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需求导向型农技推广机制研究
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摘要
农业科技是现代农业发展的核心驱动力,农业科技能否转化为现实的生产力,关键在于把先进的适用技术推广到农民手中。与农业发达国家相比,我国农业科技转化率较低,一些先进适用的农业技术并没有得到有效的推广,这一局面对我国农技推广机制创新提出了更为迫切的要求。农技推广机制创新的关键在于同其应用环境的变化特征相适应。农技推广环境中最显著的变化在于农户分化形成的小规模兼业户、专业种养大户、家庭农场、农民合作组织、农业企业等新型农业经营主体对技术内容、交易方式、供给主体、服务规模等方面的需求出现结构性、规模性差异。针对这一现状,农技推广机制创新的突破点在于准确把握异质性农户的技术需求特征,在此基础上通过推广机制创新为各类农业经营主体提供适用性强、契合度高的农技服务。
     基于以上目的,本文在分析我国农业技术推广体系发展历程的基础上,定量测算沿海地区农技推广效率,深入剖析现阶段我国农技推广机制的运行现状和问题,揭示需求导向型农技推广机制构建的必要性并对其内涵进行界定,仿真模拟了需求导向型农技推广机制中农户系统、研发系统和推广系统的经济行为,并以农户系统技术内容和传递路径为对象对该机制的运营模式进行比较,通过总结国外经验,给出需求导向型农技推广机制运行的保障条件,主要得出以下研究结论:
     (1)通过分析我国农技推广体系的现状与问题,本文认为新中国成立以来我国农业技术推广体系经历了成长发展、动荡低潮、恢复徘徊、稳定发展、创新发展等演进过程。推广体系的特征表现为政府在农业技术推广体系中的主导地位、农业技术推广体系建立的自发性和偶然性、农业技术推广体系发展的动态调整性、农业技术推广体系发展的不平衡性;我国农技推广体系面临的挑战表现在农技推广方式不健全、农技推广机构工作效率不高、农技推广人员业务能力有限、现代农业技术的有效需求不足等方面。
     (2)需求导向型农技推广机制是在农户分化背景下为满足异质类农户不同技术需求的一种新型机制,其目标是将技术知识(包括物化技术和非物化技术)从研发部门顺利地传递到农民手中,引导农民怎样做出科学有效的决策并启发其准确把握生产目标与社会责任。需求导向型农技推广机制的构建应当遵循自下而上、以农民为中心、多部门及多价值导向交叉的原则。研发系统、推广系统和农户系统是需求导向型农技推广机制系统构成的三大要素,需求导向型农技推广机制的运行是一个多向沟通的过程,研发系统和推广系统围绕农户系统开展工作,重点在于满足异质类农户的技术需求。需求导向型农技推广机制运行包括方案准备、目标地区的问题分析与确认、推广实施、技术成果扩散与信息反馈等四个环节。
     (3)需求导向型农技推广机制的系统动力学研究结果表明:公益性需求导向型农技推广机制的运行效果较为理想,新机制有效带动了技术实施数量、农民对技术的获知数量、评价数量和农业技术修正数量指标的增长,农民的技术需求能够得到有效满足,整个推广机制的稳定程度较高。
     (4)利用我国沿海典型地区农户技术需求及应用调查数据,运用logistic回归模型进行实证分析,系统归纳小规模农户、专业大户、家庭农场以及合作经营户等不同农业经营主体的技术需求特征,重点探析其农技推广方案选择决策的行为过程及影响因素。在此基础上探究同异质性农户的技术需求特征相匹配,同其风险偏好、支付能力、应用能力等决策因素相适应的需求导向型农技推广运营模式,具体包括供给主体、交易方式和路径选择等内容的选择。
     (5)选取机械化、规模化、信息化、集约化、组织化水平较高的荷兰、以色列、澳大利亚、日本等现代农业发达国家,以及同我国发展水平相似的印度,分析其农技推广机制的系统构成、运营环节、制度环境等方面的特征,及其典型的实践模式,归纳其农技推广机制中宏观调控、信息传递、利益分配、风险规避等具体环节的实施路径及行为规则。重点分析围绕农户农技需求特征,特别是针对异质性农户的差异化农技需求所展开的农技推广机制创新,探究其创新过程中对农技推广体系的组织结构、推广模式、服务主体、交易方式等所进行的调整,以及对制度环境、基础设施等外部因素的需求。通过对典型模式的解析,总结对我国现阶段围绕农户需求特征进行农技推广机制创新的启示意义及可供借鉴的创新经验。
     (6)借鉴国外以农户需求特征为核心所进行的农技推广机制创新经验的基础上,从农技推广机制的制度环境及实施条件需求、不同类型推广模式行为主体的利益结构、农户需求信息反馈及传导路径等角度探析需求导向型农技推广机制的高效运行的保障条件,从畅通农户需求信息反馈渠道、优化农技推广环境、明确利益相关者的角色分工、提供差异化农技推广模式、形成多元化农技推广组织、培育应用性农技使用主体等方面探究需求导向型农技推广机制的保障性措施。最后提出培育应用型农技使用主体、提供差异化推广模式、明确利益相关者分工角色等优化需求导向型农技推广机制的方法和实现路径。
Agricultural Science and Technology is the core driving force of modernagricultural development, agricultural science and technology can be transformed intoreal productivity, the key is to apply advanced technology to farmers. Compared withdeveloped countries, agriculture, agricultural technology transformation rate is low,some of the advanced and applicable agricultural technology has not been effectivepromotion, the situation of the agricultural extension mechanism innovation of ourcountry made more urgent requirements. The key innovation is that the agriculturalextension system with the variation of its application environment to adapt.Agricultural extension environment, the most significant change is that the newagricultural business entities formed by small-scale farmers to differentiatehouseholds and industry, professional breeding large, family farms, farmers'cooperative organizations, agribusiness and other technical content, transactions, themain supply, service structural, size differences and other aspects of the scale ofdemand. In response to this situation, agricultural extension mechanism innovationbreakthrough technology that accurately capture the heterogeneity of farmers demandcharacteristics, on the basis of various types of agricultural innovation through thepromotion of mechanisms to provide applicability to business entities, in line with ahigh degree of agricultural services.
     For these purposes, on the basis of the development process of agriculturaltechnology extension system analysis, the quantitative measure the efficiency ofagricultural extension in coastal areas, in-depth analysis of the current situation andproblems of running agricultural extension mechanism stage, revealingdemand-oriented agricultural extension mechanism the need to build and define itsconnotation, simulation of the behavior of demand-oriented economic mechanismfarmer agricultural extension system, development system and extension systems, andthe technical content of the system to farmers and operators of the transmission pathfor the object mechanism patterns were compared by summing foreign experience,given the security conditions demand-oriented agricultural extension mechanism to run the main draw the following conclusions:
     (1) According to analyzing the current situation and problems of China'sagricultural extension system, the paper argues that since the founding of New China,China's agricultural technology extension system has experienced growth anddevelopment, volatility low tide, wandering recovery and stable development,innovation and development, such as evolution. System performance is characterizedby the promotion of a dominant position in the government system in the promotionof agricultural technology, agricultural technology extension system created byspontaneity and chance, dynamic adjustment of agricultural technology extensionsystem development, the development of agricultural technology extension systemimbalance; country farmers technical challenges facing the promotion systemperformance is not perfect in the way of agricultural extension, agricultural extensionagencies working efficiency is not high, the limited capacity of agricultural extensionservice personnel, lack of effective demand and other aspects of modern agriculturaltechnologies.
     (2) Demand-led agricultural extension mechanism is in the background in orderto meet the farmers differentiate a new mechanism for heterogeneous technologyneeds of different categories of farmers, whose goal is to technical knowledge(including technical and non-physical techniques and physical) from R&Ddepartment successfully delivered to farmers, guiding farmers how to make effectivedecisions and inspire science accurately grasp its production goals and socialresponsibility. Build demand-oriented agricultural extension mechanism shouldfollow a bottom-up, farmer-centered, value-oriented principle of multi-sectoral andmulti-cross. R&D systems, marketing systems, and farmers are the three elements ofthe system demand-oriented agricultural extension system consisting of mechanisms,demand-driven agricultural extension mechanism to run a multi-processcommunication, research and extension systems systems systems work aroundfarmers, the focus is to meet the technical needs of heterogeneous class farmers.Demand-oriented operation mechanism including agricultural extension programpreparation, problem analysis and confirm the target areas, promote theimplementation of the four aspects of the diffusion of technological achievements andinformation feedback.
     (3) System Dynamics findings demand-led agricultural extension mechanismshows that: run welfare effects of demand-oriented agricultural extension mechanism is more ideal, a new mechanism to implement effectively the number of drivetechnology, the number of farmers informed of the technical evaluation number oftechnical amendments to the number of indicators and agricultural growth, thetechnology needs of farmers can be effectively met, a higher degree of stability of theentire promotion mechanism.
     (4) The use of the technology needs of farmers in coastal areas and the typicalapplication of the survey data, using logistic regression models for empirical analysis,the system features induction technology needs of small-scale farmers, professionallarge, family farms and co-operative farming households of different subjects, with afocus Analysis of its agricultural extension program selection decisions behavior andits influencing factors. On this basis, the same technique to explore the heterogeneityof farmers demand characteristics matched with its risk appetite, ability to pay, andother decision factors application ability to adapt to the needs of agriculturalextension-oriented business model, including its main supply, trading and select thepath selection and other content.
     (5) Select mechanized, large-scale, information technology, intensive, high levelof organization of the Netherlands, Israel, Australia, Japan and other developedcountries, modern agriculture, as well as with the level of development similar toIndia, to analyze the mechanisms of agricultural extension system configuration,operational aspects, features and other aspects of the institutional environment, andtypical practice patterns, summarized its agricultural extension macro-controlmechanism, the implementation of information transmission path, and rules ofconduct, distribution of benefits, and other specific aspects of risk aversion. Analysisfocused around the needs of farmers agricultural characteristics, in particular thedemand for differentiated heterogeneous agricultural farmers are expandedagricultural extension mechanism innovation, process innovation and explore itsorganizational structure, promotion model of agricultural extension system, theservice principal adjustments and other transactions carried out, and the need forexternal factors institutional environment, infrastructure, etc..According to analyzingin the typical pattern, a summary of the needs of farmers around the stagecharacteristics of agricultural extension mechanism innovation of enlightenment andinnovative experiences for reference.
     (6) learning experience to promote institutional innovation to farmers on the basisof foreign demand for agricultural characteristics carried out on the core, from the institutional environment and implementation of agricultural extension mechanismsconditions demand, the promotion of the interests of different types of structuremodels actors, farmers demand information Feedback and Analysis conduction pathangles efficient operation of security conditions demand-oriented agriculturalextension mechanism, farmers demand information from the feedback channel flow,optimizing agricultural extension environment, a clear division of roles ofstakeholders, to provide differentiated agricultural extension mode, has formed adiversified agricultural extension organizations, foster the application of agriculturaltechnology to explore the use of the body, such as demand-oriented agriculturalextension mechanism of protection measures. Finally, the main cultivation of appliedagricultural use, provide differentiated promotion model, optimize demand-orientedmethod of agricultural extension mechanism stakeholders a clear division of roles andimplementation path.
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