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山东省玉米产业竞争力研究
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摘要
玉米对保障我国粮食安全具有重要作用。据《中国统计年鉴》、《中华人民共和国2013年国民经济和社会发展统计公报》数据整理计算,2012年全国玉米产量占粮食产量比重为34.87%,总产量首次超过稻谷(高于稻谷0.23个百分点)成为我国第一大粮食品种;2013年全国玉米产量占粮食产量的比重为36.17%,高于稻谷2.4个百分点。2013年与2003年相比,全国粮食产量增加17124万吨,其中玉米产量增加10190万吨,占粮食产量增加量的60%。近年来玉米供求格局发生深刻变化:由总量紧平衡、结构性短缺向产需缺口继续扩大,结构性矛盾突出转变;消费结构快速升级。与此同时面临耕地质量下降、水资源不足、生态环境压力不断加大的硬约束和科技有效支撑不足、国际市场动荡的软约束。在这样的新形势下研究玉米产业竞争力对确保谷物基本自给、口粮绝对安全、农业可持续发展具有重要理论和现实意义。本文以玉米主产省之一山东省为例,由表及里揭示影响山东省玉米产业竞争力的直接影响因素、间接影响因素和深层次因素,以期提升山东省玉米产业竞争力。
     研究总体采用了规范和实证相结合的研究方法,既在产业组织理论、区域竞争力理论、竞争优势理论等基础上构建了山东省玉米产业竞争力研究框架,又通过比较分析、定性和定量相结合、静态与动态相结合等实证研究方法的运用,考察并设计了山东省玉米产业竞争力影响因素分析思路。论文共分为八章,第一章为导论;第二章为山东省产业竞争力研究的理论基础,主要包括基本概念界定、相关理论分析及产业竞争力模型构建;第三章为山东省玉米产业竞争力综合分析,探寻山东省玉米产业竞争力现状;第四章为山东省玉米产业竞争力直接影响因素分析,主要包括价格和质量安全两方面分析;第五章为山东省玉米产业竞争力需求方面间接因素分析,主要对食用和饲用玉米进行了分析;第六章为山东省玉米产业竞争力供给方面间接因素分析,包括生产要素、自然条件、自然灾害等基础要素和农业经营主体、科技水平等高级要素的分析;第七章对政府在提升山东省玉米产业竞争力中所应发挥的主导作用进行分析;第八章对全文的研究进行了总结并提出了增强竞争力的对策。
     本文的主要研究结论有:
     (1)在古典国际贸易理论、产业组织理论和竞争优势理论等基础上,通过对工业和农业不同点进行分析,对适合发达国家工业的钻石模型进行了改进,提出了政府主导的钻石模型。
     (2)通过采用主成分分析法从纵向和横向两个方面比较,发现虽然山东省玉米产业竞争力自2004-2012年表现出逐年增强发展态势,但通过选用2012年相关指标发现山东省在七个玉米主产省综合竞争力的比较中排名第六位,显示出较弱的竞争力,因此有必要对影响竞争力的直接和间接影响因素进一步分析,深究竞争力较弱的根本原因。
     (3)影响山东省玉米产业竞争力直接影响因素中着重分析价格和质量安全两个方面。通过采用三项式模型对1982-2012年间七个玉米主产省实际平均出售价格进行时间趋势拟合,发现山东省玉米价格竞争力略强于四川省低于其它五省,不具有价格优势。经过比较变异指数发现山东省玉米价格波动幅度较大,在七省中排名第六,略好于河南省。接着对山东省玉米价格波动进行测定,采用波动周期理论对其分析,发现价格波动具有波动频率高、强度大等特征;进一步由宏观经济学中的内在传导机制和外部冲击机制对其波动机理进行建模,对1987年以来山东省玉米价格进行时间趋势拟合,发现价格波动中78.88%成分属于趋势分量,21.12%的成分属于波动分量;通过对波动分量进行自回归模型估计,发现内部传导机制对价格波动影响程度只有11.55%,外部冲击因素达到88.45%。通过多元回归方程发现外部因素中的政府政策、农村居民家庭人均纯收入、城镇居民可支配收入和小麦价格等供需两方面因素是影响玉米价格主要因素,其中政府政策影响系数最大。在对质量竞争力的分析中发现山东省排名第五,略好于河南和黑龙江两省。在各种影响因素中良种选用、氮磷钾配比施用、农业机械、农业基础设施、田间管理和农药施用等是山东省玉米质量竞争力不强的主要原因。
     (4)在需求方面的间接因素分析中,首先采用林德的正相关学说,通过“变量增量贡献F检验”发现国内需求对山东省玉米竞争力具有正相关作用,而国外需求具有负相关作用,得以确定研究重点为国内市场。通过对食用玉米、饲用玉米需求的分析,发现食用玉米需求的多样化、质量安全需求的高层次化推动玉米多样化和高质量化生产;饲用玉米的大规模消耗推动玉米规模化种植;国内需求结构变化诱导生产者经营方式转变、科技应用水平提高、良种种植、较易产生规模递增效应。总之国内玉米需求出现的新趋势对玉米产业竞争力提升将具有正向拉动作用。
     (5)基本要素分析中,在技术水平不变的情况下采用柯布—道格拉斯生产函数对资本、劳动、土地贡献程度进行分析,发现山东省玉米生产函数属于规模递增函数。产量的增加主要依靠扩大种植面积来实现,资本增加对总产量的增加起次要作用。而劳动力要素边际报酬递减,主要是因为农户生产积极性不高、农业户和农业兼业户所占比重降低、农村居民家庭劳动力文化素质不高、农业劳动力年龄逐渐老化以及农民组织化程度低等等;在气象因素影响玉米单产分析中,发现降水量与玉米单产是同向关系,日照时间与玉米单产是反向关系;在分析自然灾害因素时,涝灾和旱灾是影响山东玉米产量的主要灾害因素,且涝灾影响程度大于旱灾;在基础设施分析方面,主要分析了山东省机械化水平、水利化程度等。小型拖拉机、农用机械排灌电动机、机动脱粒机等方面台数较少;山东省目前采用土渠灌溉,灌溉技术水平较低。
     (6)高级要素分析包括农业经营主体和玉米技术两方面。山东省农户整体文化水平集中在初中水平;农民组织化程度不高,农户是否愿意参加合作社在于合作社的收益与不参加合作社收益的比较,以及是否有带头人的作用;通过对山东省玉米生产资本、劳动、土地和技术进步对玉米总产值贡献率进行测算,发现技术进步对玉米总产值提高作用显著。虽然种植面积对总产值提高亦有较大作用,但受耕地面积约束无法依靠大幅提高玉米种植面积来持续提高总产值。且利用弹性理论证明了影响山东玉米生产技术进步的制约因素是农户收入与采用先进技术之间存在负相关关系。主要原因是玉米是需求缺乏弹性粮食产品,所采用的是提高普通玉米产量的技术,导致产量增加而价格下跌的结局。
     (7)在对政府发挥主导作用的分析中,采用市场失灵理论分析了其在粮食生产中发挥主导作用的必要性。在对主导作用发挥不足的分析基础上,认为政府应逐渐减少粮价政策干预,加强粮食生产间接因素方面的干预,包括粮食经营主体、人才培养、抵制自然灾害发生、加强相关基础设施建设和农业科技推广等方面上,以提高玉米产业综合竞争力。
Corn plays an important role in ensuring food security in China.According to “ChineseStatistical Yearbook” and “Statistical Communique of the people’s Republic of ChinaNational Economic and Social Development in2013”,in2012the national corn yieldproportion of grain yield was34.87%in total output of grain,(0.23percentage points higherthan rice) and corn has become the first major grain varieties in China.In2013the nationalcorn yield proportion of grain yield is36.17%,2.4percentage points higher than that rice. In2013the national grain yield increase171240000tons, in which corn yield increase101900000tons than in2003, accounting for60%of the amount of grain yieldincrease.Supply and demand pattern have undergone profound changes. Total corn productionhas transformed from tight balance、 structural shortage to gap expanded, structuralcontradiction. The consumption structure upgraded rapidly. At the same time decline in thequality of arable land, the shortage of water resources and increasing pressure on theecological environment are the hard constraints. Lack of effective support of science andtechnology, international market turmoil are the soft constraints. Study on corn industrycompetitiveness has important theoretical and practical significance about ensuring grainself-sufficiency, ration absolutely safe and sustainable agricultural development. This paperreveals the direct effects and deep factors, indirect factors of corn industry competitivenessimpact from outside to inside in Shandong province as an example one of the main cornproduction provinces, in order to have certain effect to improve the competitiveness of cornindustry of Shandong province.
     The research uses the standard research method and empirical research combined ongeneral. The framework of Shandong corn industry competitiveness is constructed from theindustrial organization theory, regional competitiveness theory, competitive advantage theory.The analysis method of Shandong province corn industry competitiveness impact is designedby using empirical research methods of comparative analysis, qualitative and quantitative,static and dynamic combination. This thesis consists of eight chapters: the first chapter isintroduction; the second chapter is basic research, including research, theoretical basis; thethird chapter is the comprehensive analysis of corn industrial competitiveness in ShandongProvince and explores the status of corn. The fourth chapter is direct influence factors of thecorn industry competitiveness in Shandong province, mainly including two aspects of price and quality and safety analysis; The fifth chapter is the analysis of indirect factors of cornindustry demand in Shandong province. Corn and forage corn were mainly analyzed. Thesixth chapter is the analysis of corn industrial competitiveness supply indirect factors inShandong province, including the factors of production, natural conditions, natural disasters,other basic elements and agricultural management subject, the level of science and technologyand other advanced elements analysis; The seventh chapter focuses on the analysis of theleading role of government that should play to enhance the competitiveness of the cornindustry in Shandong province; The eighth chapter carries on the conclusion and puts forwardthe competitive strategies.
     The main conclusions of the article are:
     (1) The diamond model is dominated by the government is put forward on the base of theclassical international trade theory, industrial organization theory and competitive advantagetheory, through the analysis of different points of industry and agriculture of the diamondmodel, and suitable for industrial developed countries were improved.
     (2)Corn industrial competitiveness of Shandong province has enhanced year by yearfrom2004-2012by using principal component analysis by the comparison from the verticaland horizontal aspects. Comprehensive competitiveness of Shandong province is the sixth inseven main corn producing provinces. Further study is necessary about direct and indirectfactors.
     (3)Two aspects of price and quality and safety are analyzed about effect of directlyinfluence factors of corn industry competitiveness in Shandong province. Corn pricecompetitiveness of Shandong Province is slightly better than Sichuan Province and is lowerthan the other five, and does not have the price advantage by using three models of1982-2012between seven corn producing provinces. Corn price of Shandong province fluctuates greatlyand ranks fourth in seven provinces. The price fluctuation has the characteristics of highfrequency and intensity fluctuation by the determination of corn price fluctuation and theanalysis of the fluctuation cycle theory. The modeling mechanism of fluctuation is carried onby the inherent conduction mechanism and external shock mechanism in macro economicsfurtherly.78.88%components of the price fluctuations belong to trend component,and21.12%components belong to the fluctuating component by time trend fitting since1987.The degree of influence of internal transmission mechanism of the price is only11.55%, andprice fluctuation is mainly caused by the impact of external factors by analyzing thefluctuation component of autoregressive model. The main factors affecting the price of cornare per capita net income of rural households, urban residents' disposable income and the price of wheat and other two aspects of supply and demand factors through multipleregression equation. The influence coefficient of government policy is the largest.Thecompetitiveness of quality of Shandong province ranked fifth, is slightly better than Henanand Heilongjiang In the analysis of the quality. The reasons that corn quality competitivenessof Shandong province is not strong are seed selection, NPK Ratio fertilizer, agriculturalmachinery, agricultural infrastructure, field management and unreasonable use of pesticides.
     (4) Domestic demand has positive effect on the competitiveness of corn in ShandongProvince, and foreign demand has negative correlation analysis through the "variableincremental contribution inspection" and Linde’s positive correlation theory in the analysis ofindirect factors on the demand side. The conclusion is that the research should focus on thedomestic market. High level diversification and corn demand for quality safety of demandpromote corn variety and high quality production based on the analysis of the demand of corn.Mass consumption of forage corn promote large-scale planting. Changes in domesticdemand structure induces producers to change management way, improve the level ofapplication of science and technology, focus on the seed planted, and produce scale effect.This shows the new trend in corn demand to improve the corn industrial competitiveness willhave a positive driving role.
     (5) Corn production function of Shandong province belongs to the scale increasingfunction by the Cobb Douglas production function analysis on capital, labor land contributiondegree in the same level of technology in the analysis of basic elements. The yield increasemainly depends on the increase of planting area and the capital to output plays a minor role.The diminishing marginal returns of labor factor is because the farmers' enthusiasm forproduction is not high, agricultural households and the proportion of agriculture reduce,family labor culture quality of rural residents is not high, agricultural labor age graduallyaging and the low level of organization of farmers; precipitation and corn yield is the same tothe relation,and the sunshine time and corn yield is the inverse relationship on analysis of theinfluence of meteorological factors on corn yield; waterlog and drought are the main factorsinfluencing the disaster in corn yield of Shandong, and waterlog is a greater impact than thedrought in the analysis of factor of natural disaster. Mechanization level and the level of waterconservancy are mainly analyzed in infrastructure analysis. The number of small tractors,agricultural machinery, irrigation motor and motorized thresher etc is less. The canalirrigation is used in Shandong province and the level of irrigation technology is relativelylow.
     (6) Agricultural management subject and technique of corn are included in the analysisof advanced factors. The overall cultural level of farmers in Shandong province concentratesin the junior high school level. The degree of organization of farmers is not high, whetherfarmers are willing to participate in cooperative is determined by comparing the cooperativeincome and the role of leaders; The corn technological progress on output value of cornincreases significantly through the measurement of contribution rate of capital, labor, land andtechnology progress. Although corn planting area has a large role to total output, it is hard torely on the increase of corn acreage to continue to improve corn output by the constraint ofthe area of arable land. The main reason is that high yield technology leads to a substantialincrease in corn production and prices fell sharply.
     (7) Government should play a leading role in food production by the analysis of themarket failure theory. Government should gradually reduce the policy intervention on foodprice on the basis of analyzing the problems of government. It should play the leading role inthe indirect influence factors of grain production, including the grain management main body,personnel training, related infrastructure construction,agricultural science and technologypromotion and so on, in order to improve the comprehensive competitiveness of cornindustry.
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