基于社会资本理论的农村女性创业问题研究
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摘要
创业是农村女性提高就业质量,改善家庭和社会地位的有效载体。近年来国内外学者关于社会资本与创业的研究证明,社会资本对于创业机会的识别和把握、创业资源的获取和创业绩效的取得等都有重要影响。对于人力资本相对较低的农村女性而言,个人的社会资本可以在相对短的时间内得到提升并可以调动资源,是农村女性成功创业的关键影响因素。
近年来,国内学者关于社会资本与创业关系的研究日渐活跃,但仍缺乏对农村女性创业问题的关注,因此,笔者以社会资本理论为基础、社会性别分析为框架,对农村妇女创业问题进行理论探讨和实证研究,并试图回答下列问题：在创业初期,农村创业者如何利用社会资本去发现创业机会、制定创业策略,以及获取创业资源,在这些领域是否存在性别差异?社会资本对农民的创业意愿、创业融资,以及创业绩效等,是否有影响,影响程度如何,在这些领域是否存在性别差异?当前农村女性创业现状如何’,从社会资本的视角,是否能够寻求提高农村女性创业意愿、降低创业阻力、提升创业绩效的途径?
本文的研究内容主要包括以下四个部分。第一部分,研究准备。对应文章的第一章和第二章。第一章主要说明本文的研究背景与研究意义,在对文献进行回顾和梳理的基础上,提出本文的研究目标和主要研究内容,同时对本文所采用的研究方法、数据来源和主要的分析框架进行概述。第二章对本文研究所涉及的一些基本概念进行了界定,并介绍了相关理论和模型。第二部分,现状调查。对应文章的第三章和第四章。这两章分别利用调查数据,对农村女性的创业现状和已经创业的农村女性的社会资本状况进行了分析。研究发现：当前,农村女性的社会资本水平相对较低,调动外部环境中创业资源的能力相对较弱,加上传统社会性别观念和家庭责任的制约,农村女性创业意愿受到束缚；已经创业的农村女性,其社会资本的特点是：社会支持网络局限于亲缘关系为主的“强联系”,关系网络异质性低、结构洞少。第三部分,实证研究。对应文章的第五章和第六章。第五章是农村创业者社会资本的利用与性别差异分析。本章结合施恩的创业过程模型,从结构维、关系维、认知维等社会资本的3个维度出发,对农村创业者在创业初始时期不同阶段的社会资本利用情况以及存在的性别差异进行了分析。研究发现,在创业初期的不同阶段,农村男性和女性创业者所利用的社会资本类型不同,农村女性创业者倾向于动员更多的网络关系,且“强联系”应用较频繁；在发现创业机会和制定创业决策阶段,农村女性创业者利用了大量的社会资本,而农村男性创业者仅在创业决策阶段动用的关系联结比较多。第六章是社会资本对农村女性创业影响的实证分析。本章主要运用统计分析方法,验证社会资本对农村女性创业的影响。首先,构建农村创业者的社会资本指标体系,利用因子分析方法,计算社会资本总指数和分量指标；其次,运用多元回归模型分析社会资本对农村女性的创业意愿、创业绩效、创业资金支持等问题的影响。研究发现,农民的创业意愿存在显著的性别差异,农村男性“想创业”的发生比要比农村女性高17.6%；社会资本对创业意愿也有显著的正向影响,社会资本水平高的农民有创业意愿的发生比要高42%。社会资本对于创业者信贷支持的获取都有显著的正向影响；但是对于农村女性的影响程度要大于农村男性。而网络规模、网络构建、网顶等社会资本因子与农村创业者的创业收益正相关,网络密度与创业收益负相关。第四部分,对策建议。对应文章的第七章。本章结合理论分析与实证研究的结果,主要从提高创业能力、扩大社会关系网络规模、增强组织化程度、增加创业社会资本投资,以及做好社会资本的积累和培育等方面,提出能够提高农村妇女社会资本,进而促进农村妇女顺利创业的政策建议。
Entrepreneurship is an effective way for rural women to improve their positions in family and society. However, it is hard for rural women to start-up, because of the hindering factors, such as human capital, social capital, financial problem, and system environment. Many researches have prove that social capital plays an important role on discovering business opportunity, obtaining resources for starting-up, and gaining entrepreneurial performance. It is also found that social capital is a key factor which could help rural women to gain resources needed in entrepreneurship.
Some researches are developed in the field, but not all the problems are solved. That is the reason why this paper intended to discuss the issue of rural females'entrepreneurship on the perspective of social capital theory and gender theory. The paper focuses on the influence and gender difference of social capital on rural entrepreneurs'start-up willingness, entrepreneurial performance, and entrepreneurial finance, furtherly, how to improve the level of social capital of rural females in order to help them became entrepreneurs. One purpose of this article is to explain how the social capital of rural female entrepreneurs works by employing the main postulates of gender theory and economics theory. The second purpose of this study is, therefore, to show how different structure and function of private social capital influence the availability for rural female entrepreneurs to start up a business.
This paper is composed of four parts. Part one is the preparation for analysis, and included chapter one and chapter two. Chapter one states the background and significance of research, and put forword research goal and main research contents based on the research background, and illustrate the framework of this paper. Chapter two mainly included the correlation concept limits and relevant theories and models. Part two is status survey and included chapter three and chapter four. Chapter three analyzed the current situation of rural women's self-employment and chapter four illustrated the. current situation of rural female entrepreneurs'social capital, such as the network size and network density and network structure of rural female entrepreneurs'social capital. It is found the personal networks of the rural female entrepreneurs are smaller in terms of size, because the female are less particularistic than the male. In the female networks, social distances between members of in and out groups are clear-cut, and therefore, the female entrepreneurs are likely to report fewer numbers of ties than the male. The network structures, i.e., size, density, structural holes, and composition, of the male and female rural entrepreneurs differ due to the gender. The networks of the female rural entrepreneurs are smaller than that of the males for several reasons. The females have inherent inclinations to prefer fewer but trusted particularistic ties. The networks of female rural entrepreneurs are composed of more family members, village mates, and close friends due to the prevalent role of social capital. The networks of female rural entrepreneurs are denser and more homogeneous than the males. This claim is proved by gender evidence in the paper. The economic reforms resulted in the violent destruction of the existing institutions and networks in village. This pushes rural female entrepreneurs to create new networks and clusters that increased the absolute size of personal networks over time. Part three is empirical analysis, and included chapter five and chapter six. Chapter five researched on the usage and gender difference of rural female entrepreneurs'social capital. Based on three surveys of rural female entrepreneurs in Liaoning province, the effect of social capital on the start-up activities of rural entrepreneurs is analyzed, and the gender difference between male and female entrepreneurs is discussed. In general, social networks of rural female entrepreneurs facilitate venture birth and development, although under certain conditions it may hinder firm performance by constraining entrepreneurial activities. In pioneering stage, rural female entrepreneurs utilize different network ties such as more "strong ties" compare to male entrepreneurs.The female make greater efforts to reduce uncertainties and inconsistencies in their immediate business worlds, and therefore, the networks of the rural female entrepreneurs are likely to have fewer structural holes defined as the absence of a link between two contacts. Chapter six researched on the influences of social capital on rural female starting-up with empirical analysis.The study incorporated social capital as independent variables that impact actions of rural female entrepreneurs and her availability to start up. With multiple regression analysis, it is found that network construct played a more significant role in affecting rural female's start-up willingness compared with network density. The higher of the occupational status in network, the more resources and more profit a rural female entrepreneur will achieve. It is found that social capital has greater affect on rural female entrepreneurs'financial support than male; and her social capital total index had an obviously positive correlation with finance supports obtained by the female, while the impact of social capital total index is weaker to the male. Further, the size of network and the reciprocal behaviors will influence entrepreneurial performance also. Part four is policy recommendations, included chapter seven. This paper's findings suggest that better established connections are important at every stage of start-up to female than to male. It is improved that the probability of getting supporting increasing with the expanding of social network, and the participation of society activities and organizations by the rural female entrepreneurs. Therefore rural females should expansion their network, and increase participation of society activities and organizations.
近年来,国内学者关于社会资本与创业关系的研究日渐活跃,但仍缺乏对农村女性创业问题的关注,因此,笔者以社会资本理论为基础、社会性别分析为框架,对农村妇女创业问题进行理论探讨和实证研究,并试图回答下列问题：在创业初期,农村创业者如何利用社会资本去发现创业机会、制定创业策略,以及获取创业资源,在这些领域是否存在性别差异?社会资本对农民的创业意愿、创业融资,以及创业绩效等,是否有影响,影响程度如何,在这些领域是否存在性别差异?当前农村女性创业现状如何’,从社会资本的视角,是否能够寻求提高农村女性创业意愿、降低创业阻力、提升创业绩效的途径?
本文的研究内容主要包括以下四个部分。第一部分,研究准备。对应文章的第一章和第二章。第一章主要说明本文的研究背景与研究意义,在对文献进行回顾和梳理的基础上,提出本文的研究目标和主要研究内容,同时对本文所采用的研究方法、数据来源和主要的分析框架进行概述。第二章对本文研究所涉及的一些基本概念进行了界定,并介绍了相关理论和模型。第二部分,现状调查。对应文章的第三章和第四章。这两章分别利用调查数据,对农村女性的创业现状和已经创业的农村女性的社会资本状况进行了分析。研究发现：当前,农村女性的社会资本水平相对较低,调动外部环境中创业资源的能力相对较弱,加上传统社会性别观念和家庭责任的制约,农村女性创业意愿受到束缚；已经创业的农村女性,其社会资本的特点是：社会支持网络局限于亲缘关系为主的“强联系”,关系网络异质性低、结构洞少。第三部分,实证研究。对应文章的第五章和第六章。第五章是农村创业者社会资本的利用与性别差异分析。本章结合施恩的创业过程模型,从结构维、关系维、认知维等社会资本的3个维度出发,对农村创业者在创业初始时期不同阶段的社会资本利用情况以及存在的性别差异进行了分析。研究发现,在创业初期的不同阶段,农村男性和女性创业者所利用的社会资本类型不同,农村女性创业者倾向于动员更多的网络关系,且“强联系”应用较频繁；在发现创业机会和制定创业决策阶段,农村女性创业者利用了大量的社会资本,而农村男性创业者仅在创业决策阶段动用的关系联结比较多。第六章是社会资本对农村女性创业影响的实证分析。本章主要运用统计分析方法,验证社会资本对农村女性创业的影响。首先,构建农村创业者的社会资本指标体系,利用因子分析方法,计算社会资本总指数和分量指标；其次,运用多元回归模型分析社会资本对农村女性的创业意愿、创业绩效、创业资金支持等问题的影响。研究发现,农民的创业意愿存在显著的性别差异,农村男性“想创业”的发生比要比农村女性高17.6%；社会资本对创业意愿也有显著的正向影响,社会资本水平高的农民有创业意愿的发生比要高42%。社会资本对于创业者信贷支持的获取都有显著的正向影响；但是对于农村女性的影响程度要大于农村男性。而网络规模、网络构建、网顶等社会资本因子与农村创业者的创业收益正相关,网络密度与创业收益负相关。第四部分,对策建议。对应文章的第七章。本章结合理论分析与实证研究的结果,主要从提高创业能力、扩大社会关系网络规模、增强组织化程度、增加创业社会资本投资,以及做好社会资本的积累和培育等方面,提出能够提高农村妇女社会资本,进而促进农村妇女顺利创业的政策建议。
Entrepreneurship is an effective way for rural women to improve their positions in family and society. However, it is hard for rural women to start-up, because of the hindering factors, such as human capital, social capital, financial problem, and system environment. Many researches have prove that social capital plays an important role on discovering business opportunity, obtaining resources for starting-up, and gaining entrepreneurial performance. It is also found that social capital is a key factor which could help rural women to gain resources needed in entrepreneurship.
Some researches are developed in the field, but not all the problems are solved. That is the reason why this paper intended to discuss the issue of rural females'entrepreneurship on the perspective of social capital theory and gender theory. The paper focuses on the influence and gender difference of social capital on rural entrepreneurs'start-up willingness, entrepreneurial performance, and entrepreneurial finance, furtherly, how to improve the level of social capital of rural females in order to help them became entrepreneurs. One purpose of this article is to explain how the social capital of rural female entrepreneurs works by employing the main postulates of gender theory and economics theory. The second purpose of this study is, therefore, to show how different structure and function of private social capital influence the availability for rural female entrepreneurs to start up a business.
This paper is composed of four parts. Part one is the preparation for analysis, and included chapter one and chapter two. Chapter one states the background and significance of research, and put forword research goal and main research contents based on the research background, and illustrate the framework of this paper. Chapter two mainly included the correlation concept limits and relevant theories and models. Part two is status survey and included chapter three and chapter four. Chapter three analyzed the current situation of rural women's self-employment and chapter four illustrated the. current situation of rural female entrepreneurs'social capital, such as the network size and network density and network structure of rural female entrepreneurs'social capital. It is found the personal networks of the rural female entrepreneurs are smaller in terms of size, because the female are less particularistic than the male. In the female networks, social distances between members of in and out groups are clear-cut, and therefore, the female entrepreneurs are likely to report fewer numbers of ties than the male. The network structures, i.e., size, density, structural holes, and composition, of the male and female rural entrepreneurs differ due to the gender. The networks of the female rural entrepreneurs are smaller than that of the males for several reasons. The females have inherent inclinations to prefer fewer but trusted particularistic ties. The networks of female rural entrepreneurs are composed of more family members, village mates, and close friends due to the prevalent role of social capital. The networks of female rural entrepreneurs are denser and more homogeneous than the males. This claim is proved by gender evidence in the paper. The economic reforms resulted in the violent destruction of the existing institutions and networks in village. This pushes rural female entrepreneurs to create new networks and clusters that increased the absolute size of personal networks over time. Part three is empirical analysis, and included chapter five and chapter six. Chapter five researched on the usage and gender difference of rural female entrepreneurs'social capital. Based on three surveys of rural female entrepreneurs in Liaoning province, the effect of social capital on the start-up activities of rural entrepreneurs is analyzed, and the gender difference between male and female entrepreneurs is discussed. In general, social networks of rural female entrepreneurs facilitate venture birth and development, although under certain conditions it may hinder firm performance by constraining entrepreneurial activities. In pioneering stage, rural female entrepreneurs utilize different network ties such as more "strong ties" compare to male entrepreneurs.The female make greater efforts to reduce uncertainties and inconsistencies in their immediate business worlds, and therefore, the networks of the rural female entrepreneurs are likely to have fewer structural holes defined as the absence of a link between two contacts. Chapter six researched on the influences of social capital on rural female starting-up with empirical analysis.The study incorporated social capital as independent variables that impact actions of rural female entrepreneurs and her availability to start up. With multiple regression analysis, it is found that network construct played a more significant role in affecting rural female's start-up willingness compared with network density. The higher of the occupational status in network, the more resources and more profit a rural female entrepreneur will achieve. It is found that social capital has greater affect on rural female entrepreneurs'financial support than male; and her social capital total index had an obviously positive correlation with finance supports obtained by the female, while the impact of social capital total index is weaker to the male. Further, the size of network and the reciprocal behaviors will influence entrepreneurial performance also. Part four is policy recommendations, included chapter seven. This paper's findings suggest that better established connections are important at every stage of start-up to female than to male. It is improved that the probability of getting supporting increasing with the expanding of social network, and the participation of society activities and organizations by the rural female entrepreneurs. Therefore rural females should expansion their network, and increase participation of society activities and organizations.
引文
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