN,21.5t for TP, respectively,which mainly come from the pollution caused by chemical fertilizer. Thenonpoint source pollutant loads show a characteristics of seasonal variation,rainfall and chemical fertilizer application are the main driving forces, theoutput of TN and TP from July to August account for52%and74%,respectively, of the annual output. The spatial distributions of TN and TP loadsshow a certain similarity, while they are different from one area to another, e.g.,pollutant output per unit area is larger in slope farmland and smaller inwoodland. Critical source areas include perennial cultivated agricultural areas,riparian and sloping land. Slope, runoff and erosion are the main driving forces.
3. An experiment of the small runoff collection zone was carried out from2009to2011, the results show that, the retention effects on pollutants byon-way nonpoint source pollution control are similar to the trapping effect on rainfall runoff by various control technologies, the effects in a descending orderare bare land (vegetation natural growth)＞ridge plants＞level terrace＞transverse ridge＞longitudinal ridge (down slope). The losses of ammonianitrogen and COD per unit area in transverse ridges reduce32%and26%,respectively as compared to the longitudinal ridges. For the longitudinalridged on sloping farmlands, the implementation of water and soil conservationmeasure (terraces), biological measures (ridge vegetation zones) can reducethe loss of ammonia nitrogen and COD by72%and77%, respectively, inaddition, reduce runoff by30%. For the two technologies of source-controlling,pesticide reduction and fertilizer reduction have no obvious difference from thebackground test condition in terms of reducing nonpoint source pollutant loss.The results prove that, the implementation of protective cultivation modes,such as returning sloping farmland to tree land and grasslands, could reducethe discharge of nonpoint source pollutants into rivers efficiently.
4. Observation of two years (2009-2010) on vegetation filter strip in theexperimental area demonstrates that, different configurations of vegetationfilter strips show some certain removal effects of COD, ammonia nitrogenand TP. The average COD removal rate can be sorted from the maximum tothe minimum as follows, tree-shrub-grass complexes＞tree-Grasscomplexes＞shrub-grass complexes＞grass filter strips; that of ammonianitrogen, grass filter strips＞Tree-shrub-grass complexes＞shrub-grasscomplexes＞tree-grass complexes; that of TP, shrub-grass complexes＞tree-shrub-grass complexes＞tree-grass complexes＞grass filter strips.Under the experimental conditions,10-m-width vegetative filter strip with nativeplant configuration have good removal effect on nitrogen and phosphorus inoverland flow of farmland, the average removal rate is within32%-57%.
5. Based on the in situ field investigation, the thesis develops two nonpointsource pollution control technology. One is the intergrated nonpoint sourcepollution control technology for sloping land. Considering the terrain, slope,sloping length and landuse of the sloping land, an intergrated technology isapplied. it is supposed that, transverse ridge with level terrace for the slopingland with an angle larger than8degree, ridge plants for the sloping land with an angle between3degree and8degree, and transverse ridge instead oflongitudinal ridge. River locust is recommended as the ridge plant for itscapability in fixing soil. The second technology is the vegetation filter striptechnology. It is suggested to layout a10-m-width the vegetation filter stripalong the watercourse without hardening, covered by native vegetation. On theriver side, tree or shrubs are configurated, and the priority is given to willowthat is strong in germination and root system and erosion resistence. On thefarmland side, grass is configurated, and the priority is to the perennial herbArtemisia.
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