露天开采矿区废弃地近自然地形重塑研究
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摘要
土地复垦与生态重建已成为改善矿区废弃地生态环境的一项重要措施,但易受到地形或者地形重塑的影响,需要建立一个与当地自然环境相和谐的流域地貌景观。地形重塑是矿区废弃地其它复垦实践和未来土地利用的基础,也是土地复垦与生态重建重点研究的技术问题之一。而自然流域地貌形态特征给废弃矿区的生态重建提供了重要参照标准。本研究根据生态思维、可持续发展理论、流域地貌理论及其自相似原理,以流域为单元,以邻近未扰动的地形水文形态特征作为设计参照目标,利用ArcGIS技术重新规划了废弃矿区的子流域及沟道；在此基础上结合Geofluv模型重建了太行山北段东麓的典型废弃采石场的流域地形,探讨了露天开采矿区废弃地的近自然地形重塑机理与技术方法,评价了重塑后与未扰动的子流域形态特征间关系。主要研究结论如下：
(1)提出了废弃矿区近自然地形重塑的内涵,确定了近自然地形重塑的方法和评价体系。选取沟道级别、主沟道长度、流域面积、沟道密度、流域圆度、高程差和平均坡度等7个指标作为小流域地貌形态特征评价指标体系,也基本代表了流域地貌形态的线性、面域和起伏的特征。
(2)计算了典型废弃采石场在0.3m、O.4m、0.5m等11种水平分辨率下的流域面积、平均高程、平均坡度和剖面曲率,确定1m×1m栅格网格尺寸为研究区最佳分辨率。采用均值变点分析法,得出地势起伏度的最佳分析窗口为4.5×4.5,利用局部地形起伏度、局部高程标准差、地表粗糙度和剖面曲率等4个地形因子综合评价地形复杂度,作为重新规划研究区主次沟道的参考依据。利用水文地理数据模型ArcHydro提取和计算水文网,确定了研究区及其所在小流域水文网的汇流面积适宜阈值为O.012km2。这为后期地形重塑提供了可靠的适宜的数据。
(3)在重新规划了典型废弃采石场的子流域及沟道基础上,参照邻近未扰动子流域地貌形态特征,通过Geofluv模型重塑地形。重塑后的Ⅱ级子流域平均沟道密度为14.521km/km2、与邻近未扰动的Ⅱ级子流域平均沟道密度13.835km/km2接近,这表明重建地形在设计时已经考虑到后期地形演变过程中的侵蚀、搬运和堆积作用。
(4)重塑后与未扰动流域相应形态特征的平均比值在1.07和1.21之间,利用地貌系统信息熵值来判断重塑后地形起伏程度与侵蚀强度表明重塑后的地势起伏变化小,随着时间推移不会发生太大变化。利用最小二乘法对邻近未扰动Ⅰ级子流域特征参数进行回归分析,其模型通过F检验和t检验,均达到显著水平,经检验重建后Ⅰ级子流域的沟道密度的残差值在回归方程的变化范围内。以未扰动流域特征为标准,利用相对值法和加权平均值对重塑前后的相似度进行评价,重塑后的对应未扰动的相似度为10.5%。
以邻近未扰动流域特征作为参照标准,在重新规划废弃矿区沟道基础上,重塑后子流域地貌形态是相对稳定的、自然的,地势起伏变化小,并与未扰动的子流域形态特征相似,符合所处环境地貌形成过程中的侵蚀,使重建地形相对稳定并与周围景观相和谐。本文研究成果可为露天开采矿区废弃地的地形重塑研究提供一种新思路,同样也可以运用在排土场的规划设计中。
Topographic reconstruction is a crucial part of land reclamation and ecological rehabilitation because the resulting geography landscapes are the foundations for all subsequent reclamation practices and the surfaces for future land uses. It is also ranked among the most important research technical problems. Nature can provide analogues for mined or mining landscapes during disturbed-land reclamation according to landscape stability and according to the reconstructed structure blending in with the surrounding undisturbed landscape. The connotation of close-to-nature topography reshaping is based on the sustainable development and eco-thinking theory in accordance with watershed geomorphology and the theory of restoration ecology.In terms of the watershed geomorphology and the principle of self-similarity theory, the sub-catchments and channels of abandoned mines were re-planned by using ArcGIS soft technology and a practical survey in this paper.
The topography characteristics of adjacent, undisturbed catchments were calculated by applying an ArcGIS Hydrologic analysis tool, which was taken as the following simulation reference standard. Then the topography in a sub-watershed unit in the Northeast Taihang Mountain typical abandoned quarry project in Beijing city was reconstructed by using a Geofluv module driven by geomorphic principles, in which this module simulated the function of the natural landscape that would evolve over time under the physical and climatic conditions present at the site to water and sediment from the land surface in a stable hydrologic equilibrium.
The selected geomorphologic characteristics index were first and second order sub-watershed, the average sub-watershed area, main channel, drainage density, watershed roundness, average elevation difference, and average slope, which provided targets for topographic reconstruction. Moreover, the theory and technical method of the reconstructed topography were studied.
In this case, watershed area, average elevation, average slope degree and profile curvature under11resolutions such as0.3,0.4,0.5and so on were computed, and lmxlm grid was confirmed as the optimal resolution. The initial study of the sub-watershed on the undisturbed landform in the project's vicinity were selected and calculated to develop a stable channel design and reconstruction guidelines by using GIS spatial analysis tools. The average second order drainage density that represented the stable sub-watershed size for the local condition was13.84km/km2. Moreover, the average second order drainage density of the reconstructed topography which simulated the natural landform evolution to the stage in balance with the local environmental condition was14.52km/km2on the basis of are-planning of reconstruction sub-watershed and main channel, which achieved the desired design goals. A topographic reconstruction simulated a relatively stable sub-watershed performed by geomorphic processes with the creation of a basin composed of slope and channels in orderly spatial arrangements and functioning for the transportation of water and sediment.
The average rate of reconstruction to the original drainage basin was from1.07to1.21by considered the time-consuming of erosion process. Characteristic parameters of level I sub basin were analyzed with multiple linear regression through least square method. The model passed F and t test and reached significant level. Drainage density of reconstructed basin had the same residual with the regression equation. The results showed that the reconstructed typical abandoned quarry topography in which the hydrologic and fluvial geomorphic analyses and stable channel parameters were determined, and based on site-specific data, were relatively economical, stable, and natural, which was similar to the undisturbed catchments' geomorphology. Finally, the relationship of geomorphologic characteristics between the reconstructed sub-watershed and the undisturbed ones was analyzed and the ratio of the index was almost similar.
The geomorphic information entropy analysis showed that the geomorphology changed very slowly after topographic reconstruction and the erosions on watershed were also gradually reduced. This study provided a novel viewpoint for the topographic reconstruction of an abandoned mine.
(1)提出了废弃矿区近自然地形重塑的内涵,确定了近自然地形重塑的方法和评价体系。选取沟道级别、主沟道长度、流域面积、沟道密度、流域圆度、高程差和平均坡度等7个指标作为小流域地貌形态特征评价指标体系,也基本代表了流域地貌形态的线性、面域和起伏的特征。
(2)计算了典型废弃采石场在0.3m、O.4m、0.5m等11种水平分辨率下的流域面积、平均高程、平均坡度和剖面曲率,确定1m×1m栅格网格尺寸为研究区最佳分辨率。采用均值变点分析法,得出地势起伏度的最佳分析窗口为4.5×4.5,利用局部地形起伏度、局部高程标准差、地表粗糙度和剖面曲率等4个地形因子综合评价地形复杂度,作为重新规划研究区主次沟道的参考依据。利用水文地理数据模型ArcHydro提取和计算水文网,确定了研究区及其所在小流域水文网的汇流面积适宜阈值为O.012km2。这为后期地形重塑提供了可靠的适宜的数据。
(3)在重新规划了典型废弃采石场的子流域及沟道基础上,参照邻近未扰动子流域地貌形态特征,通过Geofluv模型重塑地形。重塑后的Ⅱ级子流域平均沟道密度为14.521km/km2、与邻近未扰动的Ⅱ级子流域平均沟道密度13.835km/km2接近,这表明重建地形在设计时已经考虑到后期地形演变过程中的侵蚀、搬运和堆积作用。
(4)重塑后与未扰动流域相应形态特征的平均比值在1.07和1.21之间,利用地貌系统信息熵值来判断重塑后地形起伏程度与侵蚀强度表明重塑后的地势起伏变化小,随着时间推移不会发生太大变化。利用最小二乘法对邻近未扰动Ⅰ级子流域特征参数进行回归分析,其模型通过F检验和t检验,均达到显著水平,经检验重建后Ⅰ级子流域的沟道密度的残差值在回归方程的变化范围内。以未扰动流域特征为标准,利用相对值法和加权平均值对重塑前后的相似度进行评价,重塑后的对应未扰动的相似度为10.5%。
以邻近未扰动流域特征作为参照标准,在重新规划废弃矿区沟道基础上,重塑后子流域地貌形态是相对稳定的、自然的,地势起伏变化小,并与未扰动的子流域形态特征相似,符合所处环境地貌形成过程中的侵蚀,使重建地形相对稳定并与周围景观相和谐。本文研究成果可为露天开采矿区废弃地的地形重塑研究提供一种新思路,同样也可以运用在排土场的规划设计中。
Topographic reconstruction is a crucial part of land reclamation and ecological rehabilitation because the resulting geography landscapes are the foundations for all subsequent reclamation practices and the surfaces for future land uses. It is also ranked among the most important research technical problems. Nature can provide analogues for mined or mining landscapes during disturbed-land reclamation according to landscape stability and according to the reconstructed structure blending in with the surrounding undisturbed landscape. The connotation of close-to-nature topography reshaping is based on the sustainable development and eco-thinking theory in accordance with watershed geomorphology and the theory of restoration ecology.In terms of the watershed geomorphology and the principle of self-similarity theory, the sub-catchments and channels of abandoned mines were re-planned by using ArcGIS soft technology and a practical survey in this paper.
The topography characteristics of adjacent, undisturbed catchments were calculated by applying an ArcGIS Hydrologic analysis tool, which was taken as the following simulation reference standard. Then the topography in a sub-watershed unit in the Northeast Taihang Mountain typical abandoned quarry project in Beijing city was reconstructed by using a Geofluv module driven by geomorphic principles, in which this module simulated the function of the natural landscape that would evolve over time under the physical and climatic conditions present at the site to water and sediment from the land surface in a stable hydrologic equilibrium.
The selected geomorphologic characteristics index were first and second order sub-watershed, the average sub-watershed area, main channel, drainage density, watershed roundness, average elevation difference, and average slope, which provided targets for topographic reconstruction. Moreover, the theory and technical method of the reconstructed topography were studied.
In this case, watershed area, average elevation, average slope degree and profile curvature under11resolutions such as0.3,0.4,0.5and so on were computed, and lmxlm grid was confirmed as the optimal resolution. The initial study of the sub-watershed on the undisturbed landform in the project's vicinity were selected and calculated to develop a stable channel design and reconstruction guidelines by using GIS spatial analysis tools. The average second order drainage density that represented the stable sub-watershed size for the local condition was13.84km/km2. Moreover, the average second order drainage density of the reconstructed topography which simulated the natural landform evolution to the stage in balance with the local environmental condition was14.52km/km2on the basis of are-planning of reconstruction sub-watershed and main channel, which achieved the desired design goals. A topographic reconstruction simulated a relatively stable sub-watershed performed by geomorphic processes with the creation of a basin composed of slope and channels in orderly spatial arrangements and functioning for the transportation of water and sediment.
The average rate of reconstruction to the original drainage basin was from1.07to1.21by considered the time-consuming of erosion process. Characteristic parameters of level I sub basin were analyzed with multiple linear regression through least square method. The model passed F and t test and reached significant level. Drainage density of reconstructed basin had the same residual with the regression equation. The results showed that the reconstructed typical abandoned quarry topography in which the hydrologic and fluvial geomorphic analyses and stable channel parameters were determined, and based on site-specific data, were relatively economical, stable, and natural, which was similar to the undisturbed catchments' geomorphology. Finally, the relationship of geomorphologic characteristics between the reconstructed sub-watershed and the undisturbed ones was analyzed and the ratio of the index was almost similar.
The geomorphic information entropy analysis showed that the geomorphology changed very slowly after topographic reconstruction and the erosions on watershed were also gradually reduced. This study provided a novel viewpoint for the topographic reconstruction of an abandoned mine.
引文
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