松软煤层井下水力压裂致裂机理及应用研究
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摘要
煤层气开发对于煤矿安全、资源回收、环境保护等方面具有重要意义。我国煤层气资源量大,但煤层渗透率普遍较低。低渗透率是煤层气规模化开发的主要瓶颈,因此煤层有效增透是煤层气开发亟待解决的问题。实践表明,采用水力压裂对中硬及硬煤层进行增透改造具有明显效果,但对于易发生塑性变形的松软煤层,其水力压裂裂纹起裂和扩展规律具有特殊性,尚缺乏理论支撑和实践经验。论文依托国家科技重大专项课题“低透气性煤层煤层气增产技术与装备”,综合采用实验室试验、理论分析、数值模拟、现场试验等手段,针对松软煤层水力压裂致裂机理及应用开展了以下研究：
(1)基于实验室试验开展了松软煤体在不同含水率条件下的物理力学特性及破裂特征研究,获得了松软煤体的变形破裂机制,为建立松软煤层水力压裂模型奠定基础。
(2)基于弹塑性力学与断裂力学理论,从变形、发生与扩展的角度将松软煤层水力压裂划分为煤层压密、裂纹起裂与裂纹扩展三个阶段,构建了松软煤层韧性起裂扩展的数学计算模型,初步获得松软煤层水力压裂裂缝起裂及扩展规律。
(3)基于颗粒流离散元数值模拟方法研究了松软煤层水力压裂裂缝扩展规律,获得了松软煤层煤体物理力学参数对压裂半径、裂纹最大开度、裂纹数量等压裂效果表征参量的量化影响效应。
(4)开展了松软煤层水力压裂工艺参数影响效应数值模拟研究,获得了流量、压力、时间等压裂工艺参数对松软煤层压裂半径、裂纹最大开度等的量化影响效应,为现场水力压裂工艺技术优化奠定基础。
(5)在松藻矿区渝阳煤矿开展了现场试验及验证,检验了松软煤层水力压裂增透效果,验证了水力压裂数学模型及数值模拟研究对松软煤层现场压裂的适应性和合理性。
Coalbed methane development is of great significance to security, resources, environment, economy and other benefits. Although quantity of coalbed methane resources is large in our country, coal seam permeability is generally low. Low permeability characteristic is the main bottleneck of the coalbed methane development, and coal seam increasing permeability effectively is a key problem urgently to be solved in coalbed methane development. There are great advantages to increase permeability to medium hard and hard coal seams by hydraulic fracturing, but as to soft coal seams, whose elastic modulus, compressive strength and tensile strength is relatively low, and Poisson's ratio and pore compressibility is relatively high, hydraulic fracturing starting cracking and expanding laws have particularity, and the support of theory and practice is still lacking. Depending on the national science and technology major subject "technology and equipment to increase production for low permeability coal seam coal bed methane", and using methods synthetically of laboratory test, theoretical analysis, numerical experiment and field test, the thesis carried out the following research of hydraulic fracturing mechanism and application aiming at soft and low permeability coal seams.
(1) Based on the physical and mechanical properties, and fracture characteristics test under the condition of different moisture of soft coal seams, crack propagation damage characteristics was studied, and soft coal seam's deformation and fracture mechanism was put forward, which laid the foundation for building hydraulic fracturing model of soft coal seams.
(2) Based on the elastic-plastic mechanics and fracture mechanics theory, and from the points of deformation, occurrence and extension, the hydraulic fracturing process of soft and low permeability coal seams was divided into three stages:coal seam compression, crack fracturing and crack extension, and mathematics calculation model of toughness fracturing of soft coal seams was established, and the fracturing law and main controlling factors were obtained.
(3) Based on the numerical method of particle flow, crack extension law of soft coal seam hydraulic fracturing was studied, and quantized influence effect of coal mechanical parameters to radius, opening degree and number of fractures during the process of soft coal seam hydraulic fracturing was revealed.
(4) The numerical experimentation study of hydraulic fracturing parameter effect of soft and low permeability coal seams was carried out, by which quantized influence law of pump injection flow rate, injection pressure, injection time and so on to starting fracturing pressure, fracture radius, fracture opening degree, number of fractures was obtained; and which provided a basis for technology optimization of field hydraulic fracturing.
(5) At Songzao mining area Yuyang coal mine, field test and validation research were carried out, by which increasing permeability effect of soft and low permeability coal seams hydraulic fracturing was inspected; and the adaptation of numerical experimentation for studying soft coal seams hydraulic fracturing was verified; and the adaptation and guidance of hydraulic fracturing mathematical model to the technology of field fracturing was confirmed.
(1)基于实验室试验开展了松软煤体在不同含水率条件下的物理力学特性及破裂特征研究,获得了松软煤体的变形破裂机制,为建立松软煤层水力压裂模型奠定基础。
(2)基于弹塑性力学与断裂力学理论,从变形、发生与扩展的角度将松软煤层水力压裂划分为煤层压密、裂纹起裂与裂纹扩展三个阶段,构建了松软煤层韧性起裂扩展的数学计算模型,初步获得松软煤层水力压裂裂缝起裂及扩展规律。
(3)基于颗粒流离散元数值模拟方法研究了松软煤层水力压裂裂缝扩展规律,获得了松软煤层煤体物理力学参数对压裂半径、裂纹最大开度、裂纹数量等压裂效果表征参量的量化影响效应。
(4)开展了松软煤层水力压裂工艺参数影响效应数值模拟研究,获得了流量、压力、时间等压裂工艺参数对松软煤层压裂半径、裂纹最大开度等的量化影响效应,为现场水力压裂工艺技术优化奠定基础。
(5)在松藻矿区渝阳煤矿开展了现场试验及验证,检验了松软煤层水力压裂增透效果,验证了水力压裂数学模型及数值模拟研究对松软煤层现场压裂的适应性和合理性。
Coalbed methane development is of great significance to security, resources, environment, economy and other benefits. Although quantity of coalbed methane resources is large in our country, coal seam permeability is generally low. Low permeability characteristic is the main bottleneck of the coalbed methane development, and coal seam increasing permeability effectively is a key problem urgently to be solved in coalbed methane development. There are great advantages to increase permeability to medium hard and hard coal seams by hydraulic fracturing, but as to soft coal seams, whose elastic modulus, compressive strength and tensile strength is relatively low, and Poisson's ratio and pore compressibility is relatively high, hydraulic fracturing starting cracking and expanding laws have particularity, and the support of theory and practice is still lacking. Depending on the national science and technology major subject "technology and equipment to increase production for low permeability coal seam coal bed methane", and using methods synthetically of laboratory test, theoretical analysis, numerical experiment and field test, the thesis carried out the following research of hydraulic fracturing mechanism and application aiming at soft and low permeability coal seams.
(1) Based on the physical and mechanical properties, and fracture characteristics test under the condition of different moisture of soft coal seams, crack propagation damage characteristics was studied, and soft coal seam's deformation and fracture mechanism was put forward, which laid the foundation for building hydraulic fracturing model of soft coal seams.
(2) Based on the elastic-plastic mechanics and fracture mechanics theory, and from the points of deformation, occurrence and extension, the hydraulic fracturing process of soft and low permeability coal seams was divided into three stages:coal seam compression, crack fracturing and crack extension, and mathematics calculation model of toughness fracturing of soft coal seams was established, and the fracturing law and main controlling factors were obtained.
(3) Based on the numerical method of particle flow, crack extension law of soft coal seam hydraulic fracturing was studied, and quantized influence effect of coal mechanical parameters to radius, opening degree and number of fractures during the process of soft coal seam hydraulic fracturing was revealed.
(4) The numerical experimentation study of hydraulic fracturing parameter effect of soft and low permeability coal seams was carried out, by which quantized influence law of pump injection flow rate, injection pressure, injection time and so on to starting fracturing pressure, fracture radius, fracture opening degree, number of fractures was obtained; and which provided a basis for technology optimization of field hydraulic fracturing.
(5) At Songzao mining area Yuyang coal mine, field test and validation research were carried out, by which increasing permeability effect of soft and low permeability coal seams hydraulic fracturing was inspected; and the adaptation of numerical experimentation for studying soft coal seams hydraulic fracturing was verified; and the adaptation and guidance of hydraulic fracturing mathematical model to the technology of field fracturing was confirmed.
引文
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