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全球气候变化对长三角河口海岸地区社会经济影响研究
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摘要
20世纪80年代以来,以气候变暖为标志的全球气候变化逐渐引起世界各国政府、国际组织和科学工作者的高度重视和广泛关注,业已成为当代人类社会所面临的重大“全球问题”之一。联合国授权的政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)就气候变化问题分别在1990、1995、2001、2007、2012年发布了五次评估报告,指出全球气候变化的产生与人类活动的持续影响息息相关,并将引发一系列的全球经济、社会、生态和政治问题,其对人类社会的影响范围和影响深度将远超全球环境气候问题本身。国内外的众多学者也从不同的学科领域和视角对全球气候变化及其脆弱性问题开展了大量的研究,研究重点也已从全球自然生态系统逐渐开始转向全球社会-经济-生态复合系统,同时逐渐开始聚焦于全球气候变化对人类社会经济的影响机理、影响途径及其相应的减缓及防范对策研究。
     全球气候变化对人类社会经济的影响,最集中地体现在沿海城市和沿海地区。因为海岸带是世界有海岸国家和地区人口、产业、城市、财富高度集聚的黄金地带,同时亦是海、陆两大自然地理单元的结合部,最易受到来自全球气候变暖所造成或加剧的海平面上升、风暴潮、盐水入侵、海岸侵蚀、湿地生态退化等海洋灾害和沿海生态事件的影响。特别是在河口海岸地区,由于地处陆、河、海三者的交汇处,更是具有人类强势活动与自然-人工复合生态系统复杂、敏感、脆弱的双重特征和叠加因素,一旦受到全球气候变化的影响,极易产生一系列衍生效应和放大效应,从而造成严重的人员伤亡和社会经济损失,并对其他地区产生明显的影响和波及效应。因此,必须把全球气候变化问题的研究与防范重点放在沿海地区尤其是河口海岸地区。
     长江三角洲地区地处我国海岸带的中部,扼居我国第一大河、世界第三大河长江的入海口门,构成了典型的河口城市及河口海岸地区。这里既是我国经济最发达的精粹之地和最大的经济中心城市上海之所在,同时也是人地关系最为复杂、生态系统最为脆弱、对全球气候变化的影响最为敏感和社会经济的波及效应、放大效应最为突出的城市化地区。因此,深入开展全球气候变化对长三角沿海地区的社会经济影响的研究,不仅对上海及长三角城市群的防灾减灾、转型发展及可持续发展有着十分重要的理论和实践意义,对全国及全球其他沿海城市化区域积极应对全球气候变化的研究和实践也具有积极的借鉴价值。
     基于上述研究背景,并且作为国家社会科学基金一般项目“全球气候变化对长三角沿海地区的影响研究”(项目编号13BJL087)的重要研究成果,本论文将秉承理论与实际紧密结合、多学科交叉融合的研究思路,在全面概括梳理地理学、经济学、灾害学、社会学等相关理论以及国内外相关研究成果的基础上,以长三角河口海岸地区8市为实证分析研究对象,采用可变模糊识别模型、P-S-R(压力-状态-响应力)模型和基于GIS系统平台之上的未来情景模拟分析等多种研究方法和分析手段,深入开展全球气候变化对河口海岸城市化地区社会经济的影响及其评价研究,旨在从理论上定性辨识全球气候变化与人类社会经济发展之间的耦合互动关系以及全球气候变化影响人类社会经济发展的机理和途径,在实证上定量评价与测度长三角河口海岸地区复合生态系统的自身协调程度、面对全球气候变化影响的脆弱性程度,以及该地区应对全球气候变化的未来空间情景模拟状况,进而为政府加强防范应对措施和学界进一步深入研究提供决策参考依据和实证分析案例。本文共分为七章:
     第一章是绪论。本章阐述了本文的研究背景、意义、内容、框架、方法、主要研究思路及技术路线等,并对重要的相关概念进行了界定。
     第二章是理论基础、文献综述及评价方法。本章通过系统阐述与全球气候变化影响密切相关的地理学、经济学、灾害学、社会学等相关理论和全面梳理、评述国内外学界的相关研究文献,从理论上探索气候变化与人类社会经济的耦合互动关系,分析气候变化影响城市复合生态系统的机理与途径,并在总结和借鉴已有的气候影响脆弱性评估模型的基础上,构建了长三角河口海岸地区气候变化脆弱性综合评价模型,为全文奠定了理论和方法论的基础。
     第三章是长三角河口海岸地区经济社会环境现状与协调度评述。本章基于对该地区经济、社会、生态环境三大系统发展现状的全面分析,构建了该地区经济、社会与环境协调度的评价指标体系,并通过可变模糊识别方法对该地区及其内部8市在气候变化影响背景下的协调性状况开展了系统的定量评估及空间比较分析。
     第四章是全球气候变化对上海及长三角河口海岸地区复合生态系统的影响评价。本章通过建立气候变化脆弱性综合评价指标体系,从危险度、敏感度和适应度等三个分级指标对2001-2012年间上海复合生态系统的气候变化脆弱度进行了时序分析和定量测度,对该地区8市的气候变化脆弱度开展了综合比较评估。
     第五章是全球气候变化对上海城市复合生态系统影响的空间评价。本章以上海作为典型的城市化地区,通过对上海城市复合生态系统气候变化影响的风险因子筛选,基于海平面上升、地面沉降和风暴潮等三种灾害情景的模拟评估方法,对未来20年(2030年)至40年(2050年)上海城市复合生态系统在全球气候变化影响下的空间暴露性和脆弱性进行了全面的评估分析。
     第六章是长三角河口海岸地区应对全球气候变化的措施与对策。本章通过上述实证分析,阐述了该地区应对气候变化的指导思想和基本原则,确定了应对的重点领域,并提出了可供政府决策参考的具体配套措施。
     第七章是结论与研究展望。本章对全文的理论探索与实证研究进行了系统总结,并提出了后续研究的展望。
Since the1980s, with climate warming as a symbol, the global climate change has gradually received a high degree of attention and widespread concern from governments around the world, international organizations and scientists, which has become one of the major "global issues" facing contemporary human society Authorized by the United Nations, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published five-year assessment report on climate change issues in1990,1995,2001,2007,2012, which points out continuous impact of human activities on global climate change, and a series of global economic, social, ecological and political issues that arise. Furthermore, the scope and depth of the impact on human society will be far more than the global environmental climate problem itself. Scholars at home and abroad have conducted a lot of researches from different fields and perspectives on the global problem of climate change and its vulnerability. The research focus has shift from the world's natural ecosystems to the global social-economic-ecological complex system, and has begun to emphasis on the impact of global climate change on human social and economic mechanisms, impact path and their corresponding impact mitigation and prevention countermeasures.
     The impact of global climate change on human society and economy is mostly embodied in the coastal cities and coastal areas. Because the coastal zone is the "golden zone" of the coastal countries and regions world, where population, industries, cities, wealth are clustered. Furthermore, as the combination of the land and sea known as two physiogeographic units, coastal zone is easily affected by marine disaster and coastal ecological events caused by global warming, such as exacerbated sea-level rise, storm surges, saltwater intrusion, coastal erosion and wetland ecological degradation. Especially estuarine and coastal areas where land mingles with sea and lake, human activities and natural-artificial compound ecosystem which is complex, sensitive, and fragile, once affected by the global climate change, a series of derivative effects and amplification effects are likely to happen, causing heavy casualties and social economic losses, and have significant and ripple effect on other areas. Therefore, we must focus on the research and prevention on coastal areas especially in estuarine and coastal areas.
     Yangtze River Delta is located in the middle of China's coastal zone and at the mouth of the Yangtze River, which is the longest river in China and the world's third longest river. It is known as a typical coastal region that is the most economically developed in China. Shanghai, the largest economic center, is also located in this area. However, it is also an urbanized area sensitive to global climate changes which suffers from the conflicts between human and the fragile ecological systems. Therefore, further research on social economic impacts of global climate change on coastal areas of the Yangtze River Delta means significantly to disaster prevention, city development and transformation theoretically and practically. It will also provide an important reference value to the whole country and other coastal regions worldwide about how to respond positively to the global climate change.
     Based on the background above, this paper presents an important finding of the National Social Science Fund named "the study of the impact of global climate change on the Yangtze River Delta in coastal areas"(item number:13BJL087). The paper also blends theory with practice and integrates knowledge from various subjects. After summarizing relevant theoretical knowledge from geography, economics, science of calamity and sociology and analyzing current researches at home and abroad, this paper chooses eight cities located in the Yangtze Estuary and coastal areas as research object for empirical analysis and uses various research methods such as variable fuzzy recognition model,"Pressure-State-Response"(PSR) framework and scenario-based simulation based on the GIS system platform to further analyze the socio-economic impact of global climate change on estuarine and coastal urbanized areas. This paper is aimed at qualitatively identifying the coupling relationship between global climate change and human socio-economic development as well as the mechanisms and pathways that how global climate change affect human society and economic development. Additionally, based on the empirical evaluation and the quantitative measure on the coordination degree of compound ecosystem and vulnerability degree to global climate change, and the simulated conditions of future spatial scenarios to global climate change in the Yangtze River estuary and coastal areas, this paper provides decision reference and empirical analysis case for both government to strengthen the preventive measures and academics to implicate further research.
     This paper is divided into seven chapters:
     The first chapter is an introduction. This chapter describes the research background, meaning, content, frameworks, methodologies, research ideas and the main technical route, where important relevant concepts are defined.
     The second chapter is the theoretical basis and literature review. This chapter summarizes relevant theoretical knowledge from relevant subjects closely related to climate changes such as geography, economics, science of calamity and sociology and analyzing current researches at home and abroad. This chapter qualitatively identifies the coupling relationship between global climate change and human socio-economic development as well as the mechanisms and pathways that how global climate change affect human society and economic development. This chapter also constructed a vulnerability assessment model on Yangtze River estuary coastal areas under the circumstance of climate change by summarizing the existing climate impacts and learning basic vulnerability assessment model, which laid the foundation for the full text theoretically and methodologically.
     The third chapter comments on the present situation and the coordination degree of social and economic environment of the Yangtze River Estuary and coastal areas. By analyzing thoroughly on the three major systems including economic, social and environmental systems, this chapter builds an assessment system to evaluate the economic, social and environmental coordination degree in this region. Through the variable fuzzy recognition model this chapter carried out quantitative assessment and comparative spatial analysis on the coordination degree of the region and eight cities in the region influenced by climate change.
     The fourth chapter assesses the effect of global climate change on the ecosystem of Shanghai and the Yangtze River Estuary and coastal areas. This chapter conducts time series analysis and quantitative measurement to analyze Shanghai composite ecosystem vulnerability to climate change in the period of2001-2012through the indicator of vulnerability in the aspects of exposure, sensitivity and adaption, which means that a comprehensive and comparative vulnerability assessment has been carried out in those eight cities of global climate change.
     The fifth chapter evaluated the spatial impact of global climate change on the urban compound ecosystem in Shanghai. This chapter selects Shanghai as a typical urbanized area. By filtering the risk factors that the most affect urban complex ecosystem of climate change, this chapter proceeds the comprehensive assessment of spatial exposure and vulnerability under the background of global climate change in selected area. Meanwhile, the assessment is based on three scenario simulation-sea level rise, land subsidence and Storm surge-in the period of the next20years (2030) to40years (2050).
     The sixth chapter addresses global climate change measures and countermeasures of the Yangtze River Estuary and coastal areas. Through empirical analysis, this chapter describes the guiding ideology and basic principles on climate change solutions, identifies priority areas to cope with, and has raised concretely supporting measures which can be a reference for authority's decision-making.
     The Seventh Chapter is the conclusion and research prospects. This chapter summarizes the theoretical and empirical research, and proposes the prospect of further research.
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