滇西北衙超大型金多金属矿床岩浆作用与成矿模式
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摘要
北衙金多金属矿床位于金沙江-哀牢山斑岩成矿带中段，金的储量达超大型矿床规模，并伴生铁、铜、银、铅、锌等金属矿种。本次工作在前人研究的基础上，通过对矿床系统的野外地质调查和研究，以及岩石地球化学、矿床地球化学等方法，对研究区内的岩浆作用成因、地质动力学背景、金属矿床的成因和成矿过程进行了系统研究，取得了部分新的认识和结果，分别建立了岩浆作用和成矿作用模型。取得主要认识如下：
1、对矿区出露的各类岩浆岩进行了系统的LA-ICP-MS测年，二长花岗斑岩的年龄为36.0±0.49Ma~36.76±0.25Ma;黑云母二长花岗斑岩的年龄为35.92±0.49Ma;煌斑岩的年龄为34.92±0.66Ma。测年数据表明北衙地区不同类型的岩浆活动时代十分接近，均在36~34Ma。
2、研究表明，北衙地区长英质斑岩总体属于钾玄岩系列，富集Sr和LREE亏损HREE；Sr/Y、(La/Yb)N比值较高，无显著Eu负异常，显示有埃达克岩的地球化学特征，但又以高（Na2O＋K2O)，高(K2O/Na2O)比值，低的MgO、Cr、Ni不同于典型的埃达克岩。岩石具有富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成和不均一的εHf(t)同位素组成。显示源区可能为加厚的下地壳，同时混合有富集的岩石圈地幔物质加入。煌斑岩具富碱，高钾、富集大离子亲石元素及轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土及高场强元素、高(87Sr/86Sr)i、低εNd（t）、富集的放射性Pb同位素和εHf(t)等特征。源区可能为受俯冲交代的岩石圈地幔。岩石的形成可能是印度大陆与欧亚大陆的碰撞，导致滇西地区地壳和岩石圈缩短并加厚，在30~40Ma之间加厚的岩石圈的超过了最大稳定性，岩石圈地幔下部发生减薄，残余岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融并底侵于加厚下地壳有关。
3、首次通过辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄确定了矿床成矿年龄为（36.82±0.48）Ma，该年龄与斑岩体的年龄接近。并与金沙江-哀牢山富碱斑岩成矿带的成岩成矿高峰期一致（35Ma左右）。
4、矿区成矿类型可分为矽卡岩型金铁铜矿、斑岩型铜金矿、热液层（脉）状金多金属矿、砂砾粘土型金铁矿。具有由高温→中温→低温的元素分带的特征。原生矿床成因类型为以矽卡岩型金铁铜矿为主。矽卡岩组成具有分带性，呈现氧化型矽卡岩金矿的特征。
5、成矿流体从岩浆热液阶段到碳酸盐阶段温度和盐度具有逐渐降低趋势。流体的形成和演化可能经历了熔体出溶→相分离→流体减压沸腾→岩浆热液、挥发分和碳酸盐岩接触交代，流体混合作用的过程。熔体与流体的分离和水岩作用富集了成矿物质，而流体的沸腾作用和混合作用则促使了成矿物质的沉淀。早期成矿流体主要来自岩浆水，晚期有大气降水的混入。成矿物质来源于斑岩岩浆体系。
6、综合分析矿床地质特征、控矿因素、流体演化、成矿作用等基础上，初步建立了北衙金多金属矿床的成矿模式。
The Beiyagold-polymetallicdeposit is located near the eastern end of the Tethyan orogenic belt in western Yunnan province, China. It is one of the largest gold deposits in China, and contains significant amounts of silver and base metals (Cu, Fe and Pb). This study aims to resolve the problems relating with geodynamic setting, origin and petrogenesis of magmatic rocks, ore-forming processes and to suggest a metallogenetic model in the Beiya deposit.
1. Systematic LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating results indicate that all the intrusive rocks in Beiya district are coeval, ranging from34Ma to37Ma.
2. The results show that felsic porphyries in the Beiya area are shoshonitic rocks with high K2O/Na2O, and enrich in LREE and lack pronounced Eu negative anomalies. Besides, they have high contents of Sr, and enrichment in LILE, but depletion in Yb, Y and HFSE. All characteristics mentioned above indicate that the alkali-rich porphyries from Beiya are similar to adakitesgeochemically. This study presents the lamprophyres werederived from EMII enriched mantle in terms of their isotopic characteristics and regional tectonic evolution history. This lithospheric thinning caused by the collision between Indian and Eurasian plate could have resulted in the upwelling of the asthenosphere beneath western Yunnan, inducing partial melting of the residualmetasomatized lithospheric mantle.[This process generated potassic tomafic melts producelamprophyres, and underplating of such melts beneath thickened lower crust, which triggered partialmelting of the lower crust to produce high-K adakitic magma.] Reword, doesn't make sence.
3. Re-Os dating of molybdenite indicates the age of36.82±0.48Ma, suggesting the mineralization in the Beiya gold-polymetallic deposit genetically associated to the porphyry.
4. According to our study, the Beiya deposit is a composite deposit, within which skarn-typeCu-Au-Fedeposit is predominant, and associated with porphyry-typeAu-Cu, and hydrothermal vein-type Fe-Au-Pb-Zn mineralization. It is clearly zoned in element assemblage consistent to temperature decreasingfrom the porphyry to the wallrock. The garnet is andradite-rich, whereas pyroxene is relatively rich in diopside. This mineral assemblage indicates oxidization in the Beiya skarn system.
5. The ore-forming fluids evolved from high temperature and high salinity conditions to low temperature and low salinity conditions, and experiencedextraction of magma, phase separation of supercritical fluid, decompression andboiling, the filling or metasomatism between magmatic hydrotherm-volatile andcarbonate wall rocks. In the processes of water-rock interaction, magmatic hydrothermal and meteoric water was boiled and mixed. Boiling and mixing could be a significant mechanism of the formation of mineralization.The ore-forming fluids were origined from magma mixing with precipitated water in the later period, while themineralization elementsweremainlyfrom magma.
6. This study suggests a metallogenic model on the basis of the evolutionof the ore-forming fluids and the settings of this ore deposit.
1、对矿区出露的各类岩浆岩进行了系统的LA-ICP-MS测年，二长花岗斑岩的年龄为36.0±0.49Ma~36.76±0.25Ma;黑云母二长花岗斑岩的年龄为35.92±0.49Ma;煌斑岩的年龄为34.92±0.66Ma。测年数据表明北衙地区不同类型的岩浆活动时代十分接近，均在36~34Ma。
2、研究表明，北衙地区长英质斑岩总体属于钾玄岩系列，富集Sr和LREE亏损HREE；Sr/Y、(La/Yb)N比值较高，无显著Eu负异常，显示有埃达克岩的地球化学特征，但又以高（Na2O＋K2O)，高(K2O/Na2O)比值，低的MgO、Cr、Ni不同于典型的埃达克岩。岩石具有富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成和不均一的εHf(t)同位素组成。显示源区可能为加厚的下地壳，同时混合有富集的岩石圈地幔物质加入。煌斑岩具富碱，高钾、富集大离子亲石元素及轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土及高场强元素、高(87Sr/86Sr)i、低εNd（t）、富集的放射性Pb同位素和εHf(t)等特征。源区可能为受俯冲交代的岩石圈地幔。岩石的形成可能是印度大陆与欧亚大陆的碰撞，导致滇西地区地壳和岩石圈缩短并加厚，在30~40Ma之间加厚的岩石圈的超过了最大稳定性，岩石圈地幔下部发生减薄，残余岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融并底侵于加厚下地壳有关。
3、首次通过辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄确定了矿床成矿年龄为（36.82±0.48）Ma，该年龄与斑岩体的年龄接近。并与金沙江-哀牢山富碱斑岩成矿带的成岩成矿高峰期一致（35Ma左右）。
4、矿区成矿类型可分为矽卡岩型金铁铜矿、斑岩型铜金矿、热液层（脉）状金多金属矿、砂砾粘土型金铁矿。具有由高温→中温→低温的元素分带的特征。原生矿床成因类型为以矽卡岩型金铁铜矿为主。矽卡岩组成具有分带性，呈现氧化型矽卡岩金矿的特征。
5、成矿流体从岩浆热液阶段到碳酸盐阶段温度和盐度具有逐渐降低趋势。流体的形成和演化可能经历了熔体出溶→相分离→流体减压沸腾→岩浆热液、挥发分和碳酸盐岩接触交代，流体混合作用的过程。熔体与流体的分离和水岩作用富集了成矿物质，而流体的沸腾作用和混合作用则促使了成矿物质的沉淀。早期成矿流体主要来自岩浆水，晚期有大气降水的混入。成矿物质来源于斑岩岩浆体系。
6、综合分析矿床地质特征、控矿因素、流体演化、成矿作用等基础上，初步建立了北衙金多金属矿床的成矿模式。
The Beiyagold-polymetallicdeposit is located near the eastern end of the Tethyan orogenic belt in western Yunnan province, China. It is one of the largest gold deposits in China, and contains significant amounts of silver and base metals (Cu, Fe and Pb). This study aims to resolve the problems relating with geodynamic setting, origin and petrogenesis of magmatic rocks, ore-forming processes and to suggest a metallogenetic model in the Beiya deposit.
1. Systematic LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating results indicate that all the intrusive rocks in Beiya district are coeval, ranging from34Ma to37Ma.
2. The results show that felsic porphyries in the Beiya area are shoshonitic rocks with high K2O/Na2O, and enrich in LREE and lack pronounced Eu negative anomalies. Besides, they have high contents of Sr, and enrichment in LILE, but depletion in Yb, Y and HFSE. All characteristics mentioned above indicate that the alkali-rich porphyries from Beiya are similar to adakitesgeochemically. This study presents the lamprophyres werederived from EMII enriched mantle in terms of their isotopic characteristics and regional tectonic evolution history. This lithospheric thinning caused by the collision between Indian and Eurasian plate could have resulted in the upwelling of the asthenosphere beneath western Yunnan, inducing partial melting of the residualmetasomatized lithospheric mantle.[This process generated potassic tomafic melts producelamprophyres, and underplating of such melts beneath thickened lower crust, which triggered partialmelting of the lower crust to produce high-K adakitic magma.] Reword, doesn't make sence.
3. Re-Os dating of molybdenite indicates the age of36.82±0.48Ma, suggesting the mineralization in the Beiya gold-polymetallic deposit genetically associated to the porphyry.
4. According to our study, the Beiya deposit is a composite deposit, within which skarn-typeCu-Au-Fedeposit is predominant, and associated with porphyry-typeAu-Cu, and hydrothermal vein-type Fe-Au-Pb-Zn mineralization. It is clearly zoned in element assemblage consistent to temperature decreasingfrom the porphyry to the wallrock. The garnet is andradite-rich, whereas pyroxene is relatively rich in diopside. This mineral assemblage indicates oxidization in the Beiya skarn system.
5. The ore-forming fluids evolved from high temperature and high salinity conditions to low temperature and low salinity conditions, and experiencedextraction of magma, phase separation of supercritical fluid, decompression andboiling, the filling or metasomatism between magmatic hydrotherm-volatile andcarbonate wall rocks. In the processes of water-rock interaction, magmatic hydrothermal and meteoric water was boiled and mixed. Boiling and mixing could be a significant mechanism of the formation of mineralization.The ore-forming fluids were origined from magma mixing with precipitated water in the later period, while themineralization elementsweremainlyfrom magma.
6. This study suggests a metallogenic model on the basis of the evolutionof the ore-forming fluids and the settings of this ore deposit.
引文
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