基于液晶技术的光无源器件的研究与开发
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摘要
本论文将介绍基于液晶技术的一系列光无源器件的研究和开发。我们利用液晶的电控可调性,通过理论模拟和光学设计,完成了单通道可调光衰减器、双向可调多通道光隔离器以及40通道/100GHz通道间隔的波长阻隔器的研究开发。
1.我们讨论了液晶的电控双折射效应以及液晶对于透射光强进行调制的原理。应用了液晶双折射率电控可调的特性,提出了一种可调光衰减器的设计方案。分析了由于液晶分子的表面铆定作用而产生的剩余位相以及由于全内反射引起的相位跃变对于可调光衰减器性能的影响。通过增加相位调制片,消除了光路系统中的剩余位相,使得可调光衰减器在整个通信波段的波长范围内,实现了最高达50dB以上的光衰减。通过改变液晶驱动电压实现了光衰减器的动态可调。
2.介绍了基于磁光效应的光隔离器的工作原理。在此基础上,利用液晶和相位调制片对于透射光位相的调制,提出了一种工作波长在通信波段的双向可调多通道光隔离器的设计方案。并在实验上进行了验证,实现了100GHz的通道间隔和30dB以上的消光比。另外,利用波片堆栈技术调制了透射光的光谱特性,有效得提高了双向可调光隔离器各个通道的带宽,使得该器件更加具有实用性。
3.我们提出了一种基于液晶和色散补偿技术的波长阻隔器的设计方案。利用光栅的衍射效应将不同波长的入射光分配到特定的液晶单元,通过液晶阵列来控制各个通道信号光的光强。同时,采用一个色散控制单元来提高色散并补偿了衍射光栅的非线性色散,使得每个液晶单元所控制光信号的中心波长符合ITU的标准。利用这个设计,我们制作了一个40通道100GHz通道间隔的波长阻隔器。各个通道的插入损耗(IL)都在-5dB左右,消光比达到了40dB左右,信道中心频率的偏移被控制士2GHz。偏振相关损耗(PDL)、回波损耗(RL)、通带和阻带的带宽都达到了实用要求。
4.利用液晶技术和光栅技术,我们测量了表面等离激元增强效应下的古斯汉欣位移。通过光学设计,我们把古斯汉欣位移转换成了光栅表面入射角度的变化。利用衍射光栅的Littrow条件,通过间接测量Littrow波长的方法获得古斯汉欣位移的变化。测得在表面等离激元激发情况下,古斯汉欣位移的最大值约为10μm,对应的Littrow波长的变化为404pm。同时,通过测量不同入射角度下反射光插入损耗的变化,验证了表面等离激元的激发对于古斯汉欣位移的增强效应。
This thesis introduces the research and development of several optical passive devices. Through theoretical simulation, we design and fabricate a single-channel variable optical attenuator, a bidirectional multi-channel tunable DWDM optical isolator and a40channel/100-GHz channel-spacing wavelength blocker based on liquid crystal technology.
1. We discuss the electrically controlled birefringence effect of liquid crystal and the principle of LC based light intensity modulator. By utilizing the birefringence tunability of liquid crystal, a variable optical attenuator is proposed. We also analyze the LC cell's residual phase and total-internal-reflection induced birefringence, which affect the VOA's performance. A well-placed true zero-order QWP is applied to eliminate the residual phase. The LC based variable optical attenuator with an over50dB dynamic range is demonstrated. With the adjustment of the QWP's orientation angle, the LC cell's driving voltage can decrease dramatically.
2. We introduce the principle of a magneto-optical effect based isolator. By utilizing LC cell and phase modulator, a bidirectional multi-channel tunable DWDM optical isolator for C-band is designed and demonstrated.100-GHz channel spacing and over30dB contrast ratio is achieved. The spectral response at ITU grids are further flattened by using a wave plate stacking technique.
3. A dynamic dense-wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) channel blocker and equalizer is developed based on liquid crystal (LC) and dispersion control technology. A multi-pixel LC array is adopted to regulate the power level of each DWDM channel while a reflective grating diffracts the input signals spatially to corresponding LC pixels. A dispersion control unit is proposed and employed to enhance the dispersion and compensate the intrinsic nonlinear dispersion of the grating. Therefore all LC pixels could handle corresponding lights centered at the ITU Grids. A40-channel,100-GHz channel-spacing dynamic wavelength blocker/equalizer is thus demonstrated with-5dB insertion loss (IL) and over40dB extinction ratio. The maximum center frequency shift of all40channels is-±2GHz, which means our dispersion control technology works very well for grating based DWDM devices. The Polarization dependent loss(PDL), Return Loss(RL) and channel bandwidth are satisfied with the commercial requirement.
4. We measured the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) enhanced Goos-Hanchen (GH) shift based on LC and grating technologies. An optical setup is used to convert the spatial displacement to incidence angle variation to a Littrow mounted diffraction grating. As a consequence, the GH shift information could be obtained from the back-reflected center wavelength that fulfills the Littrow condition. A LC cell is used to adjust the polarization state of the incident light without mechanical movement. About10μm GH shift difference between TE (Transverse Electric) and TM (Transverse Magnetic) mode lights were measured associated with the SPP excitation. The corresponding center wavelength shift of the returned beam is404pm. The relationship between energy conversion and GH shift is also investigated.
1.我们讨论了液晶的电控双折射效应以及液晶对于透射光强进行调制的原理。应用了液晶双折射率电控可调的特性,提出了一种可调光衰减器的设计方案。分析了由于液晶分子的表面铆定作用而产生的剩余位相以及由于全内反射引起的相位跃变对于可调光衰减器性能的影响。通过增加相位调制片,消除了光路系统中的剩余位相,使得可调光衰减器在整个通信波段的波长范围内,实现了最高达50dB以上的光衰减。通过改变液晶驱动电压实现了光衰减器的动态可调。
2.介绍了基于磁光效应的光隔离器的工作原理。在此基础上,利用液晶和相位调制片对于透射光位相的调制,提出了一种工作波长在通信波段的双向可调多通道光隔离器的设计方案。并在实验上进行了验证,实现了100GHz的通道间隔和30dB以上的消光比。另外,利用波片堆栈技术调制了透射光的光谱特性,有效得提高了双向可调光隔离器各个通道的带宽,使得该器件更加具有实用性。
3.我们提出了一种基于液晶和色散补偿技术的波长阻隔器的设计方案。利用光栅的衍射效应将不同波长的入射光分配到特定的液晶单元,通过液晶阵列来控制各个通道信号光的光强。同时,采用一个色散控制单元来提高色散并补偿了衍射光栅的非线性色散,使得每个液晶单元所控制光信号的中心波长符合ITU的标准。利用这个设计,我们制作了一个40通道100GHz通道间隔的波长阻隔器。各个通道的插入损耗(IL)都在-5dB左右,消光比达到了40dB左右,信道中心频率的偏移被控制士2GHz。偏振相关损耗(PDL)、回波损耗(RL)、通带和阻带的带宽都达到了实用要求。
4.利用液晶技术和光栅技术,我们测量了表面等离激元增强效应下的古斯汉欣位移。通过光学设计,我们把古斯汉欣位移转换成了光栅表面入射角度的变化。利用衍射光栅的Littrow条件,通过间接测量Littrow波长的方法获得古斯汉欣位移的变化。测得在表面等离激元激发情况下,古斯汉欣位移的最大值约为10μm,对应的Littrow波长的变化为404pm。同时,通过测量不同入射角度下反射光插入损耗的变化,验证了表面等离激元的激发对于古斯汉欣位移的增强效应。
This thesis introduces the research and development of several optical passive devices. Through theoretical simulation, we design and fabricate a single-channel variable optical attenuator, a bidirectional multi-channel tunable DWDM optical isolator and a40channel/100-GHz channel-spacing wavelength blocker based on liquid crystal technology.
1. We discuss the electrically controlled birefringence effect of liquid crystal and the principle of LC based light intensity modulator. By utilizing the birefringence tunability of liquid crystal, a variable optical attenuator is proposed. We also analyze the LC cell's residual phase and total-internal-reflection induced birefringence, which affect the VOA's performance. A well-placed true zero-order QWP is applied to eliminate the residual phase. The LC based variable optical attenuator with an over50dB dynamic range is demonstrated. With the adjustment of the QWP's orientation angle, the LC cell's driving voltage can decrease dramatically.
2. We introduce the principle of a magneto-optical effect based isolator. By utilizing LC cell and phase modulator, a bidirectional multi-channel tunable DWDM optical isolator for C-band is designed and demonstrated.100-GHz channel spacing and over30dB contrast ratio is achieved. The spectral response at ITU grids are further flattened by using a wave plate stacking technique.
3. A dynamic dense-wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) channel blocker and equalizer is developed based on liquid crystal (LC) and dispersion control technology. A multi-pixel LC array is adopted to regulate the power level of each DWDM channel while a reflective grating diffracts the input signals spatially to corresponding LC pixels. A dispersion control unit is proposed and employed to enhance the dispersion and compensate the intrinsic nonlinear dispersion of the grating. Therefore all LC pixels could handle corresponding lights centered at the ITU Grids. A40-channel,100-GHz channel-spacing dynamic wavelength blocker/equalizer is thus demonstrated with-5dB insertion loss (IL) and over40dB extinction ratio. The maximum center frequency shift of all40channels is-±2GHz, which means our dispersion control technology works very well for grating based DWDM devices. The Polarization dependent loss(PDL), Return Loss(RL) and channel bandwidth are satisfied with the commercial requirement.
4. We measured the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) enhanced Goos-Hanchen (GH) shift based on LC and grating technologies. An optical setup is used to convert the spatial displacement to incidence angle variation to a Littrow mounted diffraction grating. As a consequence, the GH shift information could be obtained from the back-reflected center wavelength that fulfills the Littrow condition. A LC cell is used to adjust the polarization state of the incident light without mechanical movement. About10μm GH shift difference between TE (Transverse Electric) and TM (Transverse Magnetic) mode lights were measured associated with the SPP excitation. The corresponding center wavelength shift of the returned beam is404pm. The relationship between energy conversion and GH shift is also investigated.
引文
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