新型光纤光栅传感技术研究
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摘要
光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG)作为目前最具发展前途的光纤无源器件之一,凭借其抗电磁干扰、耐腐蚀、熔接损耗小、灵敏度高、体积小、易于分布式测量等优越的特性,在光纤传感领域中得到了广泛应用。利用光纤光栅进行高温安全监测具有广阔的应用前景,目前基于光纤光栅的耐温传感系统的实用化研究一直是国内外学者关注的热点；光纤光栅声发射传感技术是结合光纤光栅传感技术与声发射检测技术的优势发展起来的一种新的检测技术,在结构健康监测领域呈现出良好的发展潜力,国外已有相关研究报道,而国内关于这方面的研究还较少。
本文针对目前光纤光栅在高温测量和声发射传感领域中的一些热点问题进行了理论及应用研究。在研究耐温光纤光栅传感特性及多光纤光栅解调技术的基础上,设计并实现了基于InGaAs图像传感衍射解调的新型耐温光纤光栅传感系统；建立了改进的支持度矩阵数据融合模型对传感系统的温度测量值进行处理,实现了系统的高可靠性；理论并实验研究了低幅值声发射波下,决定光纤光栅声发射传感系统响应灵敏度的关键因素；另外,采用单端光纤粘贴结构和可移动式耦合方法设计了对外界应力干扰不敏感的高灵敏度光纤光栅声发射传感器。本文的具体研究内容如下：
(1)介绍了光纤布拉格光栅的发展及研究应用现状；总结和分析了光纤布拉格光栅在中高温传感领域的国内外研究进展及水平；总结归纳了目前基于光纤布拉格光栅的声发射传感方面的研究现状及发展趋势。
(2)针对以往耐温光纤光栅传感系统测量精度有限、响应速度慢、抗干扰能力差等问题,深入研究耐温光纤光栅温度传感特性,在此基础上建立了光纤光栅中心波长-温度传感模型,通过设计高线性度及灵敏度、小体积的新型管式耐温光纤光栅传感器,优化耐温光纤光栅传感阵列结构和设计基于InGaAs图像传感衍射解调技术的波长解调系统,搭建了基于波长解调的新型耐温光纤光栅传感系统,克服了基于光强解调的耐温传感系统易受光路噪声干扰的缺点,传感器标定实验分析了新型耐温光栅传感器中心波长随温度的变化特性。20℃至290℃温度特性实验表明,所设计的传感系统测温曲线线性拟合度达0.9991,灵敏度为0.0258nm/℃C,测量精度达±0.6℃,响应时间小于16s；长期稳定性实验温度最大波动为±0.7℃C。该系统精确度高、稳定性好、响应时间短、抗电磁干扰能力强,十分适合应用于高温环境中温度的实时在线测量。
(3)在深入研究多传感器信息融合原理的基础上,比较分析了多传感器信息融合技术中常见的实现算法,并对各算法的优缺点进行分析比较。针对传统支持度矩阵法不能表现传感器测量数据在整个量测区间可靠性的局限,建立了一种改进的支持度矩阵数据融合模型。利用改进的数据融合模型对初始数据进行处理,构建了基于改进的支持度矩阵数据融合模型的耐温光纤光栅传感系统。温度测量实验表明基于改进的支持度矩阵数据融合模型的传感系统测温估计值总绝对误差明显小于其他三种融合方法(平均值法、分批估计法、传统的支持度矩阵法)处理后的误差值。由20℃-290℃测温实验结果可以看出,基于该数据融合模型的系统测温精度高；当传感器发生故障时,构建的支持度矩阵模型稳健性良好,传感系统测温可靠性高,具有一定的推广应用价值。
(4)从声发射波的检测实际需求出发,在研究光纤光栅的传输矩阵理论和声发射波与光纤光栅的相互作用原理的基础上,揭示了声发射波作用下均匀光纤光栅的折射率分布情况,建立了光纤光栅声发射波传感模型。结合实际测量的光纤光栅主要参数及仿真实验中所用到的模拟声发射波参数,实现了声发射波作用下的光纤光栅反射谱的仿真。通过仿真重点分析了声发射波的幅值及波长对光纤光栅的反射谱特性的影响,分别仿真了不同波长及幅值的声发射波作用下,一个作用周期内初始时刻光纤光栅的反射谱及一个作用周期内不同时刻光纤光栅的反射谱,并确定了声发射波的幅值、声发射波的波长与光纤光栅的栅区长度的比值关系对光纤光栅反射谱特性定性或定量的影响。上述对声发射波作用下光纤光栅反射谱数值仿真的研究,为今后利用光纤布拉格光栅进行声发射波检测提供了有效的理论基础。
(5)详细分析了光纤光栅高频解调法的解调原理和优缺点,搭建了基于可调谐窄带激光器的光纤光栅声发射传感系统,该传感系统具有结构简单、波长分辨率高、解调速度快及灵敏度高等特点。深入研究了光纤光栅的栅长对声发射传感系统响应灵敏度的影响,建立了低幅值声发射波作用下光纤光栅声发射传感系统响应灵敏度检测模型,研究了影响基于不同栅长光纤光栅的声发射传感系统灵敏度的主要因素,利用不同栅长的光纤光栅进行声发射检测实验,实验结果与数值仿真的结果相符,结果表明在声发射波的幅值小于15με时,光纤光栅反射谱边沿斜率是影响传感系统的响应灵敏度的主要因素。
(6)采用单端光纤粘贴结构和可移动式耦合方法设计了新型的高灵敏度谐振式光纤光栅声发射传感器,对具有不同传感长度的新型谐振式光纤光栅声发射传感器进行响应特性实验,实验结果表明,随着传感长度的增加,传感器的一阶谐振频率逐渐减小,且一阶频率理论值与实验值相吻合,误差均小于±2kHz；随着传感长度的减小,传感器一阶谐振峰6dB带宽逐渐增加,并且检测到的谐振峰带宽均小于7.5kHz。拉伸实验证明新型传感器对施加到检测结构上的应变干扰不灵敏,并且能够对检测位置进行重新布局。与传统结构光纤光栅声发射传感器的对比实验表明,新型结构传感器的响应灵敏度提高了1.2倍,且具有良好的谐振频率响应特性。
Thanks to its advantages of immunity to strong electromagnetic interference, corrosion resistance, low welding dissipation, high sensitivity, small volume and multiplexed sensing capability, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as one of the most promising optical passive components has been widely applied in various sensing fields in recent years. Using FBG for high temperature safety monitoring has a broad application prospect, therefore, the study of the heat resistance FBG sensing system has always been a hot research topic. FBG acoustic emission (AE) technology is a novel detection technology which combines the advantages of FBG sensing technology and AE detection technology and has shown a good development potential in the field of structural health monitoring. Some foreign research institutes have studied this technology; however, relatively few studies have been reported in china.
This dissertation aims at addressing some hot theory and application issues in the field of high temperature measurement and AE sensing based on FBG. A new heat resistant FBG sensing system has been designed and implemented based on researches of high temperature FBG sensing properties and multi-FBG demodulation technique; by using the established improved matrix data fusion model to fuse the raw temperature data of the new system, a high reliability can be achieved; theoretically and experimentally studied the key factors affecting the FBG AE sensing system sensitivity under low amplitude AE waves; in addition, a novel strain-insensitive and relocatable resonant FBG AE sensor with enhanced sensitivity is demonstrated. The main research contents are as follows:
(1) Detailed the development and research status of the application of FBG; summarized and analyzed the research progress and level of FBG temperature sensing; summarized the current status and development trends of FBG AE sensing.
(2) To overcome the shortcomings suffered by the existing heat resistant FBG sensing system, such as limited accuracy, slow response and poor anti-interference capability, a FBG temperature sensing model is established after an in-depth analysis of high temperature FBG properties. The temperature sensing system constructed with a novel tubular heat-resistance FBG sensor and a wavelength demodulating system based on InGaAs detector and diffraction technology is also designed. The novel tubular FBG sensor has advantages of small volume, high sensitivity and linearity, the optimized FBG sensor array can improve the reliability of the system and the novel wavelength demodulating system can eliminate the noises disturbances from the optical path. Experimental analysis has verified the sensing characteristics of the novel FBG sensor. According to the20℃～290℃temperature measurement results, the average goodness-of-fit of sensing system's temperature curve is0.9991, the system has a sensitivity of0.0258nm/℃, accuracy of±0.6℃, response time of less than16s and the maximum temperature fluctuations±0.7℃. Moreover, the sensing network is steady enough for high temperature measurement.
(3) In view of the problem of the traditional support degree matrix method can't show the temperature data reliability in the whole measurement range, an improved support degree matrix model is established on the basis of the in-depth study of the principles and implementations of multi-sensor and data fusion algorithms. The improved support degree matrix model is used to fuse the raw temperature data in the heat-resistant FBG sensing system. Temperature measurement experiments show that the total absolute temperature estimated error of the system based on the improved support degree matrix model is significantly smaller than the error values of the other three fusion methods (averaging method, batch estimation method and the traditional support degree matrix method). According to the experimental results, the system based on the data fusion model has high accuracy and good reliability when a sensor in the sensor array is failed. Therefore, the system can be used in the practical projects for temperature measurement.
(4) Considering the practical needs of AE wave detection, the refractive index distribution of an uniform FBG under AE wave is revealed after analysis of the FBG transfer matrix theory and research of the interaction principle between AE wave and FBG. On the basis of this study, the FBG AE sensing model is established. Combining with the actual measured main parameters of FBG and the simulated parameters of AE wave, the simulated reflection spectrum of FBG under AE wave can be achieved. Through the simulation the impact of the amplitude and wavelength of AE wave on the characteristics of FBG reflection spectrum is mainly analyzed. The FBG reflection spectra at the initial time and the spectra at the different times in one AE wave period are simulated under AE waves with different wavelengths and amplitudes. The simulation results indicate the qualitative or quantitative impact of the amplitude of AE wave and the ratio between the wavelength of AE wave and the grating length of FBG on the characteristics of the FBG reflection spectra. The aforementioned research on the numerical simulation of the FBG reflection spectra under AE waves provides an effective theoretical basis for FBG AE wave detection.
(5) Through detailed analysis of the principle, advantages and disadvantages of the high frequency FBG demodulation method, a FBG AE sensing system based on tunable narrow band laser demodulation technology is built, which exhibits the advantages of simple construction, high wavelength resolution, high demodulation speed and perfect sensitivity. The sensitivity model of FBG AE sensing system under a low-amplitude AE wave is established on the basis of a in-depth study of the impact of the grating length of FBG on the sensitivity of the AE sensing system. The sensitivity of the FBG AE sensing system based on FBGs of different lengths is theoretically simulated. Additionally, using the simulation model, the main influencing factor on the sensitivity of the ultrasonic sensing system with different lengths gratings is first investigated. In the following AE detection experiment, the AE wave responses of the sensing system with six FBGs of different lengths are obtained, respectively. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results both indicate that the sensitivity of the system is primarily determined by the slope of the FBG spectral linear range. The conclusion will be useful for sensitivity improvement of the FBG-based ultrasonic and acoustic emission sensing system.
(6) A novel resonant FBG AE sensor is demonstrated for AE wave detecting. Taking advantage of the one end free configuration and the relocatable acoustic coupling method, the sensor is insensitive to mechanical strain applied to the monitored structure and can be easily redeployed. Response experiments of the novel sensors with different sensing lengths show that the first-order resonance frequency decreases as the sensing length increases. The theoretical and experimental values of the first-order frequency match well, the error is less than±2kHz; as the sensing length decreases, the6dB bandwidth of the first-order resonant peak increases, and the detected resonant peak bandwidth is less than7.5kHz. Tensile test has verified the strain-insensitive characteristic of this FBG-AE sensor. Comparison tests between the novel FBG-AE sensor and the traditional fully bonded FBG-AE sensor demonstrate that the sensitivity is enhanced by about1.2times. The new designed sensor possesses good resonant frequency response to the standard AE signals as well.
本文针对目前光纤光栅在高温测量和声发射传感领域中的一些热点问题进行了理论及应用研究。在研究耐温光纤光栅传感特性及多光纤光栅解调技术的基础上,设计并实现了基于InGaAs图像传感衍射解调的新型耐温光纤光栅传感系统；建立了改进的支持度矩阵数据融合模型对传感系统的温度测量值进行处理,实现了系统的高可靠性；理论并实验研究了低幅值声发射波下,决定光纤光栅声发射传感系统响应灵敏度的关键因素；另外,采用单端光纤粘贴结构和可移动式耦合方法设计了对外界应力干扰不敏感的高灵敏度光纤光栅声发射传感器。本文的具体研究内容如下：
(1)介绍了光纤布拉格光栅的发展及研究应用现状；总结和分析了光纤布拉格光栅在中高温传感领域的国内外研究进展及水平；总结归纳了目前基于光纤布拉格光栅的声发射传感方面的研究现状及发展趋势。
(2)针对以往耐温光纤光栅传感系统测量精度有限、响应速度慢、抗干扰能力差等问题,深入研究耐温光纤光栅温度传感特性,在此基础上建立了光纤光栅中心波长-温度传感模型,通过设计高线性度及灵敏度、小体积的新型管式耐温光纤光栅传感器,优化耐温光纤光栅传感阵列结构和设计基于InGaAs图像传感衍射解调技术的波长解调系统,搭建了基于波长解调的新型耐温光纤光栅传感系统,克服了基于光强解调的耐温传感系统易受光路噪声干扰的缺点,传感器标定实验分析了新型耐温光栅传感器中心波长随温度的变化特性。20℃至290℃温度特性实验表明,所设计的传感系统测温曲线线性拟合度达0.9991,灵敏度为0.0258nm/℃C,测量精度达±0.6℃,响应时间小于16s；长期稳定性实验温度最大波动为±0.7℃C。该系统精确度高、稳定性好、响应时间短、抗电磁干扰能力强,十分适合应用于高温环境中温度的实时在线测量。
(3)在深入研究多传感器信息融合原理的基础上,比较分析了多传感器信息融合技术中常见的实现算法,并对各算法的优缺点进行分析比较。针对传统支持度矩阵法不能表现传感器测量数据在整个量测区间可靠性的局限,建立了一种改进的支持度矩阵数据融合模型。利用改进的数据融合模型对初始数据进行处理,构建了基于改进的支持度矩阵数据融合模型的耐温光纤光栅传感系统。温度测量实验表明基于改进的支持度矩阵数据融合模型的传感系统测温估计值总绝对误差明显小于其他三种融合方法(平均值法、分批估计法、传统的支持度矩阵法)处理后的误差值。由20℃-290℃测温实验结果可以看出,基于该数据融合模型的系统测温精度高；当传感器发生故障时,构建的支持度矩阵模型稳健性良好,传感系统测温可靠性高,具有一定的推广应用价值。
(4)从声发射波的检测实际需求出发,在研究光纤光栅的传输矩阵理论和声发射波与光纤光栅的相互作用原理的基础上,揭示了声发射波作用下均匀光纤光栅的折射率分布情况,建立了光纤光栅声发射波传感模型。结合实际测量的光纤光栅主要参数及仿真实验中所用到的模拟声发射波参数,实现了声发射波作用下的光纤光栅反射谱的仿真。通过仿真重点分析了声发射波的幅值及波长对光纤光栅的反射谱特性的影响,分别仿真了不同波长及幅值的声发射波作用下,一个作用周期内初始时刻光纤光栅的反射谱及一个作用周期内不同时刻光纤光栅的反射谱,并确定了声发射波的幅值、声发射波的波长与光纤光栅的栅区长度的比值关系对光纤光栅反射谱特性定性或定量的影响。上述对声发射波作用下光纤光栅反射谱数值仿真的研究,为今后利用光纤布拉格光栅进行声发射波检测提供了有效的理论基础。
(5)详细分析了光纤光栅高频解调法的解调原理和优缺点,搭建了基于可调谐窄带激光器的光纤光栅声发射传感系统,该传感系统具有结构简单、波长分辨率高、解调速度快及灵敏度高等特点。深入研究了光纤光栅的栅长对声发射传感系统响应灵敏度的影响,建立了低幅值声发射波作用下光纤光栅声发射传感系统响应灵敏度检测模型,研究了影响基于不同栅长光纤光栅的声发射传感系统灵敏度的主要因素,利用不同栅长的光纤光栅进行声发射检测实验,实验结果与数值仿真的结果相符,结果表明在声发射波的幅值小于15με时,光纤光栅反射谱边沿斜率是影响传感系统的响应灵敏度的主要因素。
(6)采用单端光纤粘贴结构和可移动式耦合方法设计了新型的高灵敏度谐振式光纤光栅声发射传感器,对具有不同传感长度的新型谐振式光纤光栅声发射传感器进行响应特性实验,实验结果表明,随着传感长度的增加,传感器的一阶谐振频率逐渐减小,且一阶频率理论值与实验值相吻合,误差均小于±2kHz；随着传感长度的减小,传感器一阶谐振峰6dB带宽逐渐增加,并且检测到的谐振峰带宽均小于7.5kHz。拉伸实验证明新型传感器对施加到检测结构上的应变干扰不灵敏,并且能够对检测位置进行重新布局。与传统结构光纤光栅声发射传感器的对比实验表明,新型结构传感器的响应灵敏度提高了1.2倍,且具有良好的谐振频率响应特性。
Thanks to its advantages of immunity to strong electromagnetic interference, corrosion resistance, low welding dissipation, high sensitivity, small volume and multiplexed sensing capability, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as one of the most promising optical passive components has been widely applied in various sensing fields in recent years. Using FBG for high temperature safety monitoring has a broad application prospect, therefore, the study of the heat resistance FBG sensing system has always been a hot research topic. FBG acoustic emission (AE) technology is a novel detection technology which combines the advantages of FBG sensing technology and AE detection technology and has shown a good development potential in the field of structural health monitoring. Some foreign research institutes have studied this technology; however, relatively few studies have been reported in china.
This dissertation aims at addressing some hot theory and application issues in the field of high temperature measurement and AE sensing based on FBG. A new heat resistant FBG sensing system has been designed and implemented based on researches of high temperature FBG sensing properties and multi-FBG demodulation technique; by using the established improved matrix data fusion model to fuse the raw temperature data of the new system, a high reliability can be achieved; theoretically and experimentally studied the key factors affecting the FBG AE sensing system sensitivity under low amplitude AE waves; in addition, a novel strain-insensitive and relocatable resonant FBG AE sensor with enhanced sensitivity is demonstrated. The main research contents are as follows:
(1) Detailed the development and research status of the application of FBG; summarized and analyzed the research progress and level of FBG temperature sensing; summarized the current status and development trends of FBG AE sensing.
(2) To overcome the shortcomings suffered by the existing heat resistant FBG sensing system, such as limited accuracy, slow response and poor anti-interference capability, a FBG temperature sensing model is established after an in-depth analysis of high temperature FBG properties. The temperature sensing system constructed with a novel tubular heat-resistance FBG sensor and a wavelength demodulating system based on InGaAs detector and diffraction technology is also designed. The novel tubular FBG sensor has advantages of small volume, high sensitivity and linearity, the optimized FBG sensor array can improve the reliability of the system and the novel wavelength demodulating system can eliminate the noises disturbances from the optical path. Experimental analysis has verified the sensing characteristics of the novel FBG sensor. According to the20℃～290℃temperature measurement results, the average goodness-of-fit of sensing system's temperature curve is0.9991, the system has a sensitivity of0.0258nm/℃, accuracy of±0.6℃, response time of less than16s and the maximum temperature fluctuations±0.7℃. Moreover, the sensing network is steady enough for high temperature measurement.
(3) In view of the problem of the traditional support degree matrix method can't show the temperature data reliability in the whole measurement range, an improved support degree matrix model is established on the basis of the in-depth study of the principles and implementations of multi-sensor and data fusion algorithms. The improved support degree matrix model is used to fuse the raw temperature data in the heat-resistant FBG sensing system. Temperature measurement experiments show that the total absolute temperature estimated error of the system based on the improved support degree matrix model is significantly smaller than the error values of the other three fusion methods (averaging method, batch estimation method and the traditional support degree matrix method). According to the experimental results, the system based on the data fusion model has high accuracy and good reliability when a sensor in the sensor array is failed. Therefore, the system can be used in the practical projects for temperature measurement.
(4) Considering the practical needs of AE wave detection, the refractive index distribution of an uniform FBG under AE wave is revealed after analysis of the FBG transfer matrix theory and research of the interaction principle between AE wave and FBG. On the basis of this study, the FBG AE sensing model is established. Combining with the actual measured main parameters of FBG and the simulated parameters of AE wave, the simulated reflection spectrum of FBG under AE wave can be achieved. Through the simulation the impact of the amplitude and wavelength of AE wave on the characteristics of FBG reflection spectrum is mainly analyzed. The FBG reflection spectra at the initial time and the spectra at the different times in one AE wave period are simulated under AE waves with different wavelengths and amplitudes. The simulation results indicate the qualitative or quantitative impact of the amplitude of AE wave and the ratio between the wavelength of AE wave and the grating length of FBG on the characteristics of the FBG reflection spectra. The aforementioned research on the numerical simulation of the FBG reflection spectra under AE waves provides an effective theoretical basis for FBG AE wave detection.
(5) Through detailed analysis of the principle, advantages and disadvantages of the high frequency FBG demodulation method, a FBG AE sensing system based on tunable narrow band laser demodulation technology is built, which exhibits the advantages of simple construction, high wavelength resolution, high demodulation speed and perfect sensitivity. The sensitivity model of FBG AE sensing system under a low-amplitude AE wave is established on the basis of a in-depth study of the impact of the grating length of FBG on the sensitivity of the AE sensing system. The sensitivity of the FBG AE sensing system based on FBGs of different lengths is theoretically simulated. Additionally, using the simulation model, the main influencing factor on the sensitivity of the ultrasonic sensing system with different lengths gratings is first investigated. In the following AE detection experiment, the AE wave responses of the sensing system with six FBGs of different lengths are obtained, respectively. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results both indicate that the sensitivity of the system is primarily determined by the slope of the FBG spectral linear range. The conclusion will be useful for sensitivity improvement of the FBG-based ultrasonic and acoustic emission sensing system.
(6) A novel resonant FBG AE sensor is demonstrated for AE wave detecting. Taking advantage of the one end free configuration and the relocatable acoustic coupling method, the sensor is insensitive to mechanical strain applied to the monitored structure and can be easily redeployed. Response experiments of the novel sensors with different sensing lengths show that the first-order resonance frequency decreases as the sensing length increases. The theoretical and experimental values of the first-order frequency match well, the error is less than±2kHz; as the sensing length decreases, the6dB bandwidth of the first-order resonant peak increases, and the detected resonant peak bandwidth is less than7.5kHz. Tensile test has verified the strain-insensitive characteristic of this FBG-AE sensor. Comparison tests between the novel FBG-AE sensor and the traditional fully bonded FBG-AE sensor demonstrate that the sensitivity is enhanced by about1.2times. The new designed sensor possesses good resonant frequency response to the standard AE signals as well.
引文
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